The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire

The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) is a 42-question psychological self-report/parent-report assessment tool designed by Dr. Paul Frick[1] The APQ measures several dimensions of parenting important for understanding the causes of conduct problems and delinquency in youth: Positive Reinforcement, Parental Involvement, Inconsistent Discipline, Poor Monitoring and Supervision, and Harsh Discipline.[2] There is no manual for the APQ and is intended to be used by anyone needing to measure parenting behavior.

## Versions

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### APQ

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Multiple versions of the APQ exist including the Child Global Report, the Parent Global Report, the Child Telephone Interview, and the Parent Telephone Interview

### APQ Short Form (APQ-SF)

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The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-Short Form (APQ-9) is a 9-item measure of parenting style based on the three main structures of the APQ: positive parenting, inconsistent discipline and poor supervision. There is no clinician requirement and the APQ-SF can be used by anyone wishing to measure parenting in regards to conduct problems and delinquency.[3]

## Psychometrics

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### Instrument rubric table: Reliability

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Click here for instrument reliability table

#### Reliability

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Evaluation for norms and reliability for the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (table from Youngstrom et al., extending Hunsley & Mash, 2008; *indicates new construct or category)  | Criterion | Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) | Explanation with references

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Norms | Excellent | Multiple convenience samples and research studies.[4][5]
Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha, split half, etc.) | Good | Alphas routinely over 0.73 for all three sub-scales, suggesting that scales could be shortened for many uses[6]
Interrater reliability | Not applicable | The APQ is a self-report scale; parent and youth report correlate about the same[6]
Test-retest reliability | Adequate | The correlations between parents on these items were generally moderate (r’s 0.40–0.68, all p < .01) with the exception of items 15 (r = 0.27, p < .01) and 26 (r = − 0.21, p < .01).[6]
Repeatability | Not published | No published studies formally checking repeatability

### Instrument rubric table: Validity

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Click here for instrument validity table

#### Validity

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Validity describes the evidence that an assessment tool measures what it was supposed to measure.

Evaluation of validity and utility for the XXX (table from Youngstrom et al., unpublished, extended from Hunsley & Mash, 2008; *indicates new construct or category)  | Criterion | Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) | Explanation with references

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Content validity | not applicable | No information provided[6]
Criterion Validity  | Good  | Multiple studies have proven that the APQ has good criterion validity in differentiating clinical and nonclinical groups[7][8][9]
Contruct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) | not applicable | No information provided[6]
Discriminative validity | not applicable | No information provided[6]
Validity generalization | not applicable | No information provided[6]
Treatment sensitivity | not applicable | No information provided[6]
Clinical utility | not applicable | No information provided[6]

## Development and Impact

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The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) has furthered the assessment of parenting practices in clinical and research settings [10][11]. Independent investigations have also shown the APQ to be an informative assessment tool. Colder, Lockman, and Wells (1997) used the APQ to study how children’s activity levels moderate the influence of parenting practices on child aggression, finding that poorly monitored active boys and fearful boys who were exposed to harsh discipline exhibited high levels of aggression.[12] The APQ is useful for studying how parenting practices influence disruptive behavioral problems and how interventions are mediated or moderated by parenting[13][14].

## Use in other populations

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The APQ has been translated into 17 different languages as of 2015. The full list of languages and contact information can be found here.

## See also

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* Conduct Disorder
* Child Discipline

## External links

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* Publisher's page

## References

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Click here for references

1. ↑ "Alabama Parenting Questionnaire". labs.uno.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
2. ↑ "Alabama Parenting Questionnaire". sites01.lsu.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
3. ↑ Elgar, Frank J.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Dadds, Mark R.; Sigvaldason, Nadine (2007-04-09). "Development and Validation of a Short Form of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire". Journal of Child and Family Studies 16 (2): 243–259. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9082-5. ISSN 1062-1024. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10826-006-9082-5.
4. ↑ Essau, Cecilia A.; Sasagawa, Satoko; Frick, Paul J. (2006-09-26). "Psychometric Properties of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire". Journal of Child and Family Studies 15 (5): 595–614. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9036-y. ISSN 1062-1024. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10826-006-9036-y.
5. ↑ Shelton, Karen K.; Frick, Paul J.; Wootton, Jane (1996-09). "Assessment of parenting practices in families of elementary school-age children". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 25 (3): 317–329. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2503_8. ISSN 0047-228X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2503_8.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Essau, Cecilia A.; Sasagawa, Satoko; Frick, Paul J. (2006-09-26). "Psychometric Properties of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire". Journal of Child and Family Studies 15 (5): 595–614. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9036-y. ISSN 1062-1024. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10826-006-9036-y.  Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
7. ↑ Dadds, Mark R.; Maujean, Annick; Fraser, Jennifer A. (2003-11). "Parenting and conduct problems in children: Australian data and psychometric properties of the alabama parenting questionnaire". Australian Psychologist 38 (3): 238–241. doi:10.1080/00050060310001707267. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1080/00050060310001707267.
8. ↑ Frick, Paul J.; Christian, Rachel E.; Wootton, Jane M. (1999-01). "Age Trends in the Association between Parenting Practices and Conduct Problems". Behavior Modification 23 (1): 106–128. doi:10.1177/0145445599231005. ISSN 0145-4455. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145445599231005.
9. ↑ Elgar, Frank J.; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Dadds, Mark R.; Sigvaldason, Nadine (2007-04-09). "Development and Validation of a Short Form of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire". Journal of Child and Family Studies 16 (2): 243–259. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9082-5. ISSN 1062-1024. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10826-006-9082-5.
10. ↑ Locke, Lisa M.; Prinz, Ronald J. (2002-07). "Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance". Clinical Psychology Review 22 (6): 895–929. doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00133-2. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 12214330. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12214330.
11. ↑ Shelton, Karen K.; Frick, Paul J.; Wootton, Jane (1996-09). "Assessment of parenting practices in families of elementary school-age children". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 25 (3): 317–329. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2503_8. ISSN 0047-228X. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15374424jccp2503_8.
12. ↑ Colder, C. R.; Lochman, J. E.; Wells, K. C. (1997-06). "The moderating effects of children's fear and activity level on relations between parenting practices and childhood symptomatology". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 25 (3): 251–263. doi:10.1023/a:1025704217619. ISSN 0091-0627. PMID 9212377. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9212377.
13. ↑ Swanson, James M.; Arnold, L. Eugene; Vitiello, Benedetto; Abikoff, Howard B.; Wells, Karen C.; Pelham, William E.; March, John S.; Hinshaw, Stephen P. et al. (2002-08). "Response to commentary on the multimodal treatment study of ADHD (MTA): mining the meaning of the MTA". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 30 (4): 327–332. doi:10.1023/a:1015709706388. ISSN 0091-0627. PMID 12108764. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12108764.
14. ↑ Wells, K. C.; Epstein, J. N.; Hinshaw, S. P.; Conners, C. K.; Klaric, J.; Abikoff, H. B.; Abramowitz, A.; Arnold, L. E. et al. (2000-12). "Parenting and family stress treatment outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an empirical analysis in the MTA study". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28 (6): 543–553. doi:10.1023/a:1005131131159. ISSN 0091-0627. PMID 11104316. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11104316?dopt=Abstract.

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