Guangzhou

Capital of Guangdong, China

For other uses, see Guangzhou (disambiguation) or Canton.

Place in Guangdong, China

Guangzhou

广州市

Canton; Kwangchow

Prefecture-level and
sub-provincial city

Canton Tower in front of the Pearl River

Pazhou

Canton Fair Complex

Liurong Temple

Five-Ram Sculpture

Sacred Heart Cathedral

Nanyue King Museum

Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall

Nicknames:

City of Rams, City of Flowers, City of Rice Spike

Location of Guangzhou City jurisdiction in Guangdong

Guangzhou

Location of the city center in Guangdong

Show map of Guangdong

Guangzhou

Guangzhou (China)

Show map of China

Coordinates (Guangdong People's Government): 23°07′48″N 113°15′36″E﻿ / ﻿23.13000°N 113.26000°E﻿ / 23.13000; 113.26000
Country| China
Province| Guangdong
Settled| 214 BC
Founded by| Qin dynasty
Municipal seat| Yuexiu District
Government

• Type| Sub-provincial city
• Body| Municipal People's Congress [zh]
• CCP Secretary| Guo Yonghang
• Municipal People's Congress [zh] Chairman| Wang Yanshi
• Mayor| Sun Zhiyang
• CPPCC Chairman| Li Yiwei
Area

[1]

• City

| 7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi)
• Urban

| 2,256.4 km2 (871.2 sq mi)
• Metro

| 20,144.1 km2 (7,777.7 sq mi)
Elevation

| 21 m (69 ft)
Population

(2020 census)[2]

• City

| 18,676,605
• Rank| 2nd in Guangdong
4th in China
• Density| 2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
• Urban

| 26,940,000
• Urban density| 12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi)
• Metro

| 32,623,413
• Metro density| 1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)
Demonym| Cantonese
GDP[3]

• City|

* CN¥ 2.823 trillion
* US$ 437.7 billion

• Per capita|

* CN¥ 151,162
* US$ 23,436

Time zone| UTC+08:00 (China Standard Time)
Postal code|

510000

Area code| (0)20
ISO 3166 code| CN-GD-01
License plate prefixes| 粤A
City Flower| Bombax ceiba
City Bird| Chinese hwamei
Languages| Cantonese, Standard Chinese
Website| gz.gov.cn
Guangzhou

"Guangzhou" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters

Simplified Chinese| 广州
Traditional Chinese| 廣州
Hanyu Pinyin| Guǎngzhōuⓘ
Cantonese Yale| Gwóngjāuⓘ
Postal|

* Canton
* Kwangchow

Literal meaning| "Broad Prefecture"
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Guǎngzhōuⓘ
Bopomofo| ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Goangjou
Wade–Giles| Kuang3-chou1
Tongyong Pinyin| Guǎngjhou
Yale Romanization| Gwǎngjōu
IPA| [kwàŋ.ʈʂóʊ]

Romanization| Kuaon-tseu
Hakka
Romanization| Kong3-ziu1
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization| Gwóngjāuⓘ
Jyutping| gwong2 zau1
IPA| [kʷɔŋ˧˥.tsɐw˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Kńg-chiu
abbreviation
Chinese| 穗
Hanyu Pinyin| Suì
Cantonese Yale| Seuih
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Suì
Bopomofo| ㄙㄨㄟˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Suey
Wade–Giles| Sui4
Tongyong Pinyin| Suèi
Yale Romanization| Swèi
IPA| [swêɪ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization| Seuih
Jyutping| seoi6
IPA| [sɵɥ˨]

Guangzhou[a] is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China.[8] Located on the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the Silk Road.[9]

The port of Guangzhou serves as a transportation hub for China's fourth largest city and surrounding areas, including Hong Kong.[10] Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War and no longer enjoyed a monopoly after the war; consequently it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major entrepôt. Following the Second Battle of Chuenpi in 1841, the Treaty of Nanking was signed between Sir Robert Peel on behalf of Queen Victoria and Lin Zexu on behalf of Emperor Xuanzong and ceded Hong Kong to the United Kingdom on 26 January 1841 after the agreement of the Convention of Chuenpi.[11]

Guangzhou is at the center of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area, the most populous built-up metropolitan area in the world, which extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen and part of Jiangmen, Huizhou, Zhuhai and Macau, forming the largest urban agglomeration on Earth with approximately 70 million residents[12] and part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. Administratively, the city holds subprovincial status[13] and is one of China's nine National Central Cities.[14] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis.[15] The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China.[16] As of the 2020 census, the registered population of the city's expansive administrative area was 18,676,605 individuals (up 47 percent from the previous census in 2010), of whom 16,492,590 lived in 9 urban districts (all but Conghua and Zengcheng).[2] Due to worldwide travel restrictions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, the major airport of Guangzhou, briefly became the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2020.[17] Guangzhou is the fifth most populous city by urban resident population in China after Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen and Chongqing.[18]

In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China.[19] For three consecutive years (2013–2015), Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China.[20] Guangzhou is highly ranked as an Alpha (global first-tier) city together with San Francisco and Stockholm.[21] It is a major Asia-Pacific finance hub, ranking 21st globally in the 2020 Global Financial Centres Index.[22] Guangzhou also has the fifth largest number of skyscrapers in the world. As an important international city, Guangzhou has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable being the 2010 Asian Games, the 2010 Asian Para Games, and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. The city hosts 65 foreign representatives, making it the major city hosting the third most foreign representatives in China, after Beijing and Shanghai.[23][24] As of 2020, Guangzhou ranked 10th in the world and 5th in China—after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen—for the number of billionaire residents by the Hurun Global Rich List.[25] Guangzhou is a research and development hub ranking 8th globally as well as 4th in the Asia-Pacific region,[26] and is home to numerous Double First-Class Universities, including Sun Yat-sen University.[27][28][29]

## Toponymy

[edit]

Portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals, the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname "The City of Rams"

Guǎngzhōu is the official romanization of the Chinese name 广州. The name of the city is taken from the ancient Guǎng Prefecture after it had become the prefecture's seat of government. The character 廣 or 广 means 'broad' or 'expansive'.

Before acquiring its current name, the town was known as Panyu (Punyü; 番禺), a name still borne by one of Guangzhou's districts not far from the main city. The origin of the name is still uncertain, with 11 various explanations being offered,[30] including that it may have referred to two local mountains.[31][32] The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture. From this latter name, Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh[33] as Khanfu (خانفو).[34] Under the Southern Han, the city was renamed Xingwang Fu (興王府).[35][36]

The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is 穗, pronounced Seoi6 in Cantonese and Suì in Mandarin—although the abbreviation on car license plates, as with the rest of the province, is 粤), after its nickname "City of Rice" (穗城). The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams (羊城) or City of the Five Rams (五羊城) from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city's foundation.[37] The former name "City of the Immortals" (仙城/五仙城) came from the same story. The more recent City of Flowers (花城) is usually taken as a simple reference to the area's fine greenery.

The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cidade de Cantão,[38] a blend of dialectal pronunciations of "Guangdong"[39][40] (e.g., Cantonese Gwong2-dung1). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors. It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou, and remained the official name until its name change to "Guangzhou". As an adjective, it is still used in describing the people, language, cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region. The 19th-century name was "Kwang-chow foo".[41]

## History

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Guangzhou.

### Prehistory

[edit]

The jade burial suit of Zhao Mo in Guangzhou's Nanyue King Museum

A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC.[42][43] Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of King Nan of Zhou,[44][45] emperor of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.[44][45]

### Nanyue

[edit]

Guangzhou, then known as Panyu, was founded on the eastern bank of the Pearl River in 214 BC.[41] Ships commanded by tradespersons arrived on the South China coast in the late antiquity. Surviving records from the Tang dynasty confirm, that the residents of Panyu observed a range of trade missions. Records on foreign trade ships reach upon til the late 20th century.[46]

Panyu was the seat of Qin Empire's Nanhai Commandery, and served as a base for the first invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China. Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years.[47] Upon the fall of the Qin, General Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC. It remained independent throughout the Chu-Han Contention, although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC.[48] Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center: in addition to items from central China, archeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia, India, and even Africa.[49] Zhao Tuo was succeeded by Zhao Mo and then Zhao Yingqi. Upon Zhao Yingqi's death in 115 BC, his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture. By 113 BC, his Chinese mother, the Empress Dowager Jiu (樛) had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire. The native prime minister Lü Jia (呂嘉) launched a coup, killing Han ambassadors along with the king, his mother, and their supporters.[50] A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him. Emperor Wu of Han took offense and launched a massive riverine and seaborne war: six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu[51] took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC.[50]

### Imperial China

[edit]

Canton in the early 1800s View of Pazhou in 1810

Incorporated into the Han dynasty, Panyu became a provincial capital. In AD 226, it became the seat of Guang Prefecture, which gave it its modern name. The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China.[52] Direct routes connected the Middle East and China, as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas.[53] Relations were often strained: while China was undergoing the An Lushan Rebellion, Arab and Persian pirates[54] sacked the city on 30 October 758[55][56][57][58] and in revenge thousands of Arabs and Persians were killed by Chinese rebels in the Yangzhou massacre (760). In the Guangzhou massacre about 200,000 Arab, Persian and other foreigners were killed by Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with the city's Jews, Christians,[59][60][61] and Parsis.[62][63] The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction.[54]

Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang dynasty, the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a "Great Yue" or "Southern Han" empire, which lasted from 917 to 971. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period. From the 10th to 12th century, there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively men, but included "Persian females".[64][65] According to Odoric of Pordenone, Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area, and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced. He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes.[66] Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his journey around the world in the 14th century.[67] He detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.[68]

Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor's declaration of the Ming dynasty, he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans (海禁).[69] These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors.[70] Previous maritime intendancies of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningbo were closed in 1384[71] and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.[72]

Following the Portuguese conquest of the Melaka Sultanate, Rafael Perestrello traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516.[73] His report induced Fernão Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year,[73] but De Andrade's exploration[74] was understood as spying[75] and his brother Simão and others began attempting to monopolize trade,[76] enslaving Chinese women[77] and children, engaging in piracy,[78] and fortifying the island of Tamão.[79][80] Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children.[81][82] The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off:[78] they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen[83] and in Xicao Bay; held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca,[84] who had been accounted a Ming vassal;[85] and, after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year, ultimately executed 23 by lingchi.[86] With the help of local pirates,[81] the "Folangji" then carried out smuggling at Macao, Lampacau, and St John's Island (now Shangchuan),[77] until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo (汪柏) and the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord. The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues;[87] three years later, after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies,[88] the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself.[89]

Nieuhof's imaginative 1665 map of "Kanton",[90] made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city

In October 1646, the Longwu Emperor's brother, Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou, the last stronghold of the Ming empire. On December 11, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes.[91] He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on January 20, 1647, when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong (李成棟) sacked the city on behalf of the Qing.[92]

The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683.[93] The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned, as did private Muslim, Armenian, and English traders.[94] From 1699 to 1714, the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year;[94] the Austrian Ostend General India Co. arrived in 1717,[95] the Dutch East India Co. in 1729,[96] the Danish Asiatic Co. in 1731, and the Swedish East India Co. the next year.[94] These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel. The first independent American ship arrived in 1784, and the first colonial Australian one in 1788.[citation needed] By that time, Guangzhou was one of the world's greatest ports, organized under the Canton System.[97] The main exports were tea and porcelain.[94] As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.[98] Guangzhou is the site of the Thirteen Factories, which were the only legal place to conduct foreign trade with China from 1757 to 1842.[99]: xviii

In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two stories. However, there were notable exceptions such as the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, and the guard tower known as the Five-Story Pagoda. The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves. The brick city walls were about 6 mi (10 km) in circumference, 25 ft (8 m) high, and 20 ft (6 m) wide. Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night. The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which, along with the canals, functioned as the city's sewer, emptied daily by the river's tides. A partition wall with four gates divided the northern "old town" from the southern "new town" closer to the river; the suburb of Xiguan (Saikwan; "West Gate") stretched beyond and the boats of fishers, traders, and Tanka ("boat people") almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 mi (6 km). It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse.[41] The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing—about 1,200 mi (1,931 km) away—in less than 24 hours.[100]

Guangzhou ("Canton") and the surrounding islands of Henan, Pazhou, Changzhou, and Xiaoguwei in 1841 Guangzhou city skyline at dusk in 2011

The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839. Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta, the British captured Canton on March 18, 1841.[101] The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later.[102] Following the Qing's 1842 treaty with Great Britain, Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries, usually including extraterritorial enclaves. Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856), the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died. The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War (1856–1858). The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai.[103][104]

The concession for the Guangzhou–Hankou railway was awarded to the American China Development Company in 1898. It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession. J. P. Morgan was awarded millions in damages[105] and the line to Wuchang was not completed until 1936[106] and the completion of a unified Beijing–Guangzhou railway waited until the completion of Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge in 1957.

### Modern China

[edit]

#### Revolutions

[edit]

During the late Qing dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 that were the predecessors of the successful 1911 Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city's 72 Martyrs at the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum.

#### Republic of China

[edit]

After the assassination of Song Jiaoren and Yuan Shikai's attempts to remove the Nationalist Party of China from power, the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him[107] but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat-sen after its failure. The city came under national spotlight again in 1917, when Prime Minister Duan Qirui's abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement. Sun Yat-sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords. The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support. Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars.[108] On June 16, 1922, Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili clique's Beijing government. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established a government in the city for the third time.

From 1923 to 1926, Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT) used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927.

In 1924, the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The KMT–CCP cooperation was confirmed in the 1st National Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT. The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city, of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term. Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars, training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy.[108] In August, the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising. The next year the anti-imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right-wing leader Hu Hanmin, the suspected mastermind, was exiled to the Soviet Union, leaving the pro-communist Wang Jingwei in charge. Opposing communist encroachment, the right-wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT. The Canton Coup on March 20, 1926, saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei, the party's left wing, its Communist allies, and its Soviet advisors.[109][110] By May, he had ended civilian control of the military[110] and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north. Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the April 12 Incident. Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen, resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups. Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui, a general supportive of the Wuhan faction, seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei's faction in the city, the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising. Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city. Soon, control of the city reverted to Li Jishen.

Li Jishen was deposed during a war between Chiang and the New Guangxi clique. By 1929, Chen Jitang had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong. In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti-Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou.[111] The opposition to Chiang included KMT leaders like Wang Jingwei, Sun Fo and others from diverse factions. The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the 4th National Congress of Kuomintang being held separately by three factions in Nanjing, Shanghai, and Canton. Resigning all his posts, Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions. While the intraparty division was resolved, Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936. During World War II, the Canton Operation subjected the city to Japanese occupation by the end of December 1938.

#### People's Republic of China

[edit]

Amid the closing months before total Communist victory, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republican government. Guangzhou was captured on October 14, 1949. Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau, defeated Nationalist forces blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city, with many of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period.

The People's Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city's boat people to life on land. Since the 1980s, the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese made it one of the first beneficiaries of China's opening up under Deng Xiaoping. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s also helped the city's industrialization and economic development.

The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties. The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005, merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively. The city acquired Nansha and Luogang. The former was carved out of Panyu, the latter from parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, Zengcheng, and an exclave within Huangpu. The National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009; on March 19 of the same year, the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.[112] In 2014, Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts.

On 16 June 2022 an EF2 tornado struck the city, causing major power outages and knocking out power to the city's subway lines.[113][114][115]

History of Guangzhou

* The Thirteen Factories c. 1805, displaying the flags of Denmark, Spain, the United States, Sweden, Britain, and the Netherlands

* An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua, one of the most successful suppliers of "export paintings" for Guangzhou's foreign traders

* Vrooman's 1860 map of the "City and Entire Suburbs of Canton", one of the first made after the treaties of Tianjin and Beijing permitted foreigners full access to Guangzhou's walled city

* The Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in 1863

* The Five-story Pagoda atop Yuexiu Hill c. 1880

* The Sacred Heart Cathedral towering over the one- and two-story homes of old Guangzhou c. 1880

* The US Navy's Dept of Navigation's 1920 map of "Canton"[116]

* Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek at the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy on 16 June 1924

* The Guangzhou Bund in 1930, with rows of Tanka boats

* A short film of Guangzhou in 1937

* The People's Liberation Army entering Guangzhou on 14 October 1949

## Geography

[edit]

Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON) 廣州) and surrounding region (AMS, 1954) Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou

The old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) about 80 mi (129 km) from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 mi (483 km) below its head of navigation.[41] It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta, with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait.[41] The present city spans 7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi) on both sides of the river from 112° 57′ to 114° 03′ E longitude and 22° 26′ to 23° 56′ N latitude in south-central Guangdong. The Pearl is the 4th-largest river of China.[117] Intertidal ecosystems exist on the tidal flat lining the river estuary, however, many of the tidal flats have been reclaimed for agriculture.[118] Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city's "lung" (市肺).[10][119][why?]

The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front. Tiantang Peak is the highest point of elevation at 1,210 m (3,970 ft) above sea level.

Places adjacent to Guangzhou

| Qingyuan | Qingyuan | Shaoguan

|
|

|  |
Foshan |

Guangzhou

| Huizhou
|  |
Foshan, Zhongshan | Zhongshan, South China Sea | Dongguan

### Natural resources

[edit]

There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou, including 18 large and medium-sized oil deposits. The major minerals are granite, cement limestone, ceramic clay, potassium, albite, salt mine, mirabilite, nepheline, syenite, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and geothermal mineral water. Since Guangzhou is located in the water-rich area of southern China, it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems, accounting for 10% of the total land area. The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable.[120]

#### Water resources

[edit]

The main characteristics of Guangzhou's water resources are that there are relatively few local water resources and relatively abundant transit water resources. The city's water area is 74,400 hectares, accounting for 10.05% of the city's land area. The main rivers include Beijiang, Dongjiang North Mainstream, Zengjiang, Liuxi River, Baini River, Pearl River Guangzhou Reach, Shiqiao Waterway, and Shawan Waterway. Beijiang, The Dongjiang River flows through Guangzhou City and merges with the Pearl River to flow into the sea. The local average total water resources is 7.979 billion cubic meters, including 7.881 billion cubic meters of surface water and 1.487 billion cubic meters of groundwater. Calculated based on the amount of local water resources and the permanent population counted in the sixth census in 2010, there are 1.0601 million cubic meters of water resources per square kilometer, with an average of 628 cubic meters per capita, which is one-half of the country's per capita water resources. The amount of water resources for transit passengers is 186.024 billion cubic meters, which is 23 times the total local water resources. The passenger water resources are mainly concentrated in the southern Wanghe District and Zengcheng District. The passenger water resources diverted from the Xijiang and Beijiang Rivers into Guangzhou City are 159.15 billion cubic meters, and the passenger water resources diverted from the Dongjiang River into the north mainstream of the Dongjiang River are 14.203 billion cubic meters. meters and the water inflow from the upper reaches of the Zengjiang River is 2.828 billion cubic meters. The southern river network area is in the tidal influence area, with large runoff and a strong tidal effect. The three major entrances of the Pearl River, Humen, Jiaomen, and Hongqili, enter the Lingding Ocean and exit the South China Sea in the south of Guangzhou City. The annual high tide volume is 271 billion cubic meters and the annual ebb tide volume is 408.8 billion cubic meters. The annual runoff of the three major entrances is 137.7 billion cubic meters. Compared with meters, the annual tide can bring a large amount of water, part of which is freshwater resources that can be utilized.[121]

#### Biological Resources

[edit]

Cultivated crops in Guangzhou have the distinctive characteristics of the transition from the tropics to the subtropics, and it is one of the richest regions in China in terms of fruit tree resources, including three major categories of tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones, 41 families, 82 genera and 174 species, totaling more than 500 varieties (among which there are 55 major varieties of lychee). It is the center of origin and variety of lychee, longan, yellow skin, black (white) olive, and so on. Vegetables are known for their high quality and variety, with 15 major categories, 127 species, and more than 370 varieties. Flowers include fresh cut flowers (fresh cut flowers, fresh cut leaves, fresh cut branches), potted plants (potted flowers, bonsai, flower bed plants), ornamental seedlings, edible and medicinal flowers, industrial and other uses of flowers, lawns, seedlings, etc. More than 3,000 traditional varieties and in recent years the introduction of new varieties, development, and utilization. Grain, cash crops, livestock, poultry, aquatic products, wild animals, and a wide variety of famous and excellent varieties, including Zengcheng Simiao rice is the first protected variety in Guangzhou City to obtain geographical indications.[122]

#### Mineral Resources

[edit]

The geological structure of Guangzhou City is quite complex, with good conditions for mineralization. Forty-seven kinds of minerals (including subspecies) have been discovered, with 820 mineral sites and 25 large and medium-sized mining areas. The main minerals are granite for construction, limestone for cement, ceramic clay, potassium, sodium feldspar, salt mines, manganese, nepheline orthoclase, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and thermal mineral water. Energy minerals and non-ferrous minerals in the area are in short supply, sporadically distributed, small in scale, and unstable in grade.[122]

### Climate

[edit]

Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity, and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. Monthly averages range from 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 22.4 °C (72.3 °F).[10] Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.[123] The relative humidity is approximately 76 percent, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,950 mm (77 in).[10] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March to 51 percent in October, the city receives 1,559 hours of bright sunshine annually, considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures since 1951 have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) on 11 February 1957 and 23 December 1999[124] to 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) on 1 July 2004,[125] though an unofficial record low of −5.0 °C (23.0 °F), in which modern meteorologists believe it to be −3.0 °C (26.6 °F) was recorded on 18 January 1893 and for the station that begun records in 1912 located in Huangpu District, an unofficial record low of −0.3 °C (31.5 °F) was recorded on 8 December 1934.[126][127][128] The last recorded snowfall in the city was on January 24, 2016, 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall.[129]

Climate data for Guangzhou, elevation 71 m (233 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1934–present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 32.1
(89.8)  | 33.5
(92.3)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 38.9
(102.0)  | 39.1
(102.4)  | 38.3
(100.9)  | 37.6
(99.7)  | 36.2
(97.2)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 29.9
(85.8)  | 39.1
(102.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 18.7
(65.7)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 29.3
(84.7)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 26.9
(80.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 13.8
(56.8)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 18.3
(64.9)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 28.6
(83.5)  | 27.4
(81.3)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 22.4
(72.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 12.5
(54.5)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 19.6
(67.3)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 25.1
(77.2)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 20.9
(69.6)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 11.9
(53.4)  | 19.3
(66.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | 0.1
(32.2)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 3.2
(37.8)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 18.8
(65.8)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 20.9
(69.6)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 9.5
(49.1)  | 4.9
(40.8)  | −0.3
(31.5)  | −0.3
(31.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 51.1
(2.01)  | 56.1
(2.21)  | 101.0
(3.98)  | 193.8
(7.63)  | 329.0
(12.95)  | 364.9
(14.37)  | 242.6
(9.55)  | 270.3
(10.64)  | 203.2
(8.00)  | 67.3
(2.65)  | 37.4
(1.47)  | 33.4
(1.31)  | 1,950.1
(76.77)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.2  | 9.4  | 13.8  | 15.3  | 17.4  | 19.4  | 17.0  | 16.8  | 12.0  | 5.7  | 5.7  | 5.7  | 145.4
Average relative humidity (%)  | 72  | 76  | 80  | 82  | 81  | 82  | 79  | 80  | 77  | 70  | 69  | 67  | 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 112.9  | 77.5  | 61.6  | 69.1  | 103.4  | 127.5  | 179.0  | 166.4  | 167.0  | 182.2  | 159.7  | 152.7  | 1,559
Percentage possible sunshine | 33  | 24  | 17  | 18  | 25  | 32  | 43  | 42  | 46  | 51  | 49  | 46  | 36
Average ultraviolet index | 7  | 9  | 11  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 12  | 11  | 9  | 7  | 6  | 10
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center[130][131][132] all-time extreme temperature[126] Hong Kong Observatory[133]

Climate data for Guangzhou DownTown (2001–2023 normals)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 14.8
(58.6)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 29.7
(85.5)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 23.5
(74.3)
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center[130][134][132] all-time extreme temperature[126] Hong Kong Observatory[133]

## Administrative divisions

[edit]

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou

Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts:

Liwan

Yuexiu

Haizhu

Tianhe

Baiyun

Huangpu

Panyu

Huadu

Nansha

Conghua

Zengcheng

|  | Administrative divisions of Guangzhou

Division
code[135] | Division  | Area
(km2)[136] | Population
(2022)[137] | Seat  | Postal
code  | Subdivisions[138]
Subdistricts | Towns | Residential
communities | Administrative
villages
440100 | Guangzhou | 7,434.40 | 18,734,100 | Yuexiu | 510000 | 136 | 34 | 1533 | 1142
440103 | Liwan | 59.10 | 1,123,700 | Shiweitang Subdistrict | 510000 | 22 |  | 195 |
440104 | Yuexiu | 33.80 | 1,028,500 | Beijing Subdistrict | 510000 | 18 |  | 267 |
440105 | Haizhu | 90.40 | 1,798,300 | Jianghai Subdistrict | 510000 | 18 |  | 257 |
440106 | Tianhe | 96.33 | 2,221,700 | Tianyuan Subdistrict | 510000 | 21 |  | 205 |
440111 | Baiyun | 795.79 | 3,637,000 | Jingtai Subdistrict | 510000 | 18 | 4 | 253 | 118
440112 | Huangpu | 484.17 | 1,191,800 | Luogang Subdistrict | 510500 | 14 | 1 | 90 | 28
440113 | Panyu | 529.94 | 2,807,400 | Shiqiao Subdistrict | 511400 | 11 | 5 | 87 | 177
440114 | Huadu | 970.04 | 1,706,200 | Huacheng Subdistrict | 510800 | 4 | 6 | 50 | 188
440115 | Nansha | 783.86 | 929,400 | Huangge Town | 511400 | 3 | 6 | 28 | 128
440117 | Conghua | 1,974.50 | 739,700 | Jiekou Subdistrict | 510900 | 3 | 5 | 46 | 221
440118 | Zengcheng | 1,616.47 | 1,550,400 | Licheng Subdistrict | 511300 | 4 | 7 | 55 | 282
| Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations

English | Chinese | Pinyin | Guangdong
Romanization | Kejiahua
Pinyin Fang'an
Liwan District | 荔湾区 | Lìwān Qū | lei6 wan1 kêu1 | lai4 van1 ki1
Yuexiu District | 越秀区 | Yuèxiù Qū | yud6 seo3 kêu1 | yet6 siu4 ki1
Haizhu District | 海珠区 | Hǎizhū Qū | hoi2 ju1 kêu1 | hoi2 zu1 ki1
Tianhe District | 天河区 | Tiānhé Qū | tin6 ho4 kêu1 | tien1 ho2 ki1
Baiyun District | 白云区 | Báiyún Qū | bak6 wan4 kêu1 | pak6 yun2 ki1
Huangpu District | 黄埔区 | Huángpǔ Qū | wong4 bou3 kêu1 | vong2 bu4 ki1
Panyu District | 番禺区 | Pānyú Qū | pun1 yu4 kêu1 | pan1 ngi2 ki1
Huadu District | 花都区 | Huādū Qū | fa1 dou1 kêu1 | fa1 du1 ki1
Nansha District | 南沙区 | Nánshā Qū | nam4 sa1 kêu1 | nam2/lam2 sa1 ki1
Conghua District | 从化区 | Cónghuà Qū | cung4 fa3 kêu1 | vung2 fa3 ki1
Zengcheng District | 增城区 | Zēngchéng Qū | zeng1 xing4 kêu1 | zen1 sang2 ki1
Guangzhou City | 广州市 | Guǎngzhōu Shì | guong2 zeo1 xi5 | kong3 ziu1 si4

## Economy

[edit]

Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2021, its GDP reached ¥2,823 billion (US$444.37 billion in nominal), making it the 2nd largest economy in the South-Central China region after Shenzhen.[139] Guangzhou's GDP (nominal) was $444.37 billion in 2021, exceeding that[140] Guangzhou's per capita was ¥151,162 ($23,794 in nominal).[139] Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China. Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.[25] Guangzhou is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in terms of nominal GDP in 2035 (together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics,[141] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above $42,000 in 2030.[142] Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally (between Washington, D.C., and Amsterdam) and 8th in the whole Asia & Oceania region (behind Shanghai, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, Shenzhen and Dubai) in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index (GFCI).[22] Owing to rapid industrialization, it was once also considered a rather polluted city. After green urban planning was implemented, it is now one of the most livable cities in China.

### Zhujiang New Town

[edit]

Zhujiang New Town is the central business district of Guangzhou in the 21st century. It covers 6.44 km2 in Tianhe District. Multiple financial institutions are headquartered in this area.

* Zhujiang New Town

* Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town

* Skyscrapers in Zhujiang New Town

* Haixin Bridge and Canton Tower near Zhujiang New Town

* Zhujiang New Town at night

### Canton Fair

[edit]

The Canton Fair, formally the "China Import and Export Fair", is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the fair is a major event for the city. It is the trade fair with the longest history, highest level, and largest scale in China.[143] From the 104th session onwards, the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (广州国际会展中心) in Pazhou, from the older complex in Liuhua. The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8, one station on Line 11 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1. Since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases.

* The first Canton Fair (1957) at the Sino–Soviet Friendship Building

* The former Canton Fair site at Yuexiu's Liuhua Complex

* The new Canton Fair Complex

* Interior of the Canton Fair Complex

### Local products

[edit]

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|

* Cantonese cuisine is one of China's most famous and popular regional cuisines, with a saying stating simply to "Eat in Guangzhou" (食在廣州).
* Cantonese sculpture includes work in jade, wood, and (controversially) ivory.
* Canton porcelain developed over the past three centuries as one of the major forms of exportware. It is now known within China for its highly colorful style.
* Cantonese embroidery is one of china's four main styles of the embroidery.
* Zhujiang Beer, a pale lager, is one of China's most successful brands.

### Industry

[edit]

Automobile manufacturer GAC Group headquartered in Guangzhou

* GAC Group
* Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
* Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone

The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km2 (0.53 sq mi).[144] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated 54 km (34 mi) (a 70 minutes drive) south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port. It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal.
* Guangzhou Free Trade Zone

The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.[145] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing and computer software. Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District. Next to the industries above, new sectors are being introduced to the business environment, including new energy, AI, new mobility, new materials, information and communication technology and new transport. It is also home to the Guangzhou IP Court.[146]
* Guangzhou Science City

### Business Environment

[edit]

Guangzhou is a hub for international businesses. According to an article by China Briefing, over 30,000 foreign-invested companies had settled in Guangzhou by 2018, including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies with projects and 120 Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters or regional headquarters in the city.[147]

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1950[148]| 2,567,645| —
1960[148]| 3,683,104| +43.4%
1970[148]| 4,185,363| +13.6%
1980[148]| 5,018,638| +19.9%
1990[148]| 5,942,534| +18.4%
2000[148]| 9,943,000| +67.3%
2002[149]| 10,106,229| +1.6%
2005[150]| 9,496,800| −6.0%
2006[150]| 9,966,600| +4.9%
2007[150]| 10,530,100| +5.7%
2008[150]| 11,153,400| +5.9%
2009[150]| 11,869,700| +6.4%
2010[148]| 12,701,948| +7.0%
2011[151]| 12,751,400| +0.4%
2012[151]| 12,832,900| +0.6%
2013[151]| 12,926,800| +0.7%
2014[151]| 13,080,500| +1.2%
2018| 14,904,400| +13.9%
Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions.

The 2010 census found Guangzhou's population to be 12.78 million. As of 2014[update], it was estimated at 13,080,500,[152][151] with 11,264,800 urban residents.[153] Its population density is thus around 1,800 people per km2. The built-up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities. The built-up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17,573 km2 (6,785 sq mi) and has been estimated to house 22 million people, including Guangzhou's nine urban districts, Shenzhen (5.36m), Dongguan (3.22m), Zhongshan (3.12m), most of Foshan (2.2m), Jiangmen (1.82m), Zhuhai (890k), and Huizhou's Huiyang District (760k).[citation needed] The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[citation needed] The area's fast-growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge "floating population" of migrant workers; thus, up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year.[citation needed] In 2008, about five million of Guangzhou's permanent residents were migrant workers.[154]

### Ethnicity and language

[edit]

Most of Guangzhou's population is Han Chinese. Almost all Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language,[156] while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin.[154] In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population,[157] although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well.[citation needed] In 2018, He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen.[158] Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69% could still speak and understand Cantonese, 20% can understand Cantonese, but unable to speak it, and 11% completely had no knowledge of Cantonese. Jinan University's study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese, roughly 40%-50% of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51.4% of them in mobile games, 47% in Social Platforms, 44.1% in TV shows, and 39.8% in Books and Newspapers. Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese, it is faring better in survival, popularity, and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture, as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment, which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language.[159][160] As of the 2020s, additional renewed efforts were introduced to preserve the local Cantonese language and culture with some limited Cantonese language classes now being taught in some schools as well as hosting Cantonese appreciation cultural events along with hosting activities that cater to the local Cantonese culture and language as well as many local Cantonese speaking families are now placing much stronger emphasis on their children to speak Cantonese to preserve the culture and language. In a 2018 report study by Shan Yunming and Li Sheng, the report showed that 90% of people living in Guangzhou are bilingual in both Cantonese and Mandarin, though fluency will vary depending on if they are locally born to the city and the surrounding Guangdong province or migrants from other provinces, which shows how much importance the Cantonese language still has in the city despite the strict policy rules from the government to be using Mandarin as the country's official language.[161][162] Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country. While most areas of China have 112–120 boys per 100 girls, the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls.[163][164][165]

Guangzhou also possesses a large resident population who are Hakka people. There are seven administrative districts in Guangzhou with a considerable Hakka population: Zengcheng District, Huadu District, Conghua District, Baiyun District, Tianhe District, Yuexiu District and Panyu District. It is estimated that in Zengcheng district and Huadu district of Guangzhou, Hakka speakers account for about 40 percent and a third of the district's population.[166][167]

Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants, with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people. This huge influx of people from other areas, called the floating population, is due to the city's fast-growing economy and high labor demands. Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that, while the city had 10.33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number, the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million. According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng, the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million, which means the city is facing a great strain, mostly due to a high population of unregistered people.[163]

According to the 2000 National Census, marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and is particularly important for women as 29.3% of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage [Liang et al., 2004]. Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life.[168] but like elsewhere in the People's Republic of China, the household registration system (hukou) limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution.[169] In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.[170]

Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th- and 20th-century Chinese diaspora; in fact, many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the United States,[171] Canada,[172] and Australia.

Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese, but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists, workers, and residents from the usual locations such as the United States. Notably, it is also home to thousands of African immigrants, including people from Nigeria, Somalia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.[173]

### Metropolitan area

[edit]

The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010[update], a population of 25 million.[174][175]

### Development of Guangzhou

[edit]

Gong et al. 2018 report on the development of Guangzhou from 1990 until 2020, showing how in 1990, the developed residential districts were almost exclusively concentrated in a small part of western Guangzhou whereas other parts of Guangzhou had a smaller limited amount of developed residential communities being overwhelmingly surrounded by agricultural and forest lands. However, from 2005 until 2020, other parts of the city eventually began to develop more so residential communities and in the 2020 map report, it showed fully developed residential communities going from west to east of the city whereas the very southern part and large portions of northern Guangzhou still remain mainly agricultural and forest lands with very limited developed residential communities.[176][177]

## Transportation

[edit]

### Urban mass transit

[edit]

Main article: Guangzhou Metro

Guangzhou Metro

When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. As of 2025, the metro network is made up of nineteen lines, covering a total length of more than 700 km (430 mi). It is the third busiest metro system in the world and the 3rd largest in terms of length.[178] In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on December 31, 2014.[179]

The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GBRT) system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road. It has several connections to the metro and is the world's 2nd-largest bus rapid transit system with 1,000,000 passenger trips daily.[180] It handles 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota.[181] The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges.

### Motor transport

[edit]

See also: List of bus routes in Guangzhou

Buses in Guangzhou

In the 19th century, the city already had over 600 long, straight streets; these were mostly paved but still very narrow.[41] In June 1919, work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways. The demolition took three years in total.[182]

In 2009, it was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city.[183] At present[when?], Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis[184]

A GAC Aion S yellow taxi of Guangzhou

Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong's urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated.[185] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.[186]

### Airports

[edit]

Baiyun International Airport Terminal 2

Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Baiyun District; it opened on August 5, 2004.[187] This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city's rapidly growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned.[188] Terminal 2 opened on April 26, 2018.[189] Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning.[190]

Guangzhou is also served by Hong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier.[191] There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA.[192]

### Rail

[edit]

Further information: Guangzhou railway station, Guangzhou East railway station, Guangzhou South railway station, Guangzhou North railway station, and Guangzhou Baiyun railway station

Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Guangzhou–Shenzhen, Guangzhou–Maoming and Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou conventional speed railways. In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway started service, with multiple unit trains covering 980 km (608.94 mi) at a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). In December 2014, the Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway and Nanning-Guangzhou railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and 200 km/h (124 mph), respectively.[193] The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city. A number of regional railways radiating from Guangzhou started operating such as the Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway and the Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing intercity railway.

### Water transport

[edit]

There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong.

* Transport in Guangzhou
* Panyu Square station of the Guangzhou Metro

* Trains used by the Guangzhou Metro

* A GBRT station, Gangding

* Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District

* CRH380A at Guangzhou South Railway Station

* Guangzhou Tram

## Culture

[edit]

Guangzhou Opera House Chen Clan Ancestral Hall, a complex with significant Cantonese architecture style.

Guangzhou's culture is mainly Cantonese culture, which is a subset of the larger "Southern" or the "Lingnan" culture, followed by Hakka culture.[194] Notable aspects of Cantonese cultural heritage include:

* Cantonese language, the local and prestige variant of Yue Chinese.
* Cantonese cuisine, one of China's eight major culinary traditions.[195][note 1]
* Cantonese opera, usually divided into martial and literary performances.
* Xiguan (Saikwan), the area west of the former walled city.

The Guangzhou Opera House and Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style. Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music, while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock-and-roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong.

Cantonese language, Cantonese cuisine and Cantonese opera are the shared culture of the whole Guangdong region, not just the important cultural components of Guangzhou city. With a population of diverse background, the culture of Guangzhou also includes other categories, such as Hakka culture and language.

In the Hakka people inhabited areas of Guangzhou, Hakka culture has been well developed and preserved, and in the long history, the integration of Canton culture and Hakka culture has derived new cultural characteristics. Zengcheng, Guangzhou is a district with a history of more than 1800 years, with the harmonious coexistence of Canton culture and Hakka culture, the derived food culture has not only the non-heritage food such as Zhengguo Wonton, Lanxi Rice Noodle, and Goose Soup, but also the special food such as Yuecun Dace Fish Skin, Paitan Roasted Chicken, and Shitan Whole Cattle Banquet.[197]

### Religions

[edit]

Before the postmodern era, Guangzhou had about 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples.[41] Today, in addition to the Buddhist Association, Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association, a Jewish community,[198][199] as well as a history with Christianity, reintroduced to China by colonial powers.[clarification needed]

#### Taoism

[edit]

Taoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city's temples. Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals, dedicated to the Five Immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city. The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames.[200] However, the temple has not been restored as a Taoist temple status yet. Other famous temples include the City God Temple of Guangzhou and Sanyuan Palace. During the Cultural Revolution, all Taoist temples and shrines were practically destroyed or damaged by the red guards. Only a handful of them like Sanyuan Palace were restored during the 1980s. Guangzhou, like most of southern China, is also notably observant and continues the practice of Chinese ancestral worship during major festive occasions like the Qing Ming Festival and Zhong Yuan Festival.

#### Buddhism

[edit]

Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou.[201] The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official; it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande, the last of the Nanyue kings, and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple ("Temple of Bright Filial Piety") since the Ming dynasty. The Buddhist missionary monk, Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasty (5th or 6th century). Around AD 520, Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there. The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song.[citation needed] The Xilai Monastery was renamed as the Hualin Temple ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the Qing dynasty.

The temples were badly damaged by both the Republican campaign to "Promote Education with Temple Property" (廟產興學) and the PRC's Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s. The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island, once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery.

#### Christianity

[edit]

Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road, but suffered during Emperor Wuzong's 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000.[202][specify] The Qing-era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War, although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou is housed at Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral, known locally as the "Stone House". A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction, its original Latin and French stained-glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution; they have since been replaced by English ones. The Canton Christian College (1888) and Hackett Medical College for Women (1902) were both founded by missionaries, they were known in Chinese as Lingnan University and later incorporated into Sun Yat-sen University. Since the opening up of China in the 1980s, there has been renewed interest in Christianity, but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials.[203] The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years; however, his present successor is recognized by both the Vatican and China's Patriotic Church.

#### Islam

[edit]

Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the Tang dynasty.[204] Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30, 758; the port was subsequently closed for fifty years.[54][55][56][57][58] Their presence came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with that of the Jews, Christians,[59][60][61] and Parsis.[62][63] Nowadays, the city is home to halal restaurants.[205] The city is renowned for the Huaisheng Mosque, built in 627 by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, a Companion of the Prophet who came to China in the 620s.[204]

* Religious sites in Guangzhou
* The Huaisheng Mosque and Guangta Minaret

* Guangzhou's Temple of the Five Immortals

* The Hall of the 500 Arhats at the Flowery Forest Temple (Hualin) in the 1870s

* The Temple of Bright Filial Piety

* Guangzhou's City God Temple

* The sacred pigs of the Ocean Banner Temple (Hoi Tong) in the 1830s

* The Flower Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (Liurong)

* The Thousand Buddha Tower at the present-day Hoi Tong Monastery

* Sacred Heart Cathedral

* Tianhe Church, built in 2017

## Sports

[edit]

Guangdong Olympic Stadium

The 11,468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was a 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup venue.[206]

From November 12 to 27, 2010, Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games. The same year, it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19. Combined, these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted.[207]

Tianhe Stadium

Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events:

* 1987 The 6th National Games of China
* 1991 The 1st FIFA Women's World Cup
* 2001 The 2001 National Games of China
* 2007 The 8th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People's Republic of China [Wikidata]
* 2008 The 49th World Table Tennis Championships
* 2009 The 11th Sudirman Cup: the world badminton mixed team championships

Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include:

Sports  | League  | Tier  | Club  | Stadium

|
|
|
|

Esports (Overwatch) | Overwatch League | 1st  | Guangzhou Charge | Tianhe Gymnasium
Basketball | Chinese Basketball Association | 1st  | Guangzhou Loong Lions | Tianhe Gymnasium
Baseball | China Baseball League | 1st  | Guangdong Leopards | Tianhe Sports Center baseball field
Guangzhou Baoneng Qoros Arena

In the 2010s, Guangzhou became a Chinese football powerhouse, having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019. The team also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015. As a result, Guangzhou participated in the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 in the semifinal stage against the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winners Bayern Munich and the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League winners Barcelona, respectively.[208]

## Restaurants

[edit]

In the 1990s the local press prolifically published reviews of restaurants in Guangzhou. The local newspapers introduced lifestyle pages and relied on infotainment to raise revenue.[209][page needed]

## Destinations

[edit]

### Eight Views

[edit]

Main articles: Eight Views and Eight Views of Guangzhou

Canton Tower[210]

The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou's eight most famous tourist attractions. They have varied over time since the Song dynasty, with some being named or demoted by emperors. The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011:[citation needed]

* "Towers Shining through the New Town"
* "The Pearl River Flowing and Shining": The Pearl River from Bai'etan to Pazhou
* "Cloudy Mountain Green and Tidy": Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area
* "Yuexiu's Grandeur": Yuexiu Hill and Park
* "The Ancient Academy's Lingering Fame": The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall and its folk art museum
* "Liwan's Wonderful Scenery": Liwan Lake
* "Science City, Splendid as Brocade"
* "Wetlands Singing at Night": Nansha Wetlands Park

Bombax ceiba, Guangzhou's official flower

### Parks and gardens

[edit]

* Baiyun Mountain
* Nansha Wetland Park
* People's Park
* South China Botanical Garden
* Yuexiu Park
* Guangdong Tree Park
* Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园; 東山湖公園)
* Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园; 流花湖公園)
* Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园; 荔灣湖公園)
* Luhu Park (麓湖公园; 麓湖公園)
* Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园; 廣州起義烈士陵園)
* Pearl River Park (珠江公园; 珠江公園)
* Yuntai Garden (云台花园; 雲臺花園)
* Shimen National Forest Park(石门国家森林公园; 石門國家森林公園)
* Haizhu Lake Park(海珠湖公园; 海珠湖公園)

### Tourist attractions

[edit]

Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall

Guangzhou attracts more than 223 million visitors each year, and the total revenue of the tourism exceeded 400 billion in 2018.[211] There are many tourist attractions, including:

* Canton Tower
* Chen Clan Ancestral Hall, housing Guangzhou's folk art museum
* Chime-Long Paradise
* Chime-Long Waterpark (simplified Chinese: 长隆水上乐园; traditional Chinese: 長隆水上樂園)
* Guangdong Provincial Museum
* Guangzhou Zoo [Wikidata]
* Mulberry Park, public center which demonstrates mulberry growing and silk making
* Nanyue King Museum
* Peasant Movement Training Institute, an important Maoist site
* Sacred Heart Cathedral (Stone House)
* Temple of Bright Filial Piety (Guangxiao)
* Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (Liurong), site of the Flowery Pagoda
* Sanyuan Palace
* Shamian or Shameen Island, the old trading compound
* Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, site of Guangzhou's former presidential palace
* Xiguan (Saikwan), the western suburbs of the old city

### Pedestrian streets

[edit]

In every district there are many shopping areas where people can walk on the sidewalks; however most of them are not set as pedestrian streets.

Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street

The popular pedestrian streets are:

* Beijing Road pedestrian street
* Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street
* Huacheng Square (Flower City Square)

### Malls and shopping centers

[edit]

There are many malls and shopping centers in Guangzhou. The majority of the new malls are located in the Tianhe district.

Aerial view of Parc Central Mall

* 101 Dynamics
* China Plaza
* Liwan Plaza
* Teem Plaza
* Victory Plaza
* Wanguo Plaza
* Grandview Mall (Grandview Mall Aquarium)
* Wanda square
* Happy Valley
* TaiKoo Hui
* Parc Central
* OneLinkWalk
* Rock Square
* Aeon Mall
* GT Land Plaza
* IFC Plaza
* IGC Mall
* Mall of the World
* K11
* Fashion Tianhe

### Major buildings

[edit]

Main article: List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou

See also: List of historic buildings in Guangzhou

* CITIC Plaza
* Canton Tower
* Guangzhou Circle Mansion
* Guangdong Olympic Stadium
* Guangzhou Opera House
* Guangzhou TV Tower
* Pearl River Tower
* The Twin Towers:
* Guangzhou International Finance Center (West)
* The CTF Guangzhou (East)

* Canton Custom House (est. 1916), one of the oldest surviving in China

* Aiqun Hotel, Guangzhou's tallest building from 1937 to 1967

* Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian

* The Canton Cement Factory (est. 1907), which housed Sun Yat-sen from 1923 to 1925

* The old provincial capitol, now the Museum of Revolutionary History

* Guangzhou's CBD, including the IFC (left) and CTF (right)

## Media

[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Guangzhou has two local radio stations: the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels. The primary language of both stations is Cantonese. Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin Chinese. However, in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programs on most Cantonese channels. Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city, depending on the radio stations' locations and transmission power. The Beijing-based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programs in the city. Radio Guangdong has a 30-minute weekly English programs, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network. Daily English news programs are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong.

Guangzhou has some of the most notable Chinese-language newspapers and magazines in mainland China, most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city, the Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation, and the Yangcheng Evening News Group. The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily. The former, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue, while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers. The most successful is That's Guangzhou, which started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into That's PRD, producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well. It also produces In the Red.

## Education and research

[edit]

Sun Yat-sen University South China Agricultural University Guangzhou Library

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, also known as Guangzhou University Town (广州大学城), is a large tertiary education complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. It occupies the entirety of Xiaoguwei Island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 km2 (7 sq mi). The complex accommodates campuses from ten higher education institutions and can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers, and 50,000 staff.[212]

As of June 2023, Guangzhou hosts 84 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 2nd nationwide after Beijing and 1st in South China region.[213] The city has many highly ranked educational institutions, with seven universities listed in 147 National Key Universities under the Double First-Class Construction, ranking fourth nationwide (after Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing). Guangzhou is also an important hub for international students and it was ranked 110th globally by the QS Best Student Cities Rankings in 2023.[214]

Guangzhou is a major Asia-Pacific R&D hub, ranking 8th globally, 4th in the Asia & Oceania regions after (Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing) and 1st in South Central China region.[215]

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center's higher education campuses are as follows:

* Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
* Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
* Guangdong University of Technology
* Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
* Guangzhou University
* Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
* South China Normal University
* South China University of Technology
* Sun Yat-sen University
* Xinghai Conservatory of Music

Guangzhou's other fully accredited and degree-granting universities and colleges include:

* Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology
* Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University
* Guangdong University of Finance & Economics
* Guangdong University of Finance
* Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology
* Guangzhou Medical University
* Guangzhou Sports University
* Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)
* Jinan University
* South China Agricultural University
* Southern Medical University
* Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering

The two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province. Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou. The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town, which fully opened on June 23, 2013.[216] Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China.[217]

Further information: Guangzhou High School

## Notable people

[edit]

* Choh Hao Li (1913–1987), American biochemist, expert on hormones
* Zhi Cong Li (born 1993), racing driver
* Xiao Ping Liang (born 1959), internationally exhibited calligrapher
* I. M. Pei (1917–2019), Chinese-American architect
* Kuang Sunmou (1863-1929), railway engineer, businessman, and bureaucrat
* Gene Wu (born 1978), Texas state politician[218]
* Bolo Yeung (born July 3, 1946), Hong Kong martial artist, competitive bodybuilder, and film actor
* Qi Yuwu (born November 28, 1976), actor based in Singapore
* Donnie Yen (born 27 July 1963), Hong Kong martial artist, action director and choreographer, and film director and actor

## International relations

[edit]

### Twin towns and sister cities

[edit]

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

### Consulates General/consulates

[edit]

See also: List of diplomatic missions in China

As of April 2023, Guangzhou hosts 68 foreign consulates-general/consulates, excluding the Hong Kong and Macao trade office, making it one of the major cities to host more than 50 foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai.[23][24]

## See also

[edit]

* Canton System and Old China Trade
* Historical capitals of China
* List of largest cities
* Mezitli Producer Women's Market § Guangzhou Innovation Award
* 2021 Guangzhou bombing
* Chinese ship Guangzhou

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^

* UK: /ɡwæŋˈdʒoʊ/, gwang-JOH,[4] US: /ˈɡwɑːŋ-/, GWAHNG-[5]
* Chinese: 广州; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu
* Cantonese: [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] ⓘ
* previously romanized as Canton[6] or Kwangchow[7]

1. ^ The other seven are the cuisines of Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan and Zhejiang.[196]

## References

[edit]

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* Butel, Paul (1997), Européens et Espaces Maritimes: vers 1690-vers 1790, Par Cours Universitaires (in French), Bordeaux: Bordeaux University Press
* Cortesao, Armando, ed. (1944), Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, an Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 9788120605350, archived from the original on June 24, 2016, retrieved July 8, 2016 `{{citation}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Douglas, Robert Kennaway (2006), Europe and the Far East, Adamant Media, ISBN 978-0-543-93972-2
* Dunn, Ross E. (1986), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-05771-5
* Dutra, Francis A.; Santos, João Camilo dos (1995), Francis A. Dutra; João Camilo dos Santos (eds.), Proceedings of the International Colloquium on the Portuguese and the Pacific: University of California, Santa Barbara, October 1993, Santa Barbara: Jorge de Sena Center for Portuguese Studies, University of California, ISBN 978-0-942208-29-0.
* Fairbank, John King. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the treaty ports, 1842-1854 (Cambridge, Harvard U. P, 1953) online.
* Chian, Sylvia (December 26, 2017). "Johnathan Andrew Farris, Enclave to Urbanity: Canton, Foreigners, and Architecture from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries: Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016". ABE Journal (12). doi:10.4000/abe.3819.
* Gray, John Henry (1875), Walks in the City of Canton, Hong Kong: De Souza & Co., archived from the original on January 18, 2021, retrieved November 6, 2015
* Gunn, Geoffrey (August 1, 2011), History without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000–1800, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN 9789888083343
* Kjellberg, Sven T. (1975), Svenska Ostindiska Compagnierna 1731–1813: Kryddor, Te, Porslin, Siden [The Swedish East India Company 1731–1813: Spice, Tea, Porcelain, Silk (in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Malmö: Allhem, ISBN 978-91-7004-058-0, archived from the original on March 4, 2016, retrieved February 7, 2016
* "Commercial Intercourse with China", Knight's Store of Knowledge for All Readers, London: Charles Knight & Co., 1841, pp. 130–152, archived from the original on June 13, 2020, retrieved August 31, 2017
* Li Kangying (2010), The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368 to 1567, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 9783447061728, archived from the original on June 13, 2020, retrieved August 31, 2017
* MacPherson, D. (1842), Two Years in China: Narrative of the Chinese Expedition, from Its Formation in April, 1840, Till April, 1842: with an Appendix, Containing the Most Important of the General Orders & Despatches Published During the Above Period, London: Saunders & Otley, archived from the original on March 8, 2017, retrieved February 3, 2016
* Perdue, Peter C. (2009), "Canton Trade", Rise & Fall of the Canton Trade System, Visualizing Cultures, MIT, archived from the original on July 11, 2016, retrieved July 8, 2016
* Von Glahn, Richard (1996), Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20408-9, archived from the original on May 22, 2020, retrieved August 31, 2017
* Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1
* Wills, John E. Jr. (1998), "Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662", in Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank; Albert Feuerwerker (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 333–375, ISBN 978-0-521-24333-9
* Wills, John E. Jr.; Cranmer-Byng, John; Witek, John W. (2010), Wills, John E. Jr. (ed.), China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-17945-4, archived from the original on May 10, 2016, retrieved October 2, 2016.
* Yü Ying-shih (1987), "Han Foreign Relations", The Cambridge History of China, vol. I: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8
* Yule, Henry (2002), The Travels of Friar Odoric

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guangzhou.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Guangzhou.

Wikisource has several original texts related to Guangzhou.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Guangzhou.

* Guangzhou International Archived December 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine: Official website of government of Guangzhou municipality
* Guangzhou, China Network Archived January 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
* Geographic data related to Guangzhou at OpenStreetMap

Preceded by

N/A

|  Capital of Nanyue
Nanyue
204–111 BC  | Succeeded by

N/A

|
|

Preceded by

Fengtian

|  Capital of China
Republic of China
July 1, 1925 – February 21, 1927  | Succeeded by

Wuhan

Preceded by

Taiyuan

|  Capital of China
Republic of China
May 28, 1931 – December 22, 1931  | Succeeded by

Chongqing

Preceded by

Nanjing

|  Capital of China
Republic of China
April 23, 1949 – October 14, 1949  | Succeeded by

Chongqing

* v
* t
* e

Guangzhou

Administrative divisions|

* Yuexiu
* Liwan
* Haizhu
* Tianhe
* Baiyun
* Huangpu
* Huadu
* Panyu
* Nansha
* New Area
* Free-Trade Zone
* Conghua
* Zengcheng

* Defunct divisions
* Dongshan
* Fangcun
* Luogang

Attractions|

* Baiyun Mountain
* Xiguan
* Shamian Island
* Chen Clan Ancestral Hall
* Litchi Bay
* Guangdong Museum
* Nanyue King Museum
* Temple of the Six Banyan Trees
* Zhenhai Tower
* The Memorial Museum of Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's Mansion
* Sacred Heart Cathedral
* Huaisheng Mosque
* Guangxiao Temple
* Chigang Pagoda
* Canton Tower
* Canton Fair
* Pazhou Pagoda
* Chimelong Paradise
* Peasant Movement Institute
* Shopping malls
* Teem Plaza
* Taikoo Hui
* Grandview Mall
* Happy Valley
* CITIC Plaza
* Whampoa Military Academy
* Nansha Tianhou Palace
* Guangzhou Opera House
* Huacheng Square (Zhujiang New Town)
* Twin Towers
* Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre
* International Finance Center
* Haixinsha Island
* Haizhu Square
* Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall
* South China Botanical Garden
* People's Park

Culture & demographics|

* Cantonese language
* Cantonese culture
* Cantonese cuisine
* Cantonese people
* Cantonese opera

Higher Education|

* Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center
* Sun Yat-sen University
* South China University of Technology
* South China Normal University
* Jinan University
* Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
* South China Agricultural University
* Guangdong University of Technology
* Guangzhou University
* Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
* Guangzhou Medical University
* Guangdong Pharmaceutical University

History|

* Timeline
* Bibliography

Sports venues|

* Guangzhou Football Park
* Guangdong Provincial People's Stadium
* Yuexiushan Stadium
* Tianhe Stadium
* Guangdong Olympic Stadium
* Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Central Stadium
* Huadu Stadium
* Huangpu Sports Center
* Guangzhou Gymnasium
* Guangzhou International Sports Arena
* Yanzigang Stadium
* Henry Fok Stadium

Transport|

* Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
* Guangzhou Metro
* Guangzhou BRT
* Railway stations
* Guangzhou railway station
* Guangzhou East railway station
* Guangzhou South railway station
* Guangzhou North railway station
* Guangzhou Baiyun railway station
* Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway
* Guangfo Metro
* Guangzhou Buses
* Guangzhou Water Buses
* Guangzhou Trams
* Haizhu Tram
* Baiyun Cableway

* v
* t
* e

Subdistricts & Towns in Guangzhou

Yuexiu|

* Hongqiao
* Beijing
* Liurong
* Liuhua
* Guangta
* Renmin
* Dongshan
* Nonglin
* Meihuacun
* Huanghuagang
* Huale
* Jianshe
* Datang
* Zhuguang
* Dadong
* Baiyun
* Dengfeng
* Kuangquan

Liwan|

* Jinhua
* Shamian
* Hualin
* Duobao
* Changhua
* Fengyuan
* Longjin
* Caihong
* Nanyuan
* Xicun
* Zhanqian
* Lingnan
* Qiaozhong
* Chongkou
* Huadi
* Chajiao
* Hailong
* Zhongnan
* Dongjiao
* Dongsha
* Baihedong
* Shiweitang

Haizhu|

* Haichuang
* Chigang
* Xingang
* Binjiang
* Sushe
* Nanhuaxi
* Longfeng
* Shayuan
* Ruibao
* Jianghai
* Fengyang
* Nanshitou
* Huazhou
* Changgang
* Nanzhou
* Pazhou
* Guanzhou
* Jiangnanzhong

Tianhe|

* Tianyuan
* Wushan
* Yuancun
* Chebei
* Shahe
* Shipai
* Xinghua
* Shadong
* Linhe
* Tangxia
* Liede
* Xiancun
* Yuangang
* Tianhenan
* Huangcun
* Longdong
* Changxing
* Fenghuang
* Qianjin
* Zhuji
* Xintang

Baiyun|

* Jingtai
* Songzhou
* Tongde
* Huangshi
* Tangjing
* Xinshi
* Sanyuanli
* Tonghe
* Jingxi
* Yongping
* Junhe
* Jinsha
* Shijing
* Jiahe
* Yuncheng
* Baiyunhu
* Shimen
* Helong
* Renhe
* Taihe
* Jianggao
* Zhongluotan

Huangpu|

* Dasha
* Huangpu
* Hongshan
* Yuzhu
* Wenchong
* Nangang
* Zhangzhou
* Suidong
* Lilian
* GETDD
* Luogang
* Xiagang
* Dongqu
* Lianhe
* Yonghe
* Jiufo
* Longhu
* Xinlong

Panyu|

* Shiqiao
* Zhongcun
* Shibi
* Dashi
* Luopu
* Dalong
* Donghuan
* Qiaonan
* Shatou
* Xiaoguwei
* Nancun
* Xinzao
* Hualong
* Shilou
* Dongyong
* Shiqi
* Shawan

Huadu|

* Xinhua
* Xinya
* Huacheng
* Xiuquan
* Timian
* Huashan
* Tanbu
* Chini
* Shiling
* Huadong

Nansha|

* Nansha
* Zhujiang
* Longxue
* Huangge
* Wanqingsha
* Hengli
* Dongchong
* Dagang
* Lanhe

Zengcheng|

* Licheng
* Zengjiang
* Zhucun
* Yongning
* Zhengguo
* Shitan
* Xintang
* Zhongxin
* Paitan
* Xiaolou
* Xiancun

Conghua|

* Jiekou
* Chengjiao
* Jiangbu
* Wenquan
* Liangkou
* Lütian
* Taiping
* Aotou

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

County-level divisions of Guangdong Province

Guangzhou (capital)

Sub-provincial
cities|

| Guangzhou|

* Baiyun District
* Conghua District
* Haizhu District
* Huadu District
* Huangpu District
* Liwan District
* Nansha
* Nansha New Area
* Guangdong Free-Trade Zone
* Panyu District
* Tianhe District
* Yuexiu District
* Zengcheng District

|

Shenzhen|

* Bao'an District
* Futian District
* Guangming District
* Longgang District
* Dapeng New District
* Longhua District
* Luohu District
* Nanshan District
* Qianhai SZ-HK MSIC Zone
* Guangdong Free-Trade Zone
* Pingshan District
* Yantian District

Prefecture-level
cities|

| Shaoguan|

* Qujiang District
* Wujiang District
* Zhenjiang District
* Lechang city
* Nanxiong city
* Renhua County
* Shixing County
* Wengyuan County
* Xinfeng County
* Ruyuan County

|

Zhuhai|

* Doumen District
* Jinwan District
* Xiangzhou District
* Hengqin New Area
* Guangdong Free-Trade Zone

Shantou|

* Chaonan District
* Chaoyang District
* Chenghai District
* Haojiang District
* Jinping District
* Longhu District
* Nan'ao County

Foshan|

* Chancheng District
* Gaoming District
* Nanhai District
* Sanshui District
* Shunde District

Jiangmen|

* Jianghai District
* Pengjiang District
* Xinhui District
* Enping city
* Heshan city
* Kaiping city
* Taishan city

Zhanjiang|

* Chikan District
* Mazhang District
* Potou District
* Xiashan District
* Leizhou city
* Lianjiang city
* Wuchuan city
* Suixi County
* Xuwen County

Maoming|

* Maonan District
* Dianbai District
* Gaozhou city
* Huazhou city
* Xinyi city

Zhaoqing|

* Dinghu District
* Duanzhou District
* Gaoyao District
* Sihui city
* Deqing County
* Fengkai County
* Guangning County
* Huaiji County

Huizhou|

* Huicheng District
* Huiyang District
* Boluo County
* Huidong County
* Longmen County

Meizhou|

* Meijiang District
* Meixian District
* Xingning city
* Dabu County
* Fengshun County
* Jiaoling County
* Pingyuan County
* Wuhua County

Shanwei|

* Cheng District
* Lufeng city
* Haifeng County
* Luhe County

Heyuan|

* Yuancheng District
* Heping County
* Lianping County
* Longchuan County
* Dongyuan County
* Zijin County

Yangjiang|

* Jiangcheng District
* Yangdong District
* Yangchun city
* Yangxi County

Qingyuan|

* Qingcheng District
* Qingxin District
* Lianzhou city
* Yingde city
* Fogang County
* Yangshan County
* Liannan County
* Lianshan County

Dongguan|

* v
* t
* e

Dongguan

Chengqu Area*|

* Dongcheng Subdistrict
* Guancheng Subdistrict
* Nancheng Subdistrict
* Wanjiang Subdistrict
* Shijie town
* Gaobu town

Songshanhu Area*|

* Chashan town
* Dalang town
* Dalingshan town
* Liaobu town
* Shilong town
* Shipai town

Dongbu Chanyeyuan Area*|

* Changping town
* Dongkeng town
* Hengli town
* Huangjiang town
* Qiaotou town
* Qishi town
* Xiegang town

Dongnan Linshen Area*|

* Fenggang town
* Qingxi town
* Tangxia town
* Zhongtang town

Binhai Area*|

* Chang'an town
* Houjie town
* Humen town
* Shatian town

Shuixiang Xincheng Area*|

* Daojiao town
* Hongmei town
* Machong town
* Wangniudun town
* Zhangmutou town

* Not a formal administrative subdivision

Zhongshan|

* v
* t
* e

Zhongshan

Zhongxin Area*|

* Dongqu Subdistrict
* Nanqu Subdistrict
* Shiqi Subdistrict
* Xiqu Subdistrict
* Wuguishan Subdistrict
* Gangkou town
* Dachong town
* Shaxi town

Dongbu Area*|

* Zhongshangang Subdistrict
* Nanlang Subdistrict
* Cuiheng New Area

Dongbei Area*|

* Minzhong Subdistrict
* Huangpu town
* Sanjiao town

Xibei Area*|

* Dongfeng town
* Fusha town
* Guzhen town
* Henglan town
* Nantou town
* Xiaolan town

Nanbu Area*|

* Banfu town
* Sanxiang town
* Shenwan town
* Tanzhou town

* Not a formal administrative subdivision

Chaozhou|

* Xiangqiao District
* Chao'an District
* Fengxi Mgmt Dist
* Raoping County

Jieyang|

* Rongcheng District
* Jiedong District
* Puning city
* Huilai County
* Jiexi County

Yunfu|

* Yuncheng District
* Yun'an District
* Luoding city
* Xinxing County
* Yunan County

* Guangdong township-level divisions
* Guangdong Free-Trade Zone

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Largest cities in Guangdong

Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population

| Rank  |  | Pop.  | Rank  |  | Pop.

|
|
|
|
|

1 | Guangzhou | 13,154,200 | 11 | Maoming | 849,700
2 | Shenzhen | 13,026,600 | 12 | Zhaoqing | 820,600
3 | Dongguan | 6,850,300 | 13 | Chaozhou | 775,800
4 | Shantou | 2,796,400 | 14 | Shaoguan | 647,300
5 | Zhuhai | 2,779,800 | 15 | Puning | 619,100
6 | Huizhou | 2,396,400 | 16 | Zhongshan | 572,000
7 | Foshan | 1,872,500 | 17 | Qingyuan | 534,200
8 | Jiangmen | 1,386,500 | 18 | Yangjiang | 507,800
9 | Zhanjiang | 917,800 | 19 | Meizhou | 469,500
10 | Jieyang | 860,000 | 20 | Gaozhou | 364,400

* v
* t
* e

Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area)

Pearl River Delta Economic Zone

Guangdong Province|

* Guangzhou
* Panyu
* Huadu
* Nansha
* Zengcheng
* Conghua
* Shenzhen
* Bao'an
* Zhuhai
* Hengqin
* Dongguan
* Zhongshan
* Cuiheng
* Foshan
* Jiangmen
* Enping
* Taishan
* Kaiping
* Heshan
* Huizhou
* Zhaoqing
* Sihui
* Gaoyao

Special administrative regions|

* Hong Kong
* New Territories
* Kowloon
* Hong Kong Island
* Macau
* Macau Peninsula
* Taipa
* Coloane
* Cotai

* v
* t
* e

Major cities along the Pearl River

Cities (from upper reaches to lower reaches)

Major
tributaries|

* v
* t
* e

Bei River

Bei|

* Nanxiong
* Shaoguan
* Zhenjiang
* Wujiang
* Qujiang
* Yingde
* Qingyuan
* Qingxin
* Qingcheng
* Foshan
* Sanshui
* waterways with Xi
* Nanhai
* Chancheng
* Sanshui
* Guangzhou
* Panyu
* Nansha
* merged into the Shiziyang

* v
* t
* e

Dong River

Dong|

* Heyuan
* Yuancheng
* Huizhou
* Huicheng
* Dongguan
* Guangzhou
* Zengcheng
* Huangpu
* merged into the Shiziyang

* v
* t
* e

Xi River

Xi|

| Gui→Li|

* Guilin
* Diecai
* Qixing
* Xiufeng
* Xiangshan
* Yanshan
* Wuzhou
* Changzhou
* Wanxiu
* merged into the Xi

|

Xun|

| Yong→Yu|

| Zuo|

* Chongzuo
* Jiangzhou
* Nanning
* Jiangnan
* Xixiangtang
* merged into the Yong→Yu

|

You|

* Baise
* Youjiang
* Nanning
* Xixiangtang
* merged into the Yong→Yu

* tributaries of Zuo & You
* Nanning
* Jiangnan
* Xixiangtang
* Qingxiu
* Liangqing
* Yongning
* Guigang
* Qintang
* Gangnan
* Gangbei
* Guiping
* merged into the Xun

Qian|

| Liu|

| Long|

* Hechi
* Jinchengjiang
* Yizhou
* merged into the Liu

|

Rong|

* Liuzhou
* Liubei
* Liunan
* Chengzhong
* Yufeng
* merged into the Liu

* tributaries of Long & Rong
* merged into the Qian

Hongshui|

| Beipan|

* Xuanwei
* Liupanshui
* Liuzhi
* merged into the Hongshui

|

Nanpan|

* Qujing
* Qilin
* merged into the Hongshui

* tributaries of Beipan & Nanpan
* Heshan
* Laibin
* Xingbin
* merged into the Qian

* tributaries of Liu & Hongshui
* Guiping
* merged into the Xun

* tributaries of Yong→Yu & Qian
* Wuzhou
* Changzhou
* Longxu
* Wanxiu
* merged into the Xi

* tributaries of Gui→Li & Xun
* Wuzhou
* Wanxiu
* Yunfu
* Yun'an
* Zhaoqing
* Gaoyao
* Duanzhou
* Dinghu
* Foshan
* Sanshui
* waterways with Bei
* Gaoming
* Nanhai
* Shunde
* Heshan
* Jiangmen
* Pengjiang
* waterways with Shiziyang & Lingdingyang
* Zhongshan
* Jiangmen
* Jianghai
* Xinhui
* Zhuhai
* Doumen
* Jinwan
* Xiangzhou
* South China Sea

Pearl River

Pearl|

* Guangzhou (Baiyun
* Liwan
* Haizhu
* Yuexiu
* Tianhe
* Huangpu)
* Foshan (Nanhai)
* Dongguan
* Shiziyang

Shiziyang|

* Pearl
* tributary of Dong
* Dongguan
* Guangzhou
* Panyu
* tributary of Bei
* Nansha
* waterways with Xi
* Lingdingyang

Lingdingyang|

* Shiziyang
* Guangzhou
* Nansha
* waterways with Xi
* Zhongshan
* Shenzhen
* Bao'an
* Guangming
* Longhua
* Nanshan
* Futian
* Luohu
* Yantian
* Longgang
* Pingshan
* Dapeng
* Zhuhai
* Xiangzhou
* Jinwan
* Doumen
* Hong Kong
* New Territories
* Hong Kong Island
* Kowloon
* Macau
* Macau Peninsula
* Jiuzhouyang

Jiuzhouyang|

* Lingdingyang
* Macau
* Taipa
* Coloane
* Cotai
* South China Sea

Major cities along the Yangtze River · Major cities along the Yellow River

* v
* t
* e

Guangdong topics

Guangzhou (capital)

General|

* History
* Politics
* Economy
* Police

Geography|

* Cities
* Metropolitan areas
* Chaoshan
* Pearl River Delta
* Sanyi (Sam Yup)
* Sze Yup (Siyi)
* Leizhou Peninsula
* Regions
* Pearl River Delta
* Yuexi
* Yuebei
* Yuedong
* Pearl River
* East River
* West River
* Nanling Mountains
* Pratas Island and the Vereker Banks (claimed)
* Shamian Island

Education|

* Guangzhou Education
* Shenzhen Education

Culture|

* Lingnan culture
* Cantonese people
* Varieties of Chinese
* Yue Chinese
* Hailufeng
* Teochew
* Hakka
* Lingnan architecture
* Tong lau
* Lingnan garden
* Cantonese embroidery
* Teochew woodcarving
* Lingnan penjing
* Canton porcelain
* Lingnan School
* Music
* Cantonese opera
* Naamyam
* Guangdong music
* Gou Wu
* Cantonese poetry
* Cantonese nationalism
* Hung Ga
* Wing Chun
* Lingnan Confucianism
* Flowermarket
* Cantonese lion dance
* Wong Tai Sin
* Hung Shing
* Cantonese merchants
* Red cotton flower
* Cantonese folktales
* The Legend of Five Goats
* Villain hitting
* Hakka people
* Teochew people
* Zhuang people
* Chu Hua Yuan

Cuisine|

* Cantonese cuisine
* Beef chow fun
* Chow mein
* Char siu
* Roasted suckling pig
* Bird's nest soup
* Seafood birdsnest
* Shumai
* Cantonese fried rice
* Dim sum
* Yum cha
* Leung cha
* Tong sui
* Hakka cuisine
* Teochew cuisine

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Prefecture-level divisions of China

Notes: *Provincial capitals, ★Sub-provincial cities, ☆Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture *Sub prefectural-level divisions, ✧"Comparatively larger city [zh]" (较大的市) as approved by the State Council

| Provinces|

| Anhui|

* *Hefei
* Wuhu
* Bengbu
* Huainan
* Ma'anshan
* Huaibei
* Tongling
* Anqing
* Huangshan
* Chuzhou
* Fuyang
* Suzhou
* Lu'an
* Bozhou
* Chizhou
* Xuancheng

|

Fujian|

* *Fuzhou
* ★Xiamen
* Putian
* Sanming
* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Nanping
* Longyan
* Ningde

Gansu|

* *Lanzhou
* Jiayuguan
* Jinchang
* Baiyin
* Tianshui
* Wuwei
* Zhangye
* Pingliang
* Jiuquan
* Qingyang
* Dingxi
* Longnan
* Linxia (Hui)
* Gannan (Tibetan)

Guangdong|

* *★Guangzhou
* ★Shenzhen
* Shaoguan
* Zhuhai
* Shantou
* Foshan
* Jiangmen
* Zhanjiang
* Maoming
* Zhaoqing
* Huizhou
* Meizhou
* Yangjiang
* Shanwei
* Heyuan
* Qingyuan
* Dongguan
* Zhongshan
* Jieyang
* Yunfu

Guizhou|

* *Guiyang
* Liupanshui
* Zunyi
* Anshun
* Bijie
* Tongren
* Qianxinan (Buyei and Miao)
* Qiannan (Buyei and Miao)
* Qiandongnan (Miao and Dong)

Hainan|

* *Haikou
* Sanya
* Danzhou
* Sansha
* *Wuzhishan
* *Qionghai
* *Wenchang
* *Wanning
* *Dongfang
* *Ding'an County
* *Tunchang County
* *Chengmai County
* *Lingao County
* *Baisha County (Li)
* *Changjiang County (Li)
* *Ledong County (Li)
* *Lingshui County (Li)
* *Baoting County (Li and Miao)
* *Qiongzhong County (Li and Miao)

Hebei|

* *Shijiazhuang
* ✧Tangshan
* Qinhuangdao
* Handan
* Xingtai
* Baoding
* Zhangjiakou "Kalgan"
* Chengde
* Cangzhou
* Langfang
* Hengshui

Henan|

* *Zhengzhou
* Kaifeng
* Luoyang
* Pingdingshan
* Anyang
* Hebi
* Xinxiang
* Jiaozuo
* Puyang
* Xuchang
* Luohe
* Sanmenxia
* Nanyang
* Shangqiu
* Xinyang
* Zhoukou
* Zhumadian
* *Jiyuan

Hubei|

* *★Wuhan
* Huangshi
* Shiyan
* Yichang
* Xiangyang
* Ezhou
* Jingmen
* Xiaogan
* Jingzhou
* Huanggang
* Xianning
* Suizhou
* Enshi (Tujia and Miao)
* *Xiantao
* *Qianjiang
* *Tianmen
* *Shennongjia Forestry District

Heilongjiang|

* *★Harbin
* Qiqihar
* Jixi
* Hegang
* Shuangyashan
* Daqing
* Yichun
* Jiamusi
* Qitaihe
* Mudanjiang
* Heihe
* Suihua
* Daxing'anling Prefecture

Hunan|

* *Changsha
* Zhuzhou
* Xiangtan
* Hengyang
* Shaoyang
* Yueyang
* Changde
* Zhangjiajie
* Yiyang
* Chenzhou
* Yongzhou
* Huaihua
* Loudi
* Xiangxi (Tujia and Miao)

Jilin|

* *★Changchun
* Jilin
* Siping
* Liaoyuan
* Tonghua
* Baishan
* Songyuan
* Baicheng
* Yanbian (Korean)

Jiangsu|

* *★Nanjing
* Wuxi
* Xuzhou
* Changzhou
* ✧Suzhou
* Nantong
* Lianyungang
* Huai'an
* Yancheng
* Yangzhou
* Zhenjiang
* Taizhou
* Suqian

Jiangxi|

* *Nanchang
* Jingdezhen
* Pingxiang
* Jiujiang
* Xinyu
* Yingtan
* Ganzhou
* Ji'an
* Yichun
* Fuzhou
* Shangrao

Liaoning|

* *★Shenyang
* ★Dalian
* Anshan
* Fushun
* Benxi
* Dandong
* Jinzhou
* Yingkou
* Fuxin
* Liaoyang
* Panjin
* Tieling
* Chaoyang
* Huludao

Qinghai|

* *Xining
* Haidong
* Haibei (Tibetan)
* Huangnan (Tibetan)
* Hainan (Tibetan)
* Golog "Guolog" (Tibetan)
* Yushu (Tibetan)
* Haixi "Qaidam" (Mongol and Tibetan)

Sichuan|

* *★Chengdu
* Zigong
* Panzhihua
* Luzhou
* Deyang
* Mianyang
* Guangyuan
* Suining
* Neijiang
* Leshan
* Nanchong
* Meishan
* Yibin
* Guang'an
* Dazhou
* Bazhong
* Ziyang
* Ya'an
* Ngawa "Aba" (Tibetan and Qiang)
* Garzê "Ganzi" (Tibetan)
* Liangshan (Yi)

Shaanxi|

* *★Xi'an
* Tongchuan
* Baoji
* Xianyang
* Weinan
* Yan'an
* Hanzhong
* Yulin
* Ankang
* Shangluo

Shandong|

* *★Jinan
* ★Qingdao
* Zibo
* Zaozhuang
* Dongying
* Yantai
* Weifang
* Jining
* Tai'an
* Weihai
* Rizhao
* Linyi
* Dezhou
* Liaocheng
* Binzhou
* Heze

Shanxi|

* *Taiyuan
* Datong
* Yangquan
* Changzhi
* Jincheng
* Shuozhou
* Jinzhong
* Yuncheng
* Xinzhou
* Linfen
* Lüliang

Taiwan|

* *Taibei
* Gaoxiong
* Xinbei
* Taizhong
* Tainan
* Taoyuan

Yunnan|

* *Kunming
* Qujing
* Yuxi
* Baoshan
* Zhaotong
* Lijiang
* Pu'er
* Lincang
* Chuxiong (Yi)
* Honghe (Hani and Yi)
* Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao)
* Xishuangbanna (Dai)
* Dali (Bai)
* Dehong (Dai and Jingpo)
* Nujiang (Lisu)
* Dêqên (Tibetan)

Zhejiang|

* *★Hangzhou
* ★Ningbo
* ✧Wenzhou
* Jiaxing
* Huzhou
* Shaoxing
* Jinhua
* Quzhou
* Zhoushan
* Taizhou
* Lishui

Autonomous
regions|

| Guangxi|

* *Nanning
* Liuzhou
* Guilin
* Wuzhou
* Beihai
* Fangchenggang
* Qinzhou
* Guigang
* Yulin
* Baise
* Hezhou
* Hechi
* Laibin
* Chongzuo

|

Ningxia|

* *Yinchuan
* Shizuishan
* Wuzhong
* Guyuan
* Zhongwei

Inner
Mongolia|

* *Hohhot
* ✧Baotou
* Wuhai
* Chifeng "Ulankhad"
* Tongliao
* Ordos
* Hulunbuir
* Bayannur "Bayannao'er"
* Ulanqab
* Hinggan League
* Xilingol League
* Alxa League "Ālāshàn League"

Xinjiang|

* *Ürümqi
* Karamay
* Turpan
* Hami
* Changji (Hui)
* Bortala (Mongol)
* Bayingolin (Mongol)
* Kizilsu (Kyrgyz)
* ( ☆Ili (Kazakh)
* Tacheng Prefecture
* Altay Prefecture )
* Aksu Prefecture
* Kashgar "Kashi" Prefecture
* Hotan Prefecture
* *Shihezi
* *Aral
* *Tumxuk
* *Wujiaqu
* *Beitun
* *Tiemenguan
* *Shuanghe
* *Kokdala
* *Kunyu
* *Huyanghe
* *Xinxing

Tibet|

* *Lhasa
* Shigatse "Xigazê"
* Chamdo "Qamdo"
* Nyingchi "Linzhi"
* Shannan
* Nagqu
* Ngari Prefecture

| Direct-administered municipalities|

* Beijing
* Tianjin
* Shanghai
* Chongqing

|

Special administrative regions|

* Hong Kong
* Macau

See also: List of prefectures in China, List of cities in China

Cities of China and the World

* v
* t
* e

Metropolitan cities of China

Major metropolitan regions

* Jing-Jin-Ji (BJ-TJ-HE)
* Greater Bay Area
* Yangtze Delta (SH-JS-ZJ)
* Zhongyuan
* Chengyu
* Cross-Strait Western Coast
* Guanzhong
* Mid-Southern Liaoning
* Shandong Peninsula
* Yangtze River Midstream (Yangtze River Valley)

Major cities

| National Central Cities|

* Beijinga
* Chongqinga
* Guangzhoub2
* Shanghaia2
* Tianjina2

|

Special administrative regions|

* Hong Kong
* Macau

Regional Central Cities|

* Chengdub
* Nanjingb
* Shenyangb
* Shenzhenc1
* Wuhanb
* Xi'anb

Sub-provincial cities|

* Changchunb
* Chengdub
* Dalianc2
* Guangzhoub2
* Hangzhoub
* Harbinb
* Jinanb
* Nanjingb
* Ningboc2
* Qingdaoc2
* Shenyangb
* Shenzhenc1
* Wuhanb
* Xiamenc1
* Xi'anb

Provincial capitals
(Prefecture-level)|

* Changsha
* Fuzhou2
* Guiyang
* Haikou
* Hefei
* Kunming
* Lanzhou
* Nanchang
* Shijiazhuang
* Taiyuan
* Xining
* Zhengzhou
* Taibei5

Autonomous regional capitals|

* Hohhot
* Lhasa
* Nanning
* Ürümqi
* Yinchuan

Comparatively large cities|

* Anshan
* Baotou
* Benxi
* Datong
* Fushun
* Jiujiang
* Handan
* Huainan
* Jilin
* Luoyang
* Qiqihar
* Suzhou
* Tangshan
* Wuxi
* Xuzhou
* Zibo

Prefecture-level cities by province

| Hebei|

* Shijiazhuang*
* Tangshan*
* Qinhuangdao2
* Handan*
* Xingtai
* Baoding
* Zhangjiakou
* Chengde
* Cangzhou
* Langfang
* Hengshui

|

Shanxi|

* Taiyuan*
* Datong*
* Yangquan
* Changzhi
* Jincheng
* Shuozhou
* Jinzhong
* Yuncheng
* Xinzhou
* Linfen
* Lüliang

Inner Mongolia|

* Hohhot*
* Baotou*
* Wuhai
* Chifeng
* Tongliao
* Ordos
* Hulunbuir
* Bayannur
* Ulanqab

Liaoning|

* Shenyang*
* Dalian*
* Anshan*
* Fushun*
* Benxi*
* Dandong
* Jinzhou
* Yingkou
* Fuxin
* Liaoyang
* Panjin
* Tieling
* Chaoyang
* Huludao

Jilin|

* Changchun*
* Jilin
* Siping
* Liaoyuan
* Tonghua
* Baishan
* Songyuan
* Baicheng

Heilongjiang|

* Harbin*
* Qiqihar*
* Jixi
* Hegang
* Shuangyashan
* Daqing
* Yīchun
* Jiamusi
* Qitaihe
* Mudanjiang
* Heihe
* Suihua

Jiangsu|

* Nanjing*
* Wuxi*
* Xuzhou*
* Changzhou
* Suzhou*
* Nantong
* Lianyungang2
* Huai'an
* Yancheng
* Yangzhou
* Zhenjiang
* Tàizhou
* Suqian

Zhejiang|

* Hangzhou*
* Ningbo*
* Wenzhou2
* Jiaxing
* Huzhou
* Shaoxing
* Jinhua
* Quzhou
* Zhoushan
* Tāizhou
* Lishui

Anhui|

* Hefei*
* Wuhu
* Bengbu
* Huainan*
* Ma'anshan
* Huaibei
* Tongling
* Anqing
* Huangshan
* Chuzhou
* Fuyang
* Sùzhou
* Lu'an
* Bozhou
* Chizhou
* Xuancheng

Fujian|

* Fuzhou*
* Xiamen*
* Putian
* Sanming
* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Nanping
* Longyan
* Ningde

Jiangxi|

* Nanchang*
* Jingdezhen
* Pingxiang
* Jiujiang
* Xinyu
* Yingtan
* Ganzhou
* Ji'an
* Yíchun
* Fǔzhou
* Shangrao

Shandong|

* Jinan*
* Qingdao*
* Zibo*
* Zaozhuang
* Dongying
* Yantai2
* Weifang
* Jining
* Tai'an
* Weihai
* Rizhao
* Laiwu
* Linyi
* Dezhou
* Liaocheng
* Binzhou
* Heze

Henan|

* Zhengzhou*
* Kaifeng
* Luoyang*
* Pingdingshan
* Anyang
* Hebi
* Xinxiang
* Jiaozuo
* Puyang
* Xuchang
* Luohe
* Sanmenxia
* Nanyang
* Shangqiu
* Xinyang
* Zhoukou
* Zhumadian

Hubei|

* Wuhan*
* Huangshi
* Shiyan
* Yichang
* Xiangyang
* Ezhou
* Jingmen
* Xiaogan
* Jinzhou
* Huanggang
* Xianning
* Suizhou

Hunan|

* Changsha*
* Zhuzhou
* Xiangtan
* Hengyang
* Shaoyang
* Yueyang
* Changde
* Zhangjiajie
* Yiyang
* Chenzhou
* Yongzhou
* Huaihua
* Loudi

Guangdong|

* Guangzhou*
* Shaoguan
* Shenzhen*
* Zhuhai1
* Shantou1
* Foshan
* Jiangmen
* Zhanjiang2
* Maoming
* Zhaoqing
* Huizhou
* Meizhou
* Shanwei
* Heyuan
* Yangjiang
* Qingyuan
* Dongguan
* Zhongshan
* Chaozhou
* Jieyang
* Yunfu

Guangxi|

* Nanning*
* Liuzhou
* Guilin
* Wuzhou
* Beihai2
* Fangchenggang
* Qinzhou
* Guigang
* Yùlin
* Baise
* Hezhou
* Hechi
* Laibin
* Chongzuo

Hainan1|

* Haikou*
* Sanya
* Sansha4
* Danzhou

Sichuan|

* Chengdu*
* Zigong
* Panzhihua
* Luzhou
* Deyang
* Mianyang
* Guangyuan
* Suining
* Neijiang
* Leshan
* Nanchong
* Meishan
* Yibin
* Guang'an
* Dazhou
* Ya'an
* Bazhong
* Ziyang

Guizhou|

* Guiyang*
* Liupanshui
* Zunyi
* Anshun
* Bijie
* Tongren

Yunnan|

* Kunming*
* Qujing
* Yuxi
* Baoshan
* Zhaotong
* Lijiang
* Pu'er
* Lincang

Tibet|

* Lhasa*
* Shigatse
* Chamdo
* Nyingchi
* Shannan

Shaanxi|

* Xi'an*
* Tongchuan
* Baoji
* Xianyang
* Weinan
* Yan'an
* Hanzhong
* Yúlin
* Ankang
* Shangluo

Gansu|

* Lanzhou*
* Jiayuguan
* Jinchang
* Baiyin
* Tianshui
* Wuwei
* Zhangye
* Pingliang
* Jiuquan
* Qingyang
* Dingxi
* Longnan

Qinghai|

* Xining*
* Haidong

Ningxia|

* Yinchuan*
* Shizuishan
* Wuzhong
* Guyuan
* Zhongwei

Xinjiang|

* Ürümqi*
* Karamay
* Turpan
* Hami

Taiwan5|

* (none)

Other cities (partly shown below)

| Prefecture-level capitals
(County-level)|

* (Inner Mongolia: Ulanhot
* Xilinhot)
* Jiagedaqi3, Heilongjiang
* Enshi, Hubei
* Jishou, Hunan
* (Sichuan：Xichang
* Kangding
* Barkam)
* (Guizhou: Xingyi
* Kaili
* Duyun)
* (Yunnan: Chuxiong
* Mengzi
* Wenshan
* Jinghong
* Dali
* Mangshi
* Shangri-La
* Lushui)
* (Gansu: Linxia
* Hezuo)
* (Qinghai: Yushu
* Delingha)
* (Xinjiang: Changji
* Bole
* Korla
* Yining
* Artush
* Aksu
* Kashgar1
* Hotan
* Tacheng
* Altay)

|

Province-governed cities
(Sub-prefecture-level)|

* Jiyuan, Henan
* (Hubei: Xiantao
* Qiánjiang
* Tianmen
* Shennongjia)
* (Hainan1: Wuzhishan
* Qionghai
* Wenchang
* Wanning
* Dongfang)
* (Xinjiang \- XPCC(Bingtuan) cities: Shihezi
* Aral
* Tumxuk
* Wujiaqu
* Beitun
* Tiemenguan
* Shuanghe
* Kokdala
* Kunyu)

Former Prefecture-level cities|

* Chaohu, Anhui
* Yumen，Gansu
* Dongchuan, Yunnan
* Shashi, Hubei
* (Sichuan: Fuling
* Wanxian)
* (Jilin: Meihekou
* Gongzhuling)

Sub-prefecture-level cities
(Prefecture-governed)|

* Qian'an, Hebei
* Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia
* Erenhot, Inner Mongolia
* Golmud, Qinghai

County-level cities by province

| Hebei|

* Xinji
* Jinzhou
* Xinle
* Zunhua
* Qian'an*
* Wu'an
* Nangong
* Shahe
* Zhuozhou
* Dingzhou
* Anguo
* Gaobeidian
* Botou
* Renqiu
* Huanghua
* Hejian
* Bazhou
* Sanhe
* Shenzhou

|

Shanxi|

* Gujiao
* Lucheng
* Gaoping
* Jiexiu
* Yongji
* Hejin
* Yuanping
* Houma
* Huozhou
* Xiaoyi
* Fenyang

Inner Mongolia|

* Holingol
* Manzhouli*
* Yakeshi
* Zhalantun
* Ergun
* Genhe
* Fengzhen
* Ulanhot*
* Arxan
* Erenhot*
* Xilinhot*

Liaoning|

* Xinmin
* Wafangdian
* Zhuanghe
* Haicheng
* Donggang
* Fengcheng
* Linghai
* Beizhen
* Gaizhou
* Dashiqiao
* Dengta
* Diaobingshan
* Kaiyuan
* Beipiao
* Lingyuan
* Xingcheng

Jilin|

* Yushu
* Dehui
* Jiaohe
* Huadian
* Shulan
* Panshi
* Gongzhuling
* Shuangliao
* Meihekou
* Ji'an
* Linjiang
* Fuyu
* Taonan
* Da'an
* Yanji
* Tumen
* Dunhua
* Hunchun
* Longjing
* Helong

Heilongjiang|

* Shangzhi
* Wuchang
* Nehe
* Hulin
* Mishan
* Tieli
* Tongjiang
* Fujin
* Fuyuan
* Suifenhe
* Hailin
* Ning'an
* Muling
* Dongning
* Bei'an
* Wudalianchi
* Anda
* Zhaodong
* Hailun

Jiangsu|

* Jiangyin
* Yixing
* Xinyi
* Pizhou
* Liyang
* Changshu
* Zhangjiagang
* Kunshan
* Taicang
* Qidong
* Rugao
* Haimen
* Dongtai
* Yizheng
* Gaoyou
* Danyang
* Yangzhong
* Jurong
* Jingjiang
* Taixing
* Xinghua

Zhejiang|

* Jiande
* Lin'an
* Yuyao
* Cixi
* Fenghua
* Rui'an
* Yueqing
* Haining
* Pinghu
* Tongxiang
* Zhuji
* Shengzhou
* Lanxi
* Yiwu
* Dongyang
* Yongkang
* Jiangshan
* Wenling
* Linhai
* Longquan

Anhui|

* Chaohu
* Jieshou
* Tongcheng
* Tianchang
* Mingguang
* Ningguo

Fujian|

* Fuqing
* Changle
* Yong'an
* Shishi
* Jinjiang
* Nan'an
* Longhai
* Shaowu
* Wuyishan
* Jian'ou
* Zhangping
* Fu'an
* Fuding

Jiangxi|

* Leping
* Ruichang
* Gongqingcheng
* Lushan
* Guixi
* Ruijin
* Jinggangshan
* Fengcheng
* Zhangshu
* Gao'an
* Dexing

Shandong|

* Zhangqiu
* Jiaozhou
* Jimo
* Pingdu
* Laixi
* Tengzhou
* Longkou
* Laiyang
* Laizhou
* Penglai
* Zhaoyuan
* Qixia
* Haiyang
* Qingzhou
* Zhucheng
* Shouguang
* Anqiu
* Gaomi
* Changyi
* Qufu
* Zoucheng
* Xintai
* Feicheng
* Rongcheng
* Rushan
* Laoling
* Yucheng
* Linqing

Henan|

* Gongyi
* Xingyang
* Xinmi
* Xinzheng
* Dengfeng
* Yanshi
* Wugang
* Ruzhou
* Linzhou
* Weihui
* Huixian
* Qinyang
* Mengzhou
* Yuzhou
* Changge
* Yima
* Lingbao
* Dengzhou
* Yongcheng
* Xiangcheng
* Jiyuan*

Hubei|

* Daye
* Danjiangkou
* Yidu
* Dangyang
* Zhijiang
* Laohekou
* Zaoyang
* Yicheng
* Zhongxiang
* Yingcheng
* Anlu
* Hanchuan
* Shishou
* Honghu
* Songzi
* Macheng
* Wuxue
* Chibi
* Guangshui
* Enshi*
* Lichuan
* Xiantao*
* Qianjiang*
* Tianmen*

Hunan|

* Liuyang
* Liling
* Xiangxiang
* Shaoshan
* Leiyang
* Changning
* Wugang
* Miluo
* Linxiang
* Jinshi
* Yuanjiang
* Zixing
* Hongjiang
* Lengshuijiang
* Lianyuan
* Jishou*

Guangdong|

* Lechang
* Nanxiong
* Taishan
* Kaiping
* Heshan
* Enping
* Lianjiang
* Leizhou
* Wuchuan
* Gaozhou
* Huazhou
* Xinyi
* Sihui
* Xingning
* Lufeng
* Yangchun
* Yingde
* Lianzhou
* Puning
* Luoding

Guangxi|

* Cenxi
* Dongxing
* Guiping
* Beiliu
* Jingxi
* Yizhou
* Heshan
* Pingxiang

Hainan|

* Wuzhishan*
* Qionghai*
* Wenchang*
* Wanning*
* Dongfang*

Sichuan|

* Dujiangyan
* Pengzhou
* Qionglai
* Chongzhou
* Jianyang
* Guanghan
* Shifang
* Mianzhu
* Jiangyou
* Emeishan
* Langzhong
* Huaying
* Wanyuan
* Barkam*
* Kangding*
* Xichang*

Guizhou|

* Qingzhen
* Chishui
* Renhuai
* Xingyi*
* Kaili*
* Duyun*
* Fuquan

Yunnan|

* Anning
* Xuanwei
* Tengchong
* Chuxiong*
* Mengzi*
* Gejiu
* Kaiyuan
* Mile
* Wenshan*
* Jinghong*
* Dali*
* Ruili
* Mangshi*
* Lushui*
* Shangri-La*

Tibet|

* (none)

Shaanxi|

* Xingping
* Hancheng
* Huayin

Gansu|

* Yumen
* Dunhuang
* Linxia*
* Hezuo*

Qinghai|

* Yushu*
* Golmud*
* Delingha*

Ningxia|

* Lingwu
* Qingtongxia

Xinjiang|

* Changji*
* Fukang
* Bole*
* Alashankou
* Korla*
* Aksu*
* Artush*
* Kashgar*
* Hotan*
* Yining*
* Kuytun
* Korgas
* Tacheng*
* Wusu
* Altay*
* Shihezi*
* Aral*
* Tumxuk*
* Wujiaqu*
* Beitun*
* Tiemenguan*
* Shuanghe*
* Kokdala*
* Kunyu*

Taiwan5|

* (none)

Notes

* Indicates this city has already occurred above.

aDirect-administered municipalities. bSub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. cSeparate state-planning cities. 1Special economic-zone cities. 2Open coastal cities.
3Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.
4Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.
5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead.

All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.

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Capitals of China by jurisdiction

National:

* PRC Beijing
* ROC Taipei

Provinces:

* AH Hefei
* FJ Fuzhou (PRC) / Jincheng (ROC¹)
* GD Guangzhou
* GS Lanzhou
* GZ Guiyang
* HA Zhengzhou
* HB Wuhan
* HE Shijiazhuang
* HI Haikou
* HL Harbin
* HN Changsha
* JL Changchun
* JS Nanjing
* JX Nanchang
* LN Shenyang
* QH Xining
* SC Chengdu
* SD Jinan
* SN Xi'an
* SX Taiyuan
* TW Taipei (PRC)¹ / Zhongxing NV (ROC)
* YN Kunming
* ZJ Hangzhou

Autonomous Regions:

* GX Nanning
* NM Hohhot
* NX Yinchuan
* XJ Ürümqi
* XZ Lhasa

Municipalities:

* BJ Tongzhou
* CQ Yuzhong
* SH Huangpu
* TJ Hexi

SARs:

* HK Hong Kong
* MO Macau

¹ — Taiwan and Fujian are administered as a streamlined provinces by the Republic of China, but those are claimed by the PRC.

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World's 50 most-populous urban areas

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1. Tokyo
2. Jakarta
3. Delhi
4. Guangzhou–Foshan
5. Mumbai
6. Manila
7. Shanghai
8. Seoul
9. Cairo
10. Mexico City

11. Kolkata
12. São Paulo
13. New York
14. Karachi
15. Dhaka
16. Bangkok
17. Beijing
18. Moscow
19. Shenzhen
20. Buenos Aires

21. Los Angeles
22. Johannesburg-Pretoria
23. Bengaluru
24. Chengdu
25. Ho Chi Minh City
26. Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto
27. Lagos
28. Istanbul
29. Lahore
30. Kinshasa–Brazzaville

31. Tehran
32. Chongqing
33. Rio de Janeiro
34. Xi'an
35. Chennai
36. Paris
37. Zhengzhou
38. Luanda
39. London
40. Dongguan

41. Lima
42. Wuhan
43. Bogotá
44. Tianjin
45. Hyderabad
46. Taipei
47. Hangzhou
48. Nagoya
49. Surabaya
50. Bandung

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Host cities of Asian Games

Summer|

* 1951: Delhi
* 1954: Manila
* 1958: Tokyo
* 1962: Jakarta
* 1966: Bangkok
* 1970: Bangkok
* 1974: Tehran
* 1978: Bangkok
* 1982: Delhi
* 1986: Seoul
* 1990: Beijing
* 1994: Hiroshima
* 1998: Bangkok
* 2002: Busan
* 2006: Doha
* 2010: Guangzhou
* 2014: Incheon
* 2018: Jakarta-Palembang
* 2022: Hangzhou
* 2026: Aichi-Nagoya
* 2030: Doha
* 2034: Riyadh

Winter|

* 1986: Sapporo
* 1990: Sapporo
* 1996: Harbin
* 1999: Kangwon
* 2003: Aomori
* 2007: Changchun
* 2011: Astana-Almaty
* 2017: Sapporo
* 2025: Harbin
* 2029: Trojena

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Megacities

Africa (5)|

* Cairo
* Johannesburg
* Kinshasa
* Lagos
* Luanda

Asia (37)|

| China (16)|

* Beijing
* Changsha
* Chengdu
* Chongqing
* Guangzhou
* Dongguan
* Shenzhen
* Hangzhou
* Jieyang
* Shanghai
* Suzhou
* Tianjin
* Wuhan
* Xiamen
* Xi'an
* Zhengzhou

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India (6)|

* Bangalore
* Chennai
* Delhi
* Hyderabad
* Kolkata
* Mumbai

Japan (3)|

* Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)
* Nagoya
* Tokyo

Indonesia (2)|

* Jakarta
* Surabaya

Pakistan (2)|

* Karachi
* Lahore

Other (8)|

* Bangkok
* Dhaka
* Ho Chi Minh City
* Istanbul
* Metro Manila
* Seoul
* Taipei
* Tehran

Europe (4)|

* Istanbul
* London
* Moscow
* Paris

America (8)|

| Brazil (2)|

* Rio de Janeiro
* São Paulo

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United States (2)|

* Los Angeles
* New York City

Other (4)|

* Bogotá
* Buenos Aires
* Lima
* Mexico City

Cities portal

Portal:

* China

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Croatia
* Sweden
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* NARA
* Yale LUX

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