Sign language

* Sign language.

## Possible specific studies

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Topics have been classified according to connections shown on the Wikipedia article, these classifications are not to be taken as authoritative.

* w:Signed English
* w:Manual alphabet
* w:Manually Coded Language
* w:Home sign

w:BANZSL

* BSL
* w:Auslan
* w:NZSL
* w:Maritime Sign Language
* w:South African Sign Language

* w:French Sign Language

* w:Quebec Sign Language
* /ASL (w:American Sign Language)

* w:Bolivian Sign Language
* w:Thai Sign Language
* w:Ugandan Sign Language
* w:Kenyan Sign Language
* w:Philippine Sign Language
* w:Malaysian Sign Language.

* w:Irish Sign Language
* [[w:Austro-Hungarian Sign Language
* w:Russian Sign Language (Moldovan, Ukrainian)

* w:Lithuanian Sign Language
* w:Georgian Sign Language
* w:Mongolian Sign Language
* w:Czech Sign Language
* w:Hungarian Sign Language
* w:Slovak Sign Language
* w:Romanian Sign Language
* w:Bulgarian Sign Language
* w:Polish Sign Language

* w:Dutch Sign Language
* w:Flemish Sign Language
* w:Belgian-French Sign Language
* w:Spanish Sign Language,
* w:Mexican Sign Language
* w:Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS)

* w:Scandinavian Sign Language family

* w:Finnish Sign Language
* w:Swedish Sign Language
* [[w:Norwegian Sign Language]
* w:Danish Sign Language

* w:Icelandic Sign Language

* w:German Sign Language

* w:Israeli Sign Language

* w:Nicaraguan Sign Language
* w:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
* w:Providence Island Sign Language.
* w:Eastern Arabic Sign Language.

* w:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language

* w:Kata Kolok in a village in w:Bali
* w:Adamorobe Sign Language in w:Ghana
* w:Yucatec Maya sign language in w:Mexico
* w:Plains Indian Sign Language

* w:Australian Aboriginal sign languages

* w:Warlpiri Sign Language
* w:Warumungu language
* w:Diyari language,
* w:Kaytetye language and w:Akitiri Sign Language
* w:Arrernte language
* w:Warlmanpa language

* w:Japanese Sign Language family.

* w:Japanese Sign Language
* w:Taiwanese Sign Language
* w:Korean Sign Language

## Written forms of sign languages

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* w:SignWriting
* w:Hamburg Notation System
* w:Stokoe notation

## Primate use of sign language

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Main article: Great ape language –Primate use of sign language

There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching non-human primates basic signs in order to communicate with humans.[1] Notable examples are:-

* Chimpanzees: Washoe and Loulis
* Gorillas: Michael and Koko.

## Gestural theory of human language origins

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Main article: Origin of language –Gestural theory

The gestural theory states that vocal human language developed from a gestural sign language.[2] An important question for gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization.[3]

## See also

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* w:Body language
* w:Cherology
* w:Chinese number gestures
* w:Eldridge v. British Columbia (Attorney General)
* w:Gesture
* w:Intercultural competence
* w:Legal recognition of sign languages (status per country/region)
* w:List of sign languages
* w:Metacommunicative competence
* w:Nonverbal communication
* w:Sign language glove
* w:Sign language in infants and toddlers
* w:Sign language media
* w:Sign language on television
* w:Sign name

## References

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1. ↑ Premack & Pemack (1983), Premack (1985), Wittmann (1991).
2. ↑ Hewes (1973), Premack & Premack (1983), Kimura (1993), Newman (2002), Wittmann (1980, 1991)
3. ↑ Kolb & Whishaw (2003)

## Bibliography

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* Aronoff, Mark, Meir, Irit & Wendy Sandler (2005). "The Paradox of Sign Language Morphology." Language 81 (2), 301-344.
* Branson, J., D. Miller, & I G. Marsaja. (1996). "Everyone here speaks sign language, too: a deaf village in Bali, Indonesia." In: C. Lucas (ed.): Multicultural aspects of sociolinguistics in deaf communities. Washington, Gallaudet University Press, pp. 39-5.
* Canlas, Loida (2006). "Laurent Clerc: Apostle to the Deaf People of the New World." The Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, Gallaudet University.[1]
* Deuchar, Margaret (1987). "Sign languages as creoles and Chomsky's notion of Universal Grammar." Essays in honor of Noam Chomsky, 81-91. New York: Falmer.
* Emmorey, Karen; & Lane, Harlan L. (Eds.). (2000). The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-3246-7.
* Fischer, Susan D. (1974). "Sign language and linguistic universals." Actes du Colloque franco-allemand de grammaire générative, 2.187-204. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
* Fischer, Susan D. (1978). "Sign languages and creoles." Siple 1978:309-31.
* Frishberg, Nancy (1987). "Ghanaian Sign Language." In: Cleve, J. Van (ed.), Gallaudet encyclopaedia of deaf people and deafness. New York: McGraw-Gill Book Company.
* Goldin-Meadow, Susan, 2003, The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children Can Tell Us About How All Children Learn Language, Psychology Press, a subsidiary of Taylor & Francis, New York, 2003
* Gordon, Raymond, ed. (2008). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th edition. SIL International, ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6, ISBN 1-55671-159-X. Web version.[2] Sections for primary sign languages[3] and alternative ones[4].
* Groce, Nora E. (1988). Everyone here spoke sign language: Hereditary deafness on Martha's Vineyard. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-27041-X.
* Healy, Alice F. (1980). Can Chimpanzees learn a phonemic language? In: Sebeok, Thomas A. & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, eds, Speaking of apes: a critical anthology of two-way communication with man. New York: Plenum, 141-143.
* Hewes, Gordon W. (1973). "Primate communication and the gestural origin of language." Current Anthropology 14.5-32.
* Johnston, Trevor A. (1989). Auslan: The Sign Language of the Australian Deaf community. The University of Sydney: unpublished Ph.D. dissertation.[5]
* Kamei, Nobutaka (2004). The Sign Languages of Africa, "Journal of African Studies" (Japan Association for African Studies) Vol.64, March, 2004. [NOTE: Kamei lists 23 African sign languages in this article].
* Kegl, Judy (1994). "The Nicaraguan Sign Language Project: An Overview." Signpost 7:1.24-31.
* Kegl, Judy, Senghas A., Coppola M (1999). "Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua." In: M. DeGraff (ed), Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisistion, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax, pp.179-237. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Kegl, Judy (2004). "Language Emergence in a Language-Ready Brain: Acquisition Issues." In: Jenkins, Lyle, (ed), Biolinguistics and the Evolution of Language. John Benjamins.
* Kendon, Adam. (1988). Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Kimura, Doreen (1993). Neuromotor Mechanisms in Human Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1979). The signs of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-80795-2.
* Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw (2003). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 5th edition, Worth Publishers.
* Kroeber, Alfred L. (1940). "Stimulus diffusion." American Anthropologist 42.1-20.
* Krzywkowska, Grazyna (2006). "Przede wszystkim komunikacja", an article about a dictionary of Hungarian sign language on the internet Template:Pl icon.
* Lane, Harlan L. (Ed.). (1984). The Deaf experience: Classics in language and education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-19460-8.
* Lane, Harlan L. (1984). When the mind hears: A history of the deaf. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-50878-5.
* Madell, Samantha (1998). Warlpiri Sign Language and Auslan - A Comparison. M.A. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.[6]
* Nakamura, Karen (1995). "About American Sign Language." Deaf Resourec Library, Yale University.[7]
* Newman, A. J., et al. (2002). "A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing". Nature Neuroscience 5: 76–80.
* O'Reilly, S. (2005). Indigenous Sign Language and Culture; the interpreting and access needs of Deaf people who are of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in Far North Queensland. Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association.
* Padden, Carol; & Humphries, Tom. (1988). Deaf in America: Voices from a culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-19423-3.
* Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1987). What the hands reveal about the brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Premack, David, & Ann J. Premack (1983). The mind of an ape. New York: Norton.
* Premack, David (1985) "'Gavagai!' or the future of the animal language controversy". Cognition 19, 207-296
* Sacks, Oliver W. (1989). Seeing voices: A journey into the world of the deaf. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06083-0.
* Sandler, Wendy (2003). Sign Language Phonology. In William Frawley (Ed.), The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.[8]
* Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2001). Natural sign languages. In M. Aronoff & J. Rees-Miller (Eds.), Handbook of linguistics (pp. 533-562). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20497-0.
* Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* Stiles-Davis, Joan; Kritchevsky, Mark; & Bellugi, Ursula (Eds.). (1988). Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-0046-8; ISBN 0-8058-0078-6.
* Stokoe, William C. (1960, 1978). Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers, No. 8, Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo. 2d ed., Silver Spring: Md: Linstok Press.
* Stokoe, William C. (1974). Classification and description of sign languages. Current Trends in Linguistics 12.345-71.
* Van Deusen-Phillips S.B., Goldin-Meadow S., Miller P.J., 2001. Enacting Stories, Seeing Worlds: Similarities and Differences in the Cross-Cultural Narrative Development of Linguistically Isolated Deaf Children, Human Development, Vol. 44, No. 6.
* Wittmann, Henri (1980). "Intonation in glottogenesis." The melody of language: Festschrift Dwight L. Bolinger, in: Linda R. Waugh & Cornelius H. van Schooneveld, 315-29. Baltimore: University Park Press.[9]
* Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215-88.[10]

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sign language.

| Wikibooks has a book on the topic of American Sign Language.

|

Note: the articles for specific sign languages (e.g. ASL or BSL) may contain further external links, e.g. for learning those languages.

* American Sign Language (ASL) resource site.
* A DeafWiki free-content encyclopedia of deaf and hard hearing
* Signes du Monde, directory for all online Sign Languages dictionaries (fr) / (en)
* List Serv for Sign Language Linguistics
* The MUSSLAP Project Multimodal Human Speech and Sign Language Processing for Human-Machine Communication.
* Publications of the American Sign Language Linguistics Research Project
* Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes, by Garrick Mallery from Project Gutenberg. A first annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879-1880
* Pablo Bonet, J. de (1620) Reduction de las letras y Arte para enseñar á ablar los Mudos, Biblioteca Digital Hispánica (BNE).