Translation

Translation is a difficult job, but it has many rewards. A good translator can open dialogue, foster understanding and improve cooperation in cross-cultural multilingual settings. This learning project tackles translation from the bottom up starting with crude and simplistic methods, for and by inexperienced translators. Hopefully people who know what they are doing will join the effort.

## Create translation table

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We're going to do things the hard way, using OmegaWiki as a place to start. We create a translation table with the words, create, translation and table in their connotations for making a data table for translation:

Afrikaans | ? | vertaling | ???

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Armenian | ? | ?? | աղյուսակ
Belarusian | ? | пераклад | ???
Bengali | তৈরি | ?? | ???
Bokmål | ? | oversettelse | ???
Breton | ? | troidigezh | ???
Castilian | crear | traducción | tabla
Catalan | crear | traducció | taula
Danish | kreere | oversættelse | tabel
Dutch | creëren | vertaling | tabel
English | create | translation | table
Esperanto | krei | traduko | tablo
Finnish | ? | käännös | taulukko
French | créer | traduction | tableau
Georgian | შექმნა | ?? | ცხრილი
German | kreieren | Übersetzung | Tabelle
Greek | δημιουργώ | μετάφραση | πίνακας
Hebrew | ? | ?? | טבלה
Hindi | बनाना | ? | ? |
Hungarian | ? | fordítás | ???
Icelandic | ? | þýðing | ???
Italian | creare | traduzione | tabella
Japanese | 創造する | 翻訳 | テーブル
Lithuanian | ? | ?? | lentelė
Neapolitan | crià | ?? | ???
Persian | ? | ترجمه | ???
Portuguese | ? | ?? | tabela
Romanian | crea | traducere | tabel
Russian | ? | перевод | ???
Swahili | ? | fanyiza | tafsiri | ?
Swedish | skapa | översättning | tabell
Thai  | สร้าง  | การแปล  | โต๊ะ
Turkish | yaratmak | çeviri | tablo
Vietnamese | ? | ?? | bảng
Volapük | ? | tradutod | ???
Xhosa | ? | inguqulo | ???
Zulu | ? | ukuguqulwa | ???

We find those here, here and here. Notice that the tables not only come short of having all the words but they can reveal extra words. For example create in Dutch could also be scheppen and in German could also be erstellen, erschaffen, or schaffen. As an English user, I know that create could be substituted with make, produce, build and several other words without altering the meaning all that much. It is important to collaborate extensively in multilingual translation projects.

## Seeding and expanding a translation table

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The following translation table from meta was created by native French speaker and meta-wikipedian, Sam. It began as a tool for he and other Wikipedians who didn't comment their changes, leaving the comment line blank. Sam reasoned it might have been because they weren't sure of how to spell words correctly, use grammar, punctuation, etc. Originally named Wikispeling, the table began in his user space at the French Wikipedia and emerged at meta in the form of Wikispelling. Here's its genesis on 10 December 2004:

`de` | Deutsch  | Korrektur (Korrekturen)  | kleine Korrektur (kleine Korrekturen)  | Rechtschreibung

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`en` | English  | correction (corrections)  | minor correction (minor corrections)  | spelling
`fr` | Français  | correction (corrections)  | correction mineure (corrections mineures)  | orthographe
`ro` | Română  | corectură (corecturi)  | corectură minoră (corecții minore)  | ortografie
`xh` | Xhosa  | isilungiso (izilungiso)  | isilungiso esincinci (izilungiso ezincinci)  | izipelo

And here is the version 5 years later as of 31 July 2009:

`en` | English | [minor] correction
([minor] corrections) | spelling | grammar | punctuation | typography | please help with [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]

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`af` | Afrikaans  | [kleine] verbetering
([kleine] verbeteringe)  | spelling  | grammatika  | interpunksie  | tipografie  | Help asseblief met [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]!
`als` | Alemannisch  | [chlini] Verbesserig
([chlini] Verbesserige)  | Rächtschriibig  | Grammatik  | Interpunktion  | Typografie  | Hilf bitte mit [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]!
`ar` | العربية  | [طفيف] تصحيح
([طفيفة] تصحيحات)  | إملاء  | قواعد  | علامات ترقيم  | مادة طباعية  | من فضلك ساعد في [[m:Wikispelling|إملاء الويكي]]
`ast` | Asturianu  | [pequeña] correción
[pequeñes] correciones  | ortografía  | gramática  | puntuación  | tipografía  | por favor, echanos un gabitu con la [[m:Wikispelling|Wikiortografía]]
`ba` | Bosnian  | [mala] ispravka
([male] ispravke)  | pravopis  | gramatika  | interpunkcija  | tipografija  | Molimo Vas da pomognete sa [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`bg` | Български  | [малка] корекция  | правопис  | граматика  | пунктуация  | оформление  |
`br` | Brezhoneg  | reizhadennig [vihan]
(reizhadennoùigoù [bihan])  | reizhskrivañ  | yezhadur  | poentaouiñ  | tipografiezh  | Mar plij, skoazellit ac'hanomp gant ar [[m:Wikispelling|wikireizhskrivañ]]
`ca` | Català  | [petita] correcció
[petites] correccions  | ortografia  | gramàtica  | puntuació  | tipografia  | Si us plau, ajudeu amb el [[m:Wikispelling|Viquiortògraf]]
`cs` | Česky  | [drobná] oprava
([drobné] opravy)  | pravopis  | gramatika  | interpunkce  | typografie  | pomozte prosím projektu [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`csb` | Kaszëbsczi  |  |  |  |  |  |
`cy` | Cymraeg  | cywiriad [bach]
cywiriadau [bychain]  | orgraff  | gramadeg  | atalnodi  | teipograffeg  | cyfrannwch at brosiect [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]], os gwelwch yn dda
`da` | Dansk  | [mindre] ændring
[mindre] ændringer  | stavning  | grammatik  | tegnsætning  | typografi  | hjælp [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`de` | Deutsch  | [kleine] Korrektur
([kleine] Korrekturen)  | Rechtschreibung  | Grammatik  | Interpunktion
Zeichensetzung  | Typografie  | Bitte hilf mit [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]!
`el` | Ελληνικά  | διόρθωση  | ορθογραφία  | γραμματική
| στίξη  | τυπογραφία  | Παρακαλώ βοηθήστε με το[[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`eo` | Esperanto  | korekto [malgranda]
korektoj [malgrandaj]  | ortografio  | gramatiko  | interpunkcio  | tipografio  | bonvolu helpi per [[m:Wikispelling|Vikiortografio]]
`es` | Español  | [pequeña] corrección
[pequeñas] correcciones  | ortografía  | gramática  | puntuación  | tipografía  | ayúdenos con el [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]], por favor
`et` | Eesti  | [pisi] parandus
([pisikesed] parandused)  | õigekiri  | grammatika  | kirjavahemärkide tarvitus  | tüpograafia  | Palun aita [[m:Wikispelling|Vikiõigekirja]] projekti
`eu` | Euskara  |  | ortografia  | gramatika  | puntuazio  |  |
`fi` | Suomi  | korjaus  | oikeinkirjoitus  | kielioppi  | välimerkitys  |  |
`fo` | Føroyskt  |  | stavseting  | mállæra  |  |  |
`fr` | Français  | correction [mineure]
(corrections [mineures])  | orthographe  | grammaire  | ponctuation  | typographie  | Aidez-nous avec ([[m:Wikispelling|l'orthographe]] SVP.
`gl` | Galego  | corrección [menor]
(correccións [menores])  | ortografía  | gramática  | puntuación  | tipografía  | Axuda no [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]], por favor.
`ga` | Gaeilge  | ceartúchán [beag]
(ceartúcháin [bheaga])  | litriú  | gramadach  | poncaíocht  | clóghrafaíocht  | Cabhraigí le [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]], le bhur dtoil
`gv` | Gaelg  | kiartaghey  | cairscreeu  | lioar ghrammeydys
grammeydys
grammar  | punkaghey  | clougraafeeaght  |
`he` | עברית  | תיקון [משני]
תיקונים [משניים]  | כתיב  | דקדוק  | פיסוק  | טיפוגרפיה  | אנא סייעו ב-[[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`hi` | हिन्दी  |  |  |  |  |  |
`hr` | Hrvatski  | (manje) ispravke  | pravopis  | gramatika  | interpunkcija  | slovoslaganje
tipografija  | Molim, pomozite [[m:Wikispelling|projektu Wikipravopisa]]
`hu` | Magyar  | korrigálás
javítás  | ortográfia
helyesírás  | nyelvtan  | írásjelek  | tipográfia
nyomdászat  | Kérem segítsen a [[m:Wikispelling|Wiki projekt helyesírásánál]]
`hy` | Հայերեն  |  | ուղղագրություն  | քերականություն  | կետադրություն  |  |
`ia` | Interlingua  | correction [parve]
(correctiones [parve])  | orthographia  | grammatica  | punctuation  | typographia  | adjuta con [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]], per favor!
`id` | Bahasa Indonesia  | koreksi  | ejaan  | tata bahasa  | tanda baca  | tipografi  | Bantulah kami dalam mengoreksi kesalahan [[m:Wikispelling|ejaan]] di Wikipedia!
`it` | Italiano  | [piccola] correzione
([piccole] correzioni)  | ortografia  | grammatica  | punteggiatura  | tipografia
composizione  | per favore, aiutateci con il [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`ja` | 日本語  | 校正  | 綴り
つづり  | 文法  | 区切り  | タイポグラフィー  | [[m:Wikispelling|ウィキスペリング]]にご協力ください。
`ko` | 한국어  |  | 맞춤법  | 문법  |  |  |
`ksh` | Kölsch / Ripuarisch  | en [kleijn] Fobäßerong
([kleijn] Fobäßeronge)  | et Boochstavveere  | de Jrammatik  | de Zëijschesäzong  | de Typpojraffi  | Sidd_esu joot, dooht dem [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]] hellefe!
`ku` | Kurdî / كوردی  | serastkirina biçûk  | rastnivîs  | rêziman  |  |  |
`la` | Latina  | erratum correctum  | orthographia  | litteratura  | punctus  | typographica  |
`lb` | Lëtzebuergesch  |  |  |  |  |  |
`jbo` | Lojban  | cmalu dragau  | valsi dragau  | gerna dragau  | pandi dragau  |  | pe'u ko sidju fi la'o gy. [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]] gy.
`ml` | മലയാളം  |  |  |  |  |  |
`ms` | Bahasa Melayu  | pembetulan [kecil]  | ejaan  | tatabahasa  | tanda baca  | tipografi  | Bantulah kami dalam membetulkan kesalahan [[m:Wikispelling|ejaan]] di Wikipedia!
`nds` | Plattdüütsch  |  |  |  |  |  |
`nl` | Nederlands  | [kleine] correctie
([kleine] correcties)  | spelling  | grammatica  | interpunctie  | typografie  | Help alsjeblieft met [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]!
`no` | Norsk  | [liten] korreksjon
[små] korreksjoner  | rettskrivning  | grammatikk  | tegnsetting  | typografi  | hjelp [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`pl` | Polski  | [drobna] poprawka
([drobne] poprawki)  | pisownia  | gramatyka  | interpunkcja  | typografia  | pomóż poprawiać: [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`pt` | Português  | correcção [menor]
(correcções [menores])  | ortografia  | gramática  | pontuação  | tipografia  | ajuda [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]] por favor
`ro` | Română  | corectură  | ortografie  | gramatică  | punctuație  | tipografie
tipar  | ajutați-ne la [[m:Wikispelling|Wikiortografie]], vă rugǎm
`ru` | Русский  | [незначительное] исправление
[незначительные] исправления  | орфография  | грамматика  | пунктуация  | типографика  | Пожалуйста, помогите проекту [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`scn` | Sicilianu  | [piccola] correzzioni
([piccoli] correzzioni)  | ortugrafia  | grammatica  | puntigghiatura  | tipografia
cumpusizzioni  | per favori, aiutati-nui cun lu [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`sh` | (Serbo-Croatian)  | ispravljanje  | ortografija
pravopis  | gramatika  | interpunkcijski
interpunkcija  | tipografija
slaganje  |
`sl` | Slovenščina  | manjša poprava
popravljanje  | pravopis  | slovnica  | ločila  | tipografija  | Prosim, pomagajte [[m:Wikispelling|Wikipravopisu]]
`sq` | Shqip  |  | ortografi
drejtshkrim  | gramatikë
hyrje në shkencë  |  | tipografi
shtypshkrim  |
`sv` | Svenska  | [liten] rättning
([små] rättningar)  | stavning  | grammatik  | interpunktion  | typografi  | Hjälp till med [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]!
`th` | ไทย  | แก้ไข[เล็กน้อย]  | การสะกดคำ  | ไวยากรณ์  | เครื่องหมายวรรคตอน  | การเรียงพิมพ์  | มาร่วมกันช่วย [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`tr` | Türkçe  | [küçük] düzeltmeler  | yazım
imlâ  | dilbilgisi  | noktalama  | tipografi  | [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]'e yardım ediniz!
`tk` | Türkmençe  | [ujypsyzja] düzedişler  | orfografiýa  | grammatika  | punktuasiýa  | tipografika  | [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]e hemaýat beriň!
`ur` | اردو  |  |  |  |  |  |
`uk` | Українська  | виправлення  | правопис  | граматика  | пунктуація  | друкування  | Будь ласка, допоможіть [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`vi` | Tiếng Việt  | sửa chữa  | chính tả  | ngữ pháp  | đánh dấu chấm câu  | cách trình bày  | xin trợ giúp [[m:Wikispelling|Wikispelling]]
`wa` | Walon  | [pitit(s)] coridjaedje(s)  | ôrtografeye  | croejhete  | pontiaedje  | tipografeye  | Vos nos ploz aidî avou l' ([[m:Wikispelling|ôrtografeye]].
`zh` | 中文  | [小]修正  | 拼写  | 语法  | 标点  | 排版  | 请帮助完善[[m:Wikispelling|维基拼写]]

You can see that manually generated and maintained wikitables can be worth all the trouble in the long term.

## Computer-assisted translation

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Computer-assisted translation.

This Wikiversity page is under construction. If you see a Red link, turn it into a Blue link. If you see something that needs Translation, translate it. If you don't agree with something or have a question, simply go to Talk:Translation with your concerns. This is a wiki!