Multilingual worksheet

Schools of Linguistics, Language and Literature
Institute for Multilingual Studies
Multilingualism Practicum

*** HARD HAT AREA ***

## Multilingualism

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This practicum develops learning resources and materials related to the general study of Multilingualism.

These will help facilitate Foreign Language Learning and Topic:Multilingual Studies at Wikiversity. The first (but not last) Language Divisions are:

* English
* German
* Spanish
* French
* ...but there are many others!...

Don't feel bad because you don't speak English!

This worksheet is here as an aid (like a "scratchpad") to translators and students of planet-wide community-building and for establishing Transwiki-versity.

## Goals

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This practicum aims to create a master reference for the School of Language and Literature in the form of a local article Multilingualism.

### Wikiversity

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Specific goals are to produce learning materials that will help to strengthen Wikiversity as an Online learning community. The principle that the learning community here will be open, accessible and free to all requires a multi-lingual aspect as a priority in its charter. To help meet this end, we are creating this ongoing Multilingual Practicum.

### Beta.Wikiversity

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As Wikiversity grows, replicates and reproduces through various languages and cultures, the need for multiple language resource versions and translation services will increase. This practicum is being designed to help meet these already-obvious needs. The following pages explain the multilingual system on Wikiversity Beta:

* Wikiversity:Multilingualism

### Institute of Multilingual Studies

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Mission Statement: In the Spirit of an Open Community with the Assumption of Good Faith, the Institute of Multilingual Studies will leave Matters of Policy to Higher Powers.

#### English Division

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English Division Mission Statement: This practicum, though born here at the English language version of Wikiversity shall not be defined, constrained nor imposed as a standard but offered only as a model, pattern, suggestion or example to the Betas as they come online.

The Division shall be responsible for the English version of:

* Wikiversity:Translator's Handbook \- A language-neutral general-purpose resource developed as an open collaborative project that grows along with Wikiversity's Betas.

##### Interlingual Beta Club

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HARD HAT AREA

We are taking it upon ourselves to build a local (English) version of Multilingualism, synchronously with beta projects, established, developing and future as a mirror of

Our main challenge is to work within a `host / guest` paradigm that promotes the understanding that native speakers of one language are non-native speakers of another. As members of the English Wikiversity, we hope to be faithful custodians for translation resourses for those who have little or no experience with English.

We will do this by Hosting:

* Wikiversity:Multilingualism/En (the `host` base)

and `guest` stations:

1. Wikiversity:Multilingualism/De
2. Wikiversity:Multilingualism/Es
3. Wikiversity:Multilingualism/Fr
4. Wikiversity:Multilingualism/Zh
5. Wikiversity:Multilingualism/Ar
6. etc.

and a special one:

* Wikiversity:Multilingualism/NEW for creating interfaces to new Wikiversity beta projects.

## Organization

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(under construction)

Schools: Media Studies | Linguistics | Computer Science | Language and Literature

Institute for Multilingual Studies

English Language
German
Chinese
Languages

Translation Department

Wikiversity_translations
Translator's Handbook

Wikiversity translations/Recruiting translators
Wikiversity translations/Training translators

Interlingual Beta Club

Category:Languages and Language families Category: Wikiversity translations

### Notes

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Wikiversity using a method similar to Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination.

This worksheet may be used as an outline to help develop a learning path for Wikiversity participants who want to become certified translator(s).

## Suggested reading

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Practicum Reading List:

* Wikiversity translations (please start here)
* Wikiversity translations/De to En archive <\- priority
* Wikiversity:Multilingualism/En (at beta.wikiversity.org)
* Wikiversity:Multilingualism/De (at beta.wikiversity.org)
* Multilingualism (Wikipedia article)
* Wikibooks:Languages bookshelf
* How to learn a language (Wikibooks)
* add some

See more in the Resources section below.

## Collaborations

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1. Computer Science learners studying Computer-assisted translation or Machine translation may also have contributions and a use for this worksheet.
2. Wikiversity the Movie may need some help with Wikiversity the Movie/multi-lingual
3. ...

See Wikiversity:Practicum \- Guideline document for more on collaborations.

## Labs

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Develop some lists and tables:

We should decide if two-letter codes are enough to get a fairly comprehensive listing to start with. The following are somewhat arbitrarily selected as examples:

zh | es | en | pt

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ru | ja | de | ko
fr | it | pl | ku
ro | nl | sv | eo

These are ISO 639-2 Alpha-2 codes. See List of ISO 639-2 codes for the complete list including Alpha-3 codes.

We're focusing on en-de and de-en to prime the Wikiversity:Multilingualism program.

Currently Wikiversity has seeded beta projects for English, Deutsch, Français, Kölsch, Norsk (bokmål) and 中文. We would do well to follow suit. Check (en), Template:De, (fr), ?, ?? (?) and Template:Zh.

SESSION/2006/10/19: Q) Do all languages have 2-letter codes? Are there some that have no codes at all? Is this a problem? Jade Knight
A) They may be unable to use some w:machine translation features, but certainly shall not exclude them from the mix. We ARE Human! CQ

### Native names

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18 Native Names:

Español
English
Português
Русский
日本語
Deutsch
한국어
Français
Italiano
Zazaki
Polski
Kurdî
Română
Nederlands
Svenska
Esperanto
عربي

### Nominal listing

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This list is based on w:Language speaker data mostly from the Ethnologue estimate (1999).

Ranking # code Name in English | Native name:

1. zh Chinese | 中文
2. es Spanish | Español
3. en English | English
4. pt Portuguese | Português
5. ru Russian | Русский
6. ja Japanese | 日本語
7. de German | Deutsch
8. ko Korean | 한국어
9. fr French | Français
10. it Italian | Italiano
11. zz Zazaish | Zazaki
12. pl Polish | Polski
13. ku Kurdish | Kurdî
14. ro Romanian | Română
15. nl Dutch | Nederlands
16. sv Swedish | Svenska
17. eo Esperanto Esperanto
18. ar Arabic | عربي

It's a start.

### MediaWiki listing

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The following languages are supported by MediaWiki and can be used as the default language for new Wikia sites, Wikiversity betas, your own language setting in Special:Preferences, or for interlanguage links when making translations.

The supported languages are also listed at list.org/i18n.html.

Code | Native | English

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aa | Afar | Afar |
ab | Аҧсуа | Abkhaz |
af | Afrikaans | Afrikaans |
ak | Akana | Akan |
als | Alemannisch | Alemannic |
am | አማርኛ | Amharic |
an | Aragonés | Aragonese |
ang | Anglo Saxon | Old English |
ar | العربية | Arabic |
arc | ܐܪܡܝܐ | Aramaic |
as | অসমীয়া | Assamese |
ast | Asturianu | Asturian |
av | Авар | Avar |
ay | Aymar | Aymara |
az | Azərbaycan | Azerbaijani |
ba | Башҡорт | Bashkir |
be | Беларуская | Belarusian |
bg | Български | Bulgarian |
bh | भोजपुरी | Bihara |
bi | Bislama | Bislama |
bm | Bamanankan | Bambara |
bn | বাংলা | Bengali |
bo | བོད་ཡིག | Tibetan |
br | Brezhoneg | Breton |
bs | Bosanski | Bosnian |
ca | Català | Catalan |
ce | Нохчийн | Chechen |
ceb | Cebuano | Cebuano |
ch | Chamoru | Chamorro |
cho | Choctaw | Choctaw |
chr | ᏣᎳᎩ | Cherokee |
chy | Tsetsêhestâhese | Cheyenne |
co | Corsu | Corsican |
cr | Nehiyaw | Cree |
cs | Česky | Czech |
csb | Kaszëbscziej | Cassubian |
cv | Чӑваш | Chuvash |
cy | Cymraeg | Welsh |
da | Dansk | Danish |
de | Deutsch | German |
dv | ހިބަސް | Dhivehi |
dz | ཇོང་ཁ | Bhutani |
ee | Ɛʋɛ | Ewe |
el | Ελληνικά | Greek |
en | English | English |
eo | Esperanto | Esperanto |
es | Español | Spanish |
et | Eesti | Estonian |
eu | Euskara | Basque |
fa | فارسی | Persian |
ff | Fulfulde | Fulah |
fi | Suomi | Finnish |
fiu-vro | Võro | Võro |
fj | Na Vosa Vakaviti | Fijian |
fo | Føroyskt | Faroese |
fr | français | French |
fur | Furlan | Friulian |
fy | Frysk | Frisian |
ga | Gaeilge | Irish |
gd | Gàidhlig | Scots Gaelic |
gl | Galego | Gallegan |
gn | Avañe'ẽ | Guarani |
got | 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 | Gothic |
gu | ગુજરાતી | Gujarati |
gv | Gaelg | Manx |
ha | هَوُسَ | Hausa |
haw | Hawai`i | Hawaiian |
he | עברית | Hebrew |
hi | हिन्दी | Hindi |
ho | Hiri Motu | Hiri Motu |
hr | Hrvatski | Croatian |
ht | Krèyol ayisyen | Haitian |
hu | Magyar | Hungarian |
hy | Հայերեն | Armenian |
hz | Otsiherero | Herero |
ia | Interlingua | Interlingua |
id | Bahasa Indonesia | Indonesian |
ie | Interlingue | Interlingue |
ig | Igbo | Igbo |
ii | ꆇꉙ | Sichuan Yi |
ik | Iñupiak | Inupiak |
io | Ido | Ido |
is | Íslenska | Icelandic |
it | Italiano | Italian |
iu | ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ | Inuktitut |
ja | 日本語 | Japanese |
jbo | Lojban | Lojban |
jv | Basa Jawa | Javanese |
ka | ქართული | Georgian |
kg | Kongo | Kongo |
ki | Gĩkũyũ | Kikuyu |
kj | Kuanyama | Kuanyama |
kk | қазақша | Kazakh |
kl | Kalaallisut | Greenlandic |
km | ភាសាខ្មែរ | Cambodian |
kn | ಕನ್ನಡ | Kannada |
ko | 한국어 | Korean |
kr | Kanuri | Kanuri |
ks | कश्मीरी - (كشميري) | Kashmiri |
ku | Kurdî | Kurdish |
kv | Коми | Komi |
kw | Kernewek | Cornish |
ky | Kırgızca | Kirghiz |
la | Latina | Latin |
lb | Lëtzebuergesch | Luxemburguish |
lg | Luganda | Ganda |
li | Limburgs | Limburgian |
ln | Lingala | Lingala |
lo | ລາວ | Laotian |
lt | Lietuvių | Lithuanian |
lv | Latviešu | Latvian |
mg | Malagasy | Malagasy |
mh | Ebon | Marshallese |
mi | Māori | Maori |
mk | Македонски | Macedonian |
ml | മലയാളം | Malayalam |
mn | Монгол | Mongoloian |
mo | Moldoveana | Moldovan |
mr | मराठी | Marathi |
ms | Bahasa Melayu | Malay |
mt | bil-Malti | Maltese |
mus | Muscogee | Creek |
my | Myanmasa | Burmese |
na | Ekakairũ Naoero | Nauruan |
nah | Nahuatl | Nahuatl |
nds | Plattdüütsch | Low German or Low Saxon |
ne | नेपाली | Nepali |
ng | Oshiwambo | Ndonga |
nl | Nederlands | Dutch |
nn | Norsk (nynorsk) | Norwegian (Nynorsk) |
no | Norsk (bokmål) | Norwegian |
nv | Diné bizaad | Navajo |
ny | Chi-Chewa | Chichewa |
oc | Occitan | Occitan |
om | Oromoo | Oromo |
or | ଓଡ଼ିଆ | Oriya |
os | Иронау | Ossetic |
pa | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ | Punjabi |
pam | Pampangan | Pampanga |
pi | पािऴ | Pali |
pl | Polski | Polish |
ps | پښتو | Pashto |
pt | Português | Portuguese |
pt-br | Português | Brazilian Portuguese |
qu | Runa Simi | Quechua |
rm | Rumantsch | Raeto-Romance |
rn | Kirundi | Kirundi |
ro | Română | Romanian |
roa-rup | Armâneashti | Aromanian |
ru | Русский | Russian |
rw | Kinyarwanda | Kinyarwanda |
sa | संस्कृत | Sanskrit |
sc | Sardu | Sardinian |
scn | Sicilianu | Sicilian |
sco | Scots | Scots |
sd | सिनधि | Sindhi |
se | Sámegiella | Northern Sami |
sg | Sängö | Sango |
sh | Srbskohrvatski/Српскохрватски | Serbocroatian |
si | සිංහල | Sinhalese |
sk | Slovenčina | Slovak |
sl | Slovenščina | Slovenian |
sm | Gagana Samoa | Samoan |
sn | chiShona | Shona |
so | Soomaaliga | Somali |
sq | Shqip | Albanian |
sr | Српски / Srpski | Serbian |
srr | Seereer | Serer |
ss | SiSwati | Swati |
st | seSotho | Southern Sotho |
su | Basa Sunda | Sundanese |
sv | Svenska | Swedish |
sw | Kiswahili | Swahili |
ta | தமிழ் | Tamil |
te | తెలుగు | Telugu |
tg | Тоҷикӣ | Tajik |
th | ไทย | Thai |
ti | ትግርኛ | Tigrinya |
tk | تركمن / Туркмен | Turkmen |
tl | Tagalog | Tagalog (Filipino) |
tn | Setswana | Setswana |
to | faka-Tonga | Tonga |
tokipona | Toki Pona | Toki Pona |
tpi | Tok Pisin | Tok Pisin |
tr | Türkçe | Turkish |
ts | Xitsonga | Tsonga |
tt | Tatarça | Tatar |
tum | chiTumbuka | Tumbuka |
tw | Twi | Twi |
ty | Reo Mā`ohi | Tahitian |
ug | Oyghurque | Uyghur |
uk | Українська | Ukrainian |
ur | اردو | Urdu |
uz | Ўзбек | Uzbek |
ve | Tshivenda | Venda |
vi | Tiếng Việt | Vietnamese |
vo | Volapük | VolapÃ¼k |
wa | Walon | Walloon |
wo | Wollof | Wolof |
xh | isiXhosa | Xhosan |
yi | ייִדיש | Yiddish |
yo | Yorùbá | Yoruba |
za | (Cuengh) | Zhuang |
zh | 中文 | Chinese |
zh-min-nan | Bân-lâm-gú | Min-nan |
zu | isiZulu | Zulu |

These language names are based on the MediaWiki  names.php file.

#### Notes

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need that Wikiversity:Multilingualism/NEW thingie

### Sample table

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Now we make a table:

zh | es | en | pt | ru | ja | de | ko  | fr | it | pl | ku | ro | nl | sv | eo

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zh-es | es-en | en-pt | pt-ru | ru-ja | ja-de | de-ko | ko-fr  | fr-it | it-pl | pl-ku | ku-ro | ro-nl | nl-sv | sv-eo | eo-zh
zh-en | es-pt | en-ru | pt-ja | ru-de | ja-ko | de-fr | ko-it  | fr-pl | it-ku | pl-ro | ku-nl | ro-sv | nl-eo | sv-zh | eo-es
zh-pt | es-ru | en-ja | pt-de | ru-ko | ja-fr | de-it | ko-pl  | fr-ku | it-ro | pl-nl | ku-sv | ro-eo | nl-zh | sv-es | eo-en
zh-ru | es-ja | en-de | pt-ko | ru-fr | ja-it | de-pl | ko-ku  | fr-ro | it-nl | pl-sv | ku-eo | ro-zh | nl-es | sv-en | eo-pt
zh-ja | es-de | en-ko | pt-fr | ru-it | ja-pl | de-ku | ko-ro  | fr-nl | it-sv | pl-eo | ku-zh | ro-es | nl-en | sv-pt | eo-ru
zh-de | es-ko | en-fr | pt-it | ru-pl | ja-ku | de-ro | ko-nl  | fr-sv | it-eo | pl-zh | ku-es | ro-en | nl-pt | sv-ru | eo-ja
zh-ko | es-fr | en-it | pt-pl | ru-ku | ja-ro | de-nl | ko-sv  | fr-eo | it-zh | pl-es | ku-en | ro-pt | nl-ru | sv-ja | eo-de
zh-fr | es-it | en-pl | pt-ku | ru-ro | ja-nl | de-sv | ko-eo  | fr-zh | it-es | pl-en | ku-pt | ro-ru | nl-ja | sv-de | eo-ko
zh-it | es-pl | en-ku | pt-ro | ru-nl | ja-sv | de-eo | ko-zh  | fr-es | it-en | pl-pt | ku-ru | ro-ja | nl-de | sv-ko | eo-fr
zh-pl | es-ku | en-ro | pt-nl | ru-sv | ja-eo | de-zh | ko-es  | fr-en | it-pt | pl-ru | ku-ja | ro-de | nl-ko | sv-fr | eo-it
zh-ku | es-ro | en-nl | pt-sv | ru-eo | ja-zh | de-es | ko-en | fr-pt | it-ru | pl-ja | ku-de | ro-ko | nl-fr | sv-it | eo-pl
zh-ro | es-nl | en-sv | pt-eo | ru-zh | ja-es | de-en | ko-pt  | fr-ru | it-ja | pl-de | ku-ko | ro-fr | nl-it | sv-pl | eo-ku
zh-nl | es-sv | en-eo | pt-zh | ru-es | ja-en | de-pt | ko-ru  | fr-ja | it-de | pl-ko | ku-fr | ro-it | nl-pl | sv-ku | eo-ro
zh-sv | es-eo | en-zh | pt-es | ru-en | ja-pt | de-ru | ko-ja  | fr-de | it-ko | pl-fr | ku-it | ro-pl | nl-ku | sv-ro | eo-nl
zh-eo | es-zh | en-es | pt-en | ru-pt | ja-ru | de-ja | ko-de  | fr-ko | it-fr | pl-it | ku-pl | ro-ku | nl-ro | sv-nl | eo-sv

#### Evaluation

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The goal of translation is to ensure that the source and the target texts communicate the same message.

We selected en, because that's our native language. Notice that when we scanned the whole table for instances of `en`, two vectors become evident:

1. The vertical vector - native
2. The diagonal vector - foreign

As native speakers of English, we are the custodians or the `host` of English as a source language. The pages in the verticle vector:

en-zh, en-es, ... en-de, etc.

are written in English. They are for native English speakers wishing to learn a selected foreign language.

Conversly, the pages in the diagonal vector:

zh-en, es-en, ... de-en, etc.

are written in foreign languages. Native English speakers now become visitors or the `guest` of the target language custodians.

The pages, en-de and de-en become mirror images of each other. They are translated, (not just transliterated) therefore display the same ideas in matching positions on each page. For example, the page title:

en-de - English-German Translation Guide
de-en - Deutsch-Englisch [Translation Guide/de]

I don't know how to say "Translation Guide" in German, so I indicate that I need some help from the German-speaking custodians of the de-en page.

#### Notes

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Table still doesn't adequately demonstrate `source / target` or `guest / host` theory (which by the way has no documentation as yet). Perhaps you should back up and punt, Charley ;)

#### Wikiversity Resources

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* Topic:Audio Engineering \- Get help with Sound, Speech recording and Playback.
* Topic:News and Information services -> Wikiversity:Wikiversity and Wikinews services \- announce this practicum
* [Wikiversity resource]

### Internal Resources

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* Wikibooks:Languages bookshelf \- A categorized index to a `host` of language learning Wikibooks
* [Wikimedia resource]

## External Resources

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* Pen Pal Wiki \- a Wikia site where we can experiment on live subjects
* Meta Collab Wiki \- Wikia site where you will be an honored `guest`.
* Academia Wiki \- *** HARD HAT AREA ***
* [external resource]

## Categories

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1. Category:Language Acquisition
2. [proposed category]