Zinc gluconate

Names
Other names

zincum gluconicum

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 4468-02-4 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:29708

ChEMBL |

* ChEMBL3833377

ChemSpider |

* 391659 Y

DrugBank |

* DB11248

ECHA InfoCard | 100.022.489
EC Number |

* 224-736-9

KEGG |

* D02390

PubChem CID

* 20543

UNII |

* U6WSN5SQ1Z N

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

* DTXSID20894125

InChI

* InChI=1S/2C6H12O7.Zn/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1 Y

Key: WHMDKBIGKVEYHS-IYEMJOQQSA-L Y

* InChI=1/2C6H12O7.Zn/c2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13;/h2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13);/q;;+2/p-2/t2*2-,3-,4+,5-;/m11./s1

Key: WHMDKBIGKVEYHS-QFKJHGNTBI

SMILES

* [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO

Properties

Chemical formula

| C12H22O14Zn
Molar mass | 455.685 g/mol
Melting point | 172 to 175 °C (342 to 347 °F; 445 to 448 K)
Pharmacology

ATC code

| A12CB02 (WHO)

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)

Infobox references

Chemical compound

Zinc gluconate dietary supplements

Zinc gluconate is the zinc salt of gluconic acid. It is an ionic compound consisting of two anions of gluconate for each zinc(II) cation. Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement providing 14.35% elemental zinc by weight.

Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially made by the fermentation of glucose, typically by Aspergillus niger, but also by other fungi, e.g. Penicillium, or by bacteria, e.g. Acetobacter, Pseudomonas and Gluconobacter.[1] In its pure form, it is a white to off-white powder. It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation,[2] although this is a more expensive process. The advantages are a lower microbiological profile, and a more complete reaction, yielding a product with a longer shelf life.

## Zinc gluconate and the common cold

[edit]

Zinc gluconate has been used in lozenges for treating the common cold. However, controlled trials with lozenges which include zinc acetate have found it has the greatest effect on the duration of colds.[3][4] Zinc has also been administered nasally for treating the common cold, but has been reported to cause anosmia in some cases.[5][6][7][8]

## Safety concerns

[edit]

Instances of anosmia (loss of smell) have been reported with intranasal use of some products containing zinc gluconate. In September 2003, Zicam faced lawsuits from users who claimed that the product, a nasal gel containing zinc gluconate and several inactive ingredients, negatively affected their sense of smell and sometimes taste. Some plaintiffs alleged experiencing a strong and very painful burning sensation when they used the product. Matrixx Initiatives, Inc., the maker of Zicam, responded that only a small number of people had experienced problems and that anosmia can be caused by the common cold itself. In January 2006, 340 lawsuits were settled for $12 million.[9]

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers zinc gluconate to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice, although this does not constitute a finding by the FDA that the substance is a useful dietary supplement.[10] On 16 June 2009 the FDA "warned consumers to stop using and discard three zinc-containing Zicam intranasal products. The products may cause a loss of sense of smell. ... FDA is concerned that the loss of sense of smell may be permanent."[11][12] Matrixx responded that the FDA's allegations were "unfounded and misleading", citing a lack of evidence from controlled tests that Zicam causes anosmia.[13] In its warning, the FDA stated, "This warning does not involve oral zinc tablets and lozenges taken by mouth. Dietary zinc is also not subject to this warning."[11]

## Veterinary use

[edit]

A zinc gluconate-based product, also containing arginine, is used as a veterinary chemical castration drug. For dogs, the product is injected directly into the testicles.[14] It has been sold under various brand names, including Neutersol and Esterilsol.[14]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Sumitra Ramachandran, Pierre Fontanille, Ashok Pandey and Christian Larroche (2006). "Gluconic Acid: A Review" (PDF). Food Technology and Biotechnology. 44 (2): 185–195\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2006-12-06.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. ^ Henk G.J. de Wilt (1972). "Part I: The oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid". Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 11 (4): 370. doi:10.1021/i360044a002.
3. ^ Eby, George A. (2004). "Zinc lozenges: cold cure or candy? Solution chemistry determinations" (PDF). Biosci. Rep. 24 (1): 23–39\. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.498.6625. doi:10.1023/B:BIRE.0000037754.71063.41. PMC 7087920. PMID 15499830. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
4. ^ Hemilä, Harri; Petrus, Edward J.; Fitzgerald, James T.; Prasad, Ananda (2016). "Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: An individual patient data meta-analysis". Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 82 (5): 1393–1398\. doi:10.1111/bcp.13057. PMC 5061795. PMID 27378206.
5. ^ Jafek, Bruce W.; Linschoten, Miriam R.; Murrow, Bruce W. (2004). "Anosmia after intranasal zinc gluconate use" (PDF). Am. J. Rhinol. 18 (3): 137–141\. doi:10.1177/194589240401800302. PMID 15283486. S2CID 12554540.
6. ^ Alexander, Thomas H.; Davidson, Terence M. (2006). "Intranasal zinc and anosmia: The zinc-induced anosmia syndrome". The Laryngoscope. 116 (2): 217–220\. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000191549.17796.13. PMID 16467707. S2CID 39830031.
7. ^ D'Cruze, Hubert; Arroll, Bruce; Kenealy, Tim (2009). "Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis". J. Prim. Health Care. 1 (2): 134–139\. doi:10.1071/HC09134. PMID 20690364.
8. ^ Davidson, Terence M.; Smith, W. M. (2010). "The Bradford Hill criteria and zinc-induced anosmia: A causality analysis". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 136 (7): 673–676\. doi:10.1001/archoto.2010.111. PMID 20644061.
9. ^ zicam.vanosteen.com Archived June 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ "Title 21, Part 182 Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (21CFR182)". United States Code of Federal Regulations. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
11. ^ a b "Warnings on Three Zicam Intranasal Zinc Products". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
12. ^ "FDA Advises Consumers Not to Use Certain Zicam Cold Remedies". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
13. ^ "FDA warns against using 3 popular Zicam cold meds". CNN. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
14. ^ a b Macpherson, CNL; Meslin, F-X; Wandeler, AI, eds. (2012). "Chemosterilants". Dogs, zoonoses and public health (2nd ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI. p. 265\. ISBN 9781845938352.

## External links

[edit]

* A12CB02 (WHO)

* v
* t
* e

Dietary supplements

Types|

* Bodybuilding supplement
* Energy drink
* Energy bar
* Fatty acids
* Herbal supplements
* Minerals
* Prebiotics
* Probiotics (Lactobacillus
* Bifidobacterium)
* Protein supplements
* Vitamins

Vitamins and
chemical elements
("minerals")|

* Retinol (Vitamin A)
* B vitamins
* Thiamine (B1)
* Riboflavin (B2)
* Niacin (B3)
* Pantothenic acid (B5)
* Pyridoxine (B6)
* Biotin (B7)
* Folic acid (B9)
* Cyanocobalamin (B12)
* Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
* Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
* Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
* Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)

* Calcium
* Choline
* Chromium
* Cobalt
* Copper
* Fluorine
* Iodine
* Iron
* Magnesium
* Manganese
* Molybdenum
* Phosphorus
* Potassium
* Selenium
* Sodium
* Sulfur
* Zinc

Other common
ingredients|

* AAKG
* β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
* Carnitine
* Chondroitin sulfate
* Cod liver oil
* Copper gluconate
* Creatine
* Dietary fiber
* Echinacea
* Ephedra
* Fish oil
* Folic acid
* Ginseng
* Glucosamine
* Glutamine
* Grape seed extract
* Guarana
* Iron supplements
* Japanese honeysuckle
* Krill oil
* Lingzhi
* Linseed oil
* Lipoic acid
* Milk thistle
* Melatonin
* Red yeast rice
* Royal jelly
* Saw palmetto
* Spirulina
* St John's wort
* Taurine
* Wheatgrass
* Wolfberry
* Yohimbine
* Zinc gluconate

Related articles|

* Codex Alimentarius
* Enzyte
* Hadacol
* Herbal tea
* Nutraceutical
* Multivitamin
* Nutrition

* v
* t
* e

Mineral supplements (A12)

Major|

| Calcium#|

* β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
* acetate
* ascorbate
* carbonate
* chloride
* +cholecalciferol
* citrate
* folinate#
* glubionate
* glucoheptonate
* gluconate#
* glycerylphosphate
* lactate gluconate
* lactate
* malate
* pangamate
* phosphate
* sulfate
* hydroxyapatite

|

Magnesium|

* ascorbate
* aspartate
* carbonate
* chloride
* citrate
* gluconate
* glycinate
* lactate
* levulinate
* malate
* orotate
* oxide
* pidolate
* sulfate#
* taurate
* L-threonate

Phosphorus|

* adenosine triphosphate disodium
* hydroxyapatite
* monosodium phosphate

Potassium|

* ascorbate
* bicarbonate
* bitartrate
* carbonate
* chloride#
* citrate (+hydrogen carbonate)
* gluconate
* iodide#
* lactate
* malate
* permanganate#
* phosphate
* sulfate

Sodium|

* Docusate sodium#
* Glucose with sodium chloride#
* Heparin sodium#
* ascorbate
* calcium edetate#
* carbonate
* chloride#
* citrate
* gluconate
* hydrogen carbonate#
* lactate#
* malate
* nitrite#
* nitroprusside#
* phosphates
* stibogluconate#
* sulfate
* thiosulfate#
* Suramin sodium#
* Valproic acid#

Sulfur|

* barium sulfate#
* Calcium sulfate
* L-cysteine
* L-cystine
* L-glutathione
* Iron(II) sulfate#
* sulfate#
* L-methionine
* methylsulfonylmethane
* N-acetyl-L-cysteine
* R-α-lipoic acid
* potassium sulfate
* protamine sulfate#
* S-adenosyl methionine
* Sodium sulfate
* Sodium thiosulfate#
* taurine
* (IV) sulfate
* zinc sulfate#

Trace|

| Copper|

* gluconate

|

Iodine|

* potassium iodide#

Iron|

* (II) fumarate
* (II) sulfate#

Selenium|

* selenate
* selenite

Zinc|

* acetate
* L-aspartate
* L-carnosine
* gluconate
* oxide
* proteinate
* zinc sulfate#

Ultratrace|

| Chromium|

* (III) picolinate
* (III) chloride

|

Fluorine|

* fluoride#
* monofluorophosphate

Lithium|

* aspartate
* carbonate
* orotate

Vanadium|

* (IV) sulfate

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

*[CID]: Compound ID
*[EPA]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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