Zhili

Direct-controlled regions of Ming and Qing dynasties

For the modern province in approximately the same location, see Hebei.

Zhili

Capital: Beiping (Beijing) or Baoding

Traditional Chinese| 直隸
Simplified Chinese| 直隶
Literal meaning| Directly Ruled [Region]
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Zhílì
Wade–Giles| Chih2-li4

Zhili, alternately romanized as Chihli, was a northern administrative region of China since the 14th-century that lasted through the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty until 1911, when the region was dissolved, converted to a province, and renamed Hebei in 1928.

## History[edit]

The name Zhili means "directly ruled" and indicates regions directly ruled by the imperial government of China. Zhili province was first constituted during the Ming dynasty when the capital of China was located at Nanjing along the Yangtze River. In 1403, the Ming Yongle Emperor relocated the capital to Beiping, which was subsequently renamed Beijing.[1] The region known as North Zhili was composed of parts of the modern provinces of Hebei, Henan, Shandong, including the provincial-level municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin. There was another region located around the "reserve capital" Nanjing known as South Zhili that included parts of what are today the provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui, including the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai.

During the Qing dynasty, Nanjing lost its status as the "second capital" and Southern Zhili was reconstituted as a regular province, Jiangnan, while Northern Zhili was renamed Zhili Province. In the 18th century the borders of Zhili province were redrawn and spread over what is today Beijing, Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Western Liaoning, Northern Henan, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.[citation needed]

After the collapse of Qing dynasty, in 1911, the National Government of the Republic of China converted Zhili into a province as Zhili Province. In 1928 the National Government assigned portions of northern Zhili province to its neighbors in the north and renamed the remainder Hebei Province.

## See also[edit]

* China portal

* Sili Province, a similar administrative region during the Han dynasty
* Zhongshu Sheng, a similar administrative region during the Yuan dynasty
* North Zhili and South Zhili, similar administrative regions during the Ming dynasty

## Gallery[edit]

* Zhili during the Republican era

* A 1682 map of the "Kingdom of China, Presently Called Cathay and Mangi", using the names "Peking" (Beijing) and "Nangking" (Nanjing) to refer to the Northern and Southern Zhilis

* The eastern half of D'Anville's 1734 map of China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet, displaying "Pe-tche-li" (North Zhili) after its southern counterpart became known as "Kiang-nan" (Jiangnan)

* The Qing Empire in 1820, with pinyin romanization

* A map from 1861, which shows "Chihli" (Zhili). The former Jiangnan had already been divided between "Kiangsu" (Jiangsu) and "Nganhwui" (Anhui)

## References[edit]

1. ^ Susan Naquin, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900, p xxxiii

## External links[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel topic for Zhili.

* (in English and Chinese) Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces from 1821 to 1850

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Defunct Chinese provinces and provincial regions

Yuan dynasty|

* Huguang
* Henanjiangbei
* Jiangzhe
* Liaoyang*
* Lingbei*
* Zhengdong*

Special administrative areas|

* Central Secretariat
* Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs

Ming dynasty|

* Huguang
* Jiaozhi*

Special administrative areas|

* Beizhili
* Nanzhili

ROC (1912–1949)|

* Andong
* Qahar
* Hejiang
* Hexi
* Liaobei
* Nenjiang
* Rehe
* Songjiang
* Suiyuan
* Xikang
* Xing'an
* Zhili

Special administrative regions|

* Chuanbian
* Dongsheng
* Hainan
* Qahar
* Rehe
* Suiyuan
* Weihai

Areas|

* Jingzhao
* Mongolia
* Tibet

Provincal fu|

* Nanjingfu
* Shuntianfu

Special administrative municipalities|

* Jingdu
* Jingu
* Hankou
* Songhu

Yuan administrative municipalities|

* Beiping
* Chongqing
* Dalian
* Guangzhou
* Hankou
* Harbin
* Nanjing
* Qingdao
* Shanghai
* Shenyang
* Tianjin
* Xi'an

PRC|

* Liaodong
* Liaoxi
* Mudanjiang
* Pingyuan
* Qahar
* Rehe
* Songjiang
* Suiyuan
* Xikang

Greater administrative areas|

* Huabei
* Dongbei
* Huadong
* Zhongnan
* Xibei
* Xinan

Municipalities|

* Anshan
* Benxi
* Changchun
* Dalian → Lüda
* Fushun
* Harbin
* Guangzhou
* Nanjing
* Shenyang
* Hankou → Wuhan
* Xi'an

Administrative territories|

* Chuanbei
* Chuandong
* Chuannan
* Chuanxi
* Subei
* Sunan
* Wanbei
* Wannan
* Lüda

Territories|

* Chamdo

38°31′N 115°33′E﻿ / ﻿38.51°N 115.55°E﻿ / 38.51; 115.55
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