Web series

Short video series released on the Internet

NH6 – Example of a web series in India.

A web series, also known as short form series and web show, is a series of short scripted or non-scripted online videos, generally in episodic form, released on the Internet (i.e. World Wide Web),[1][2] which first emerged in the late 1990s and became more prominent in the early 2000s. A single installment of a web series program can be called a webisode or an episode. The scale of a web series is small and a typical episode can be anywhere from three to fifteen minutes in length.[3][4][5][a] Web series are distributed online on video sharing websites and apps, such as YouTube, Vimeo and TikTok,[4][3][7][8] and can be watched on devices such as smartphones, tablets, desktops, laptops, and Smart TVs (or television sets connected to the Internet with a media streaming device). They can also be released on social media platforms.[9][10] Because of the nature of the Internet, a web series may be interactive and immersive.[11][12][13] Web series are classified as new media.

Web series are different from streaming television series, as the latter is purposed to be watched on streaming platforms such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Hotstar.[14][15][b] Although the designing of a web series can be similar to that of a television series their development and production does not entail the same financial investment required for a television series.[3][4][c] The popularity of some web series, however, have led to them being optioned for television.[4][21][22]

A number of organizations and awards have been established to celebrate excellence in web series, like Webfest Berlin,[23] the Streamys, Webbys, IAWTV Awards, and Indie Series Awards, although the Streamys and IAWTV also cover programs on streaming platforms. Most major award ceremonies have also created web series and digital media award categories, including the Emmy Awards[24][5][25] and the Canadian Screen Awards.[26] There are also several web series festivals, most notably in Los Angeles and Vancouver.[27][28]

## History

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### 1990s

[edit]

In April 1995, "Global Village Idiots", an episode of the reality-based program Rox on public access cable television in Bloomington, Indiana, was uploaded to the Internet, making Rox the first series distributed via the web.[29] The same year, Scott Zakarin created The Spot, an episodic online story which integrated photos, videos, and blogs into the storyline. Likened to Melrose Place-on-the-Web, The Spot featured a rotating cast of characters playing trendy twenty-somethings who rented rooms in a fabled Santa Monica, California beach house called "The Spot".[30][31] The Spot earned the title of Infoseek's "Cool Site of the Year," an award which later became the Webby.[32][33]

In January 1999, Showtime licensed the animated sci-fi web series WhirlGirl, making it the first independently produced web series licensed by a national television network. In February 1999, the series premiered simultaneously on Showtime and online.[34] The character occasionally appeared on Showtime, for example hosting a "Lethal Ladies" programming block, but spent most of her time online, appearing in 100 webisodes.[35]

### 2000s

[edit]

As broadband bandwidth began to increase in speed and availability, delivering high-quality video over the Internet became a reality. In the early 2000s, the Japanese anime industry began broadcasting original net animation (ONA), a type of original video animation (OVA) series, on the Internet.[36] Early examples of ONA series include Infinite Ryvius: Illusion (2000),[37] Ajimu (2001),[38] and Mahou Yuugi (2001).[36]

In 2003, Microsoft launched MSN Video, offering NBC-related content.[39][40] Its web series Weird TV 2000, a spin-off of the syndicated television series Weird TV, featured dozens of shorts, comedy sketches, and mini-documentaries produced exclusively for MSN Video. The video-sharing site YouTube was launched in early 2005, allowing users to share television programs.[41] YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from Janet Jackson's role in the 2004 Super Bowl incident, when her breast was exposed during her performance, and later from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site.[42]

From 2003 to 2006, many independent web series began to garner and achieve significant popularity, most notably the science fiction series known as Red vs. Blue by Rooster Teeth. The series was distributed independently using online portals YouTube and Revver, as well as the Rooster Teeth website, acquiring over 100 million social media views during its run. (Rooster Teeth would eventually create computer-animated web series RWBY in 2013.) In 2004, adult animated series Salad Fingers was created, which amassed a cult following. The comedy series The Burg, hailed as the internet's first sitcom and starring Kelli Giddish and Lindsey Broad, rapidly gained an audience and notice from the press before its creators signed a creation deal with Michael Eisner. The drama Sam Has 7 Friends, which ran in the summer and fall of 2006, was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award, and was temporarily removed from the Internet when it was also acquired by Eisner.[43] In 2004–2005, Spanish producer Pedro Alonso Pablos recorded a series of video interviews featuring actors and directors such as Guillermo del Toro, Santiago Segura, Álex de la Iglesia, and Keanu Reeves, which were distributed through his own website.[44][45][46] lonelygirl15, California Heaven, "The Burg", and SamHas7Friends also gained popularity during this time, acquiring audiences in the millions. (Science fiction thriller lonelygirl15 was so successful that it secured a sponsorship deal with Neutrogena in 2007.)[47]

In 2004, Stewart St. John, executive producer and head writer of 1990s webisodics The Spot, revived the brand for online audiences as The Spot (2.0), with a new cast, and as a separate soap opera on Sprint PCS Vision-enabled cell phones, creating the first American mobile phone series.[48][49] St. John and partner Todd Fisher produced over 2,500 daily videos of the mobile soap, driving story lines across platforms to its web counterpart.

In 2007, the creators of lonelygirl15 followed up the series' success with KateModern, a comedy-drama series that debuted on social network Bebo, and took place in the same fictional universe as their previous show.[50] Big Fantastic created and produced the soap opera Prom Queen, financed and distributed by Michael Eisner's production firm Vuguru, and debuted the series on MySpace.[51] Vuguru partnered with Mark Cuban's channel HDNet to release All-for-nots, a mockumentary series by The Burg creators Kathleen Grace and Thom Woodley, which debuted at the SXSW Festival in 2008.[citation needed] These web series highlighted interactivity with the audience in addition to the narrative on relatively low budgets. In contrast, the eight-webisode series Sanctuary, starring actor/producer Amanda Tapping, cost $4.3 Million to produce. Both Sanctuary and Prom Queen were nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award.[52] Award-winning producer/director Marshall Herskovitz created the drama Quarterlife, which debuted on MySpace and was later distributed on NBC.[53]

In 2008, major television studios began releasing web series, such as the ABC comedy show Squeegies, the NBC sci-fi show Gemini Division,[54] and the Bravo reality series The Malan Show.[55][56][57] Warner Bros. relaunched The WB as an online network beginning with original mystery web series, Sorority Forever, created and produced by Big Fantastic and executive produced by McG.[58] Meanwhile, MTV announced a new original web series created by Craig Brewer, $5 Cover, that brought together the indie music world and new media expansion. Joss Whedon created, produced and self-financed[59] musical comedy-drama Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog starring Neil Patrick Harris and Felicia Day.[60] Big Fantastic wrote and produced Foreign Body, a mystery web series that served as a prequel to Robin Cook's novel of the same name.[61] Beckett and Goodfried founded a new Internet studio, EQAL, and produced a spin-off from lonelygirl15 titled LG15: The Resistance.[62]

Mainstream press began to provide coverage.[63] In the United Kingdom, KateModern ended its run on Bebo. Bebo also hosted a six-month-long reality travel show, The Gap Year, produced by Endemol UK,[64] which also made interactive sci-fi drama Kirill for MSN.[65]

During MIPCOM in October 2008, MySpace announced plans for a second series and indicated that it was in talks with Australian cable network Foxtel to distribute their first series on network television. Additionally, MySpace spoke of their plans to produce versions of the MySpace Road Tour reality series in other countries.[66] The emerging potential for success in web video caught the attention of top entertainment executives in America, including former Disney executive Michael Eisner, head of the Tornante Company at the time. Torante's Vuguru subdivision partnered with Canadian media conglomerate Rogers Media on October 26, securing plans to produce upwards of 30 new web shows a year. Rogers Media agreed to help fund and distribute Vuguru's upcoming productions, thereby solidifying a connection between old and new media.[67]

In 2009, the first web series festival was established, named the Los Angeles Web Series Festival.[68]

## Production and distribution

[edit]

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The rise in popularity of mobile Internet video, along with technological improvements to storage, bandwidth, and bitrates, led to the erasure of accessibility and affordability barriers. This meant that high-speed broadband and streaming video capabilities for producing and distributing a web series became a feasible alternative to "traditional" series production, which was formerly mostly done for broadcast and cable television. In comparison with traditional TV series production, web series are typically less expensive to produce. This has allowed a wider range of creators to develop web series. As well, since web series are made available online, instead of being aired at a single preset time to specific regions, they enable producers to reach a potentially global audience who can access the shows 24 hours a day and seven days a week, at the time of their choosing. Moreover, in the 2010s, the rising affordability of tablets and smartphones and the rising ownership rates of these devices in industrialized nations means that web series are available to a wider range of potential viewers, including commuters, travelers, and other people who are on the go.

The emerging potential for success in web video has caught the eye of some of the top entertainment executives in America, including former Disney executive and current head of the Tornante Company, Michael Eisner. Eisner's Vuguru subdivision of Tornante partnered with Canadian media conglomerate Rogers Media on October 26, 2009, securing plans to produce over 30 new web shows a year. Rogers Media will help fund and distribute Vuguru's upcoming productions, solidifying a connection between traditional media and new media such as web series.[67] Web series can be distributed directly from the producers' websites, through streaming services or via online video sharing websites .[69]

## Awards

[edit]

The Webby Awards, established in 1996 by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (IADAS),[70] and the Indie Series Awards, established in 2009 by We Love Soaps,[71] recognize independently produced comedy, drama, and reality TV entertainment created for the web. In 2009, the International Academy of Web Television (IAWTV) was founded with the mission to support and recognize artistic and technological achievements in the digital entertainment industry.[72] It administered the selection of winners for the Streamy Awards, (which awards web series content) in 2009 and 2010.[73][74] Due to the poor reception and execution of the 2010 Streamy Awards, IAWTV decided to halt its production of the award ceremony.[75] The IAWTV followed this decision by forming the IAWTV Awards (which recognize creators, cast, and crew of short form digital series from around the world) in 2012.[76]

## See also

[edit]

* Duanju
* Web anime
* Webnovela
* Webtoon
* Tubefilter
* Digital content
* Podcast
* International Emmy Award for Best Short-Form Series
* Los Angeles Web Series Festival
* Melbourne WebFest
* Vancouver Web Series Festival
* Channel 101
* Shorty Awards
* List of web series

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "Today there are more than 60 festivals dedicated to web series around the world, and most of these operate with a requirement for submissions that two or three episodes must have been made, and that episodes run for a maximum of 20 minutes. Some have requirements for episodes to be shorter than 15 minutes."[6]
2. ^ Because they are delivered over the Internet, "web series" is the preferred term used in India for streaming television programs, regardless of episodes length.[16][17][18]
3. ^ Quibi, a mobile app for short-form streaming that partitioned original content and full-length TV series into segments of 10 minutes or less each, attracted talent from prestige television and film studios. The platform shut down six months after it was launched.[19][20]

## References

[edit]

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6. ^ Batty, Craig; Berry, Marsha; Dooley, Kath; Frankham, Bettina; Kerrigan, Susan, eds. (2019). "Writers, Producers and Creative Entrepreneurship in Web Series Development, Steinar Ellingsen, Stayci Taylor". The Palgrave Handbook of Screen Production (1st ed.). London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 182\. ISBN 978-3030217433.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Bedard, Mike (June 21, 2020). "How to Make a Web Series: A Filmmaker's Guide in 4 Steps". StudioBinder.
* Hendrickson, Paula (June 16, 2017). "Short Form Content Attracts Big Interest From Production Houses". Variety.
* Kendricken, Dave (December 20, 2012). "Unprecedented Cost Breakdown for the $600K Web Series 'Video Game High School'". No Film School.
* Kerrigan, Anna (May 13, 2015). "10 Reasons You Should Make a Web Series (Instead of an Indie Film)". IndieWire.
* Lee, Dami (August 9, 2016). "Web series gets nominated for Emmy, makes fun of other Emmy nominees". The Verge.
* Pond, Steve (June 10, 2019). "Emmys Short Form Categories Take a Big Hit From New Screening Panels". TheWrap.
* Yang, Zeyi (February 27, 2024). "China's next cultural export could be TikTok-style short soap operas". MIT Technology Review.

## External links

[edit]

* Snobby Robot (magazine for web series creators)
* "The Essential Guide to Webfests". Filmmaker. 2013.

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