Star jumping

This is a visual image of the Sun with some sunspots visible on the photosphere. The two small spots in the middle have about the same diameter as our planet Earth. Credit: NASA.{{free media}}

This astronomy problem set is a bit of a fantasy wrapped into a reality. The speed of an object such as a space ship carrying you is calculated using applied acceleration.

A simple calculation is v = v0 \+ a*t. Here a speed with a specific direction (called a velocity, v) is calculated by applying an acceleration for a specific amount of time (t).

Generally, you probably won't survive accelerations above a couple of g's.

Your ship is in orbit above the Earth and your shuttle has just uploaded you into your ship.

As an endorser of the limits of the speed of light you know it would take you at least 4.1 years to get to Proxima Centauri at just under the speed of light.

## Radiation

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Main resource: Radiation

Connect the stars using Universal coordinate converter NASA angle of separation and stellar distances from trigonometric parallax measurements with a finite jump fuel level.

## Problem 1

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The Earth's standard acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.80665 m/s2. Using right ascension and declination, locate Proxima Centauri.

Your ship is now moving toward Proxima Centauri at 100 m/h. Your ship has sub-relativistic drive up to about 50% c. Begin applying a two g acceleration. How much time will it take your ship to reach 0.5 c? How close to Proxima Centauri are you?

If you are less than half way there you may want to cut in your field accelerator. This device converts the local electromagnetic environment into an acceleration inside a chamber much like a rocket engine.

The difference is that this engine's accelerational capability is subject to local fluctuations in the electromagnetic environment. Once you initiate it, you may continue to accelerate as before. It is fundamentally speed of light independent. What is the maximum speed your ship and you can reach before you need to start slowing down for your arrival at Proxima Centauri?

At sub-relativistic speeds your ship consumes nuclear fuel at the rate of 1 liter per one day application of this accelerating engine.

At above 50% c, your electromagnetic accelerating engine consumes about twice as much nuclear fuel equivalents.

Fuel sources can be obtained near stars by absorbing as much low atomic number gas as possible or by consuming through fission elements above iron.

Each liter of hydrogen gas absorbed is equivalent to your current fuel consumption. But, one gram of fissionable elements yields a year's supply of fuel.

How much fuel will your journey to Proxima Centauri consume?

Elements lower in atomic number than iron are consumed in the fusion process. These are approximately consumed as indicated for hydrogen.

Although I aimed your ship toward Proxima Centauri, now that you are there and know how your fuel is consumed you can return to Earth orbit if you wish and pick your own direction to proceed in.

Or, if you like Proxima Centauri you can finish taking on fuel and pick your next location.

## Problem 2

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File:Aladin2014.04.25-00-43-54.611.pngThis is a diagram of the astronomical sources within 20 arc minutes of Proxima Centauri. Credit: Aladin at SIMBAD.{{fairuse}}

The round trip to Proxima Centauri at about 4.1 lyrs is a good estimate of the total fuels capacity of your vessel. If you dare to go elsewhere either from Earth orbit or from Proxima Centauri, you now know your various fuel consumption rates for sub-luminal, near-luminal, and super-luminal travel.

Refueling at Proxima Centauri depends on its neighborhood similarity to that of the Earth's regarding the Sun. Proxima Centauri has more of a proto-planetary disc so you may be able to refuel in 25 % of the time it would take to cruise around the solar system if no hominin bases were present.

Your next destination depends on the availability of local or on-the-way fuel sources and how far it is.

HD 126793 is at RA 14 30 12.65686 Dec -62 51 44.4650 and 176 lyrs from Earth, based on its trigonometric parallax. Can you find a way to travel to it?

How long would the trip take? How many times would you need to refuel?

If you could bring along reserve tanks where 1 % must be used to tow and each contains 100 times as much fuel as your ship similarly distributed in type, would one or two be enough?

If your ship can absorb from the ISM as you travel, how much additional fuel will this provide based on its column density?

At the right is a diagram of the astronomical sources within 20 arc minutes of Proxima Centauri (at the center). HD 126793 is almost due South and has an arrow leading out from it. The various symbols are circle with an arrow (a star), red square (a nebular, PN or SNR), red plus (HII region), red diamond (IR object), * (UV object), X (X-ray object), and Dk Neb is a dark nebula.

## Problem 3

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One major limitation of your ship is its limit on acceleration due to you and any of your friends inside. The inhabited planet around HD 126793 has a novel charge monitoring device that could be fitted into your ship. Its benefit is that for one field accelerator unit per 5 c units it can pull on all your internal and suit charge units so that you and each of your friends can accelerate with your ship without harm up to ten accelerations before needing to be recharged.

Do you want one?

If you can trade for one on the planet around HD 126793 with four fissionable units of such fuel, how much faster can you go returning to Earth orbit?

How much less time would the return trip take?

What is the maximum velocity you can attain considering that you can decelerate comparably?

## Problem 4

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You probably noticed in your trip to the star of your choice or from your knowledge of the ISM gained in this course that the ISM between any two stars is not empty. Depending on what's out there, your ship may need some kind of protection from radiation.

At the maximum speed you attained in problem 3, mass may be considered to calculate energy independent of relative speed. If your ship as presently configured can only withstand the equivalent of a kiloton of TNT, had you hit anything, would you have survived?

Vega is about 25 lyrs from Earth. A planet there in orbit may allow you to trade for a kind of deflector that will protect you up to speeds of 100 c for objects below 1 kg. Would this be worth several fissionable fuel units?

## Problem 5

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Problem 4 brought up a matter of great importance: the possible presence of ship-damaging particles between destinations.

While a good shielding system is clearly necessary, what about a forward looking sensory system?

When traveling at 100 c, regular radiation transceivers may not work. In addition to communication with home, how do you detect larger particles or denser particles?

Tachyonic radar may be a reasonable idea. Tachyonic infrared, X-ray, ultraviolet, and microwaves may work as well.

This technology is not available on Earth. Are there possible superluminal sources nearby that you can reach with your ship's current configuration? Perhaps an inhabited planet near such sources would be willing to trade such a detection or communication system.

From superluminal astronomy and your current location, find three to five nearby stars along the approximate line of sight to one of these superluminal sources or another you may have found. Plot an exploratory course to at least one.

Is your ship's present status sufficient to undertake such an exploration?

## Hypotheses

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Main resource: Hypotheses

1. Traveling faster than light is possible.

## See also

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* Angular momentum and energy
* Column densities
* Cosmic circuits
* Energy phantoms
* Furlongs per fortnight
* Planck's equation
* Problems/Astronomy
* Radiation astronomy/Problem set
* Radiation dosage
* Radiation mathematics/Problem set
* Spectrographs
* Star jumping
* Synchrotron radiation
* Telescopes and cameras
* Unknown coordinate systems
* Unusual units
* Vectors and coordinates

## External links

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* NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED
* NASA's National Space Science Data Center
* Office of Scientific & Technical Information
* The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
* Scirus for scientific information only advanced search
* SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer
* SIMBAD Astronomical Database
* SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate
* Spacecraft Query at NASA.
* Universal coordinate converter

{{Charge ontology}}{{Chemistry resources}}{{Flight resources}}

* v
* t
* e

Principles of radiation astronomy

Lectures|

* Absorption astronomy
* Acoustic astronomy
* Aerometeor astronomy
* Alpha-particle astronomy
* Asteroid astronomy
* Astronomy
* Astrophysics
* Atomic astronomy
* Baryon astronomy
* Beta-particles astronomy
* Blue astronomy
* Cloud astronomy
* Color astronomy
* Cosmic ray astronomy
* Cryometeor astronomy
* Cyan astronomy
* Electromagnetic astronomy
* Electron astronomy
* Fiery meteor astronomy
* Galaxy astronomy
* Galaxy cluster astronomy
* Gamma-ray astronomy
* Gravitational radiation astronomy
* Green astronomy
* Hadron astronomy
* High-velocity galaxy astronomy
* Hydrometeor astronomy
* Hypervelocity stellar astronomy
* Infrared astronomy
* Kuiper belt astronomy
* Lithometeor astronomy
* Mathematical astronomy
* Meson astronomy
* Meteoroid astronomy
* Meteor astronomy
* Meteor-shower astronomy
* Microwave astronomy
* Millimeter-wave astronomy
* Mineral astronomy
* Muon astronomy
* Nebula astronomy
* Neutrals astronomy
* Neutrino astronomy
* Neutron astronomy
* Object astronomy
* Optical astronomy
* Orange astronomy
* Planetary astronomy
* Plasma-meteor astronomy
* Positron astronomy
* Proton astronomy
* Radar astronomy
* Radiation astronomy
* Radiation chemistry
* Radiation detectors
* Radiation entities
* Radiation geography
* Radiation history
* Radiation mathematics
* Radio astronomy
* Red astronomy
* Rock astronomy
* Satellites
* Scattered disk astronomy
* Synchrotron astronomy
* Solar binary
* Source astronomy
* Spectroscopic astronomy
* Standard candle astronomy
* Star fission
* Star-forming region
* Stellar active region
* Submillimeter astronomy
* Subatomic astronomy
* Superluminal astronomy
* Telescopes
* Theoretical radiation astronomy
* Ultraviolet astronomy
* Violet astronomy
* Visual astronomy
* X-ray astronomy
* Yellow astronomy

Laboratories|

* Analytical astronomy
* Cosmogony
* Cratering
* Electric orbits
* Electron beam heating
* Galaxies
* Intergalactic medium
* Locating the Sun
* Magnetic field reversal
* Meteorites
* Neutrinos from the Sun
* Spectrum of Vega
* Standard candles
* Vertical precession
* X-ray classification of a star
* X-ray trigonometric parallax

Lessons|

* First blue source in Boötes
* First cyan source in Caelum
* First gamma-ray source in Triangulum Australe
* First green source in Tucana
* First infrared source in Crux
* First neutron source in Volans
* First orange source in Cancer
* First positron source in Phoenix
* First radio source in Pisces
* First red source in Canis Major
* First submillimeter source in Carina
* First superluminal source in Indus
* First ultraviolet source in Sagittarius
* First violet source in Leo
* First X-ray source in Apus
* First X-ray source in Andromeda
* First yellow source in Aquila

Problem sets|

* Angular momentum and energy
* Column densities
* Cosmic circuits
* Energy phantoms
* Furlongs per fortnight
* Planck's equation
* Radiation astronomy/Problem set
* Radiation dosage
* Radiation astromathematics problems
* Spectrographs
* Star jumping
* Synchrotron radiation
* Telescopes and cameras
* Unknown coordinate systems
* Unusual units
* Vectors and coordinates

Quiz section miniresources|

* Active galactic nuclei astronomy
* Astronomy
* Background astronomy
* Baryon astronomy
* Color astronomy
* Cometary astronomy
* Cosmogony
* Craters
* First astronomical sources
* First astronomical X-ray source
* Galaxies
* Intergalactic medium
* Interplanetary medium
* Interstellar medium
* Lightning astronomy
* Meteorites
* Meteor astronomy
* Molecule astronomy
* Oort cloud astronomy
* Optical astronomy
* Particle astronomy
* Radar astronomy
* Red astronomy
* Rocky-object astronomy
* Stellar astronomy
* Subatomics astronomy
* Tauon astronomy

Quizzes|

* Acoustic astronomy quiz
* Active galactic nuclei quiz
* Aerometeor astronomy quiz
* Alpha-particle astronomy quiz
* Asteroid astronomy quiz
* Astronomical observatories/Quiz
* Astronomy/Quiz
* Astrophysics/Quiz
* Atomic astronomy quiz
* Background astronomy/Quiz
* Baryon astronomy quiz
* Beta-particles astronomy/Quiz
* Blue astronomy/Quiz
* Cloud astronomy quiz
* Color astronomy quiz
* Cometary astronomy quiz
* Cosmic-ray astronomy/Quiz
* Cosmogony/Quiz
* Crater astronomy/Quiz
* Cryometeor astronomy quiz
* Cyan astronomy/Quiz
* Electromagnetic astronomy/Quiz
* Electromagnetic radiation/Quiz
* Electron astronomy/Quiz
* Fiery-meteor astronomy quiz
* First astronomical source/Quiz
* First astronomical X-ray source/Quiz
* Galaxies/Quiz
* Galaxy cluster astronomy quiz
* Gamma-ray astronomy/Quiz
* Green astronomy/Quiz
* Gravitational astronomy quiz
* Hadron astronomy quiz
* Radiation astronomy/High-velocity galaxies/Quiz
* Hydrometeor astronomy quiz
* Hypervelocity stars quiz
* Infrared astronomy/Quiz
* Intergalactic medium/Quiz
* Interplanetary medium/Quiz
* Interstellar medium/Quiz
* Kuiper belt astronomy quiz
* Lightning astronomy quiz
* Lithometeor astronomy quiz
* Mathematical astronomy/Quiz
* Meson astronomy quiz
* Meteor astronomy/Quiz
* Meteorites/Quiz
* Meteoroid astronomy quiz
* Meteor radiation/Quiz
* Meteor-shower astronomy quiz
* Microwave astronomy/Quiz
* Minerals astronomy quiz
* Molecule astronomy quiz
* Muon astronomy/Quiz
* Nebula quiz
* Neutrals astronomy quiz
* Neutrino astronomy/Quiz
* Neutron astronomy/Quiz
* Oort cloud astronomy quiz
* Optical astronomy/Quiz
* Orange astronomy/Quiz
* Particle astronomy quiz
* Planetary astronomy quiz
* Plasma-meteors quiz
* Positron astronomy/Quiz
* Proton astronomy/Quiz
* Radar astronomy/Quiz
* Radiation/Quiz
* Radiation astronomy/Quiz
* Radiation detectors/Quiz
* Radiation entities/Quiz
* Radiation geography/Quiz
* Radiation history/Quiz
* Radiation mathematics/Quiz
* Radiation meteors/Quiz
* Radiation satellites/Quiz
* Radiation telescopes/Quiz
* Radio astronomy/Quiz
* Red astronomy/Quiz
* Rock astronomy quiz
* Rocky-object astronomy/Quiz
* Scattered disk astronomy quiz
* Solar binary/Quiz
* Source astronomy/Quiz
* Radiation astronomy/Standard candles/Quiz
* Star fission/Quiz
* Star-forming region/Quiz
* Stellar active region/Quiz
* Stellar astronomy quiz
* Stellar science/Quiz
* Stellar surface fusion/Quiz
* Subatomic astronomy quiz
* Submillimeter astronomy/Quiz
* Superluminal astronomy/Quiz
* Synchrotron astronomy quiz
* Tauon astronomy quiz
* Theoretical astronomy/Quiz
* Theoretical radiation astronomy/Quiz
* Ultraviolet astronomy/Quiz
* Violet astronomy/Quiz
* Visual astronomy/Quiz
* X-ray astronomy/Quiz
* X-ray trigonometric parallax/Quiz
* Yellow astronomy/Quiz

Hourlies|

* Hourly 1 \- resources 1-16
* Hourly 2 \- resources 17-32
* Hourly 3 \- resources 22-48

Major examinations|

* Midterm quiz
* Final quiz

Course offerings|

* Principles of radiation astronomy
* Syllabus
* Syllabus/Spring
* Syllabus/Fall

{{Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Repellor vehicle}}{{Technology resources}}

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