Liberty Island

Island in New York Harbor in Manhattan, New York, United States

This article is about the island in New York Harbor. For the island in California, see Liberty Island (California). For the Deus Ex level, see Liberty Island (Deus Ex). For Japanese racehorse named after the island, see Liberty Island (horse).

Liberty Island

Liberty Island in 2014 with Jersey City in the background

Location| Upper New York Bay
Coordinates| 40°41′20″N 74°02′40″W﻿ / ﻿40.68889°N 74.04444°W﻿ / 40.68889; -74.04444
Area| 14.717 acres (59,560 m2)
Governing body| National Park Service

U.S. National Monument

Designated|

* October 15, 1924
* September 7, 1937[1]

Designated by|

* Calvin Coolidge
* Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Official name| Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island
Designated| October 15, 1966
Reference no.| 66000058

New Jersey Register of Historic Places

Official name| Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island
Designated| May 27, 1971
Reference no.| 1535[2]

New York City Landmark

Type| Individual
Designated| September 14, 1976

Location in Upper New York Bay

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Liberty Island (New York)

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Liberty Island (Hudson County, New Jersey)

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Liberty Island (the United States)

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Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States. Its most notable feature is the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World), a large statue by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi that was dedicated in 1886. The island also contains the Statue of Liberty Museum, which opened in 2019 and exhibits the statue's original torch.

Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. Part of the State of New York, the island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey.

Liberty Island became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1937 through Presidential Proclamation 2250, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[3] In 1966, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island, and Liberty Island.[4]

## Geography and access[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the island has a land area of 14.717 acres (5.956 ha), and is the property of the federal government. Liberty Island is located in the Upper New York Bay within the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. It is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York.[5][6][7] The historical developments which led to this construction made Liberty Island an exclave of one state, New York, in another, New Jersey. Liberty Island is 2,000 feet (610 m) east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City and is 1.6 miles (2.6 km) southwest of the Battery in Lower Manhattan.

### State sovereignty disputes[edit]

The geography along the New Jersey banks of Upper New York Bay before landfilling. Liberty (Bedloe's) Island's location near New Jersey led to the state's attempts to assert jurisdiction.

There were a number of disputes regarding the jurisdictional status of the island before it was settled by the Supreme Court in 1998.

#### State dispute[edit]

An unusual clause in the 1664 colonial land grant that outlined New Jersey's borders reads: "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river"[8] rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.[9]

In 1824 the City of New York attempted to assert a jurisdictional monopoly over the growing ferry service in New York Harbor in Gibbons v. Ogden. It was deemed by the court that interstate transport would be regulated by the federal government. This did not resolve the border issue. In 1830, New Jersey planned to bring suit,[10] but the matter was resolved with a compact between the states ratified by US Congress in 1834, which set the boundary line between them as the midpoint of the shared waterway.[7][11] This would place Bedloe's (Liberty) Island and Ellis Island in New Jersey; however, the compact included an exception specifying that they remain the territory of New York.[11] This was later confirmed by the US Supreme Court in a 1908 case which also expounded on the compact.[12]

Liberty Island, with Ellis Island, downtown Jersey City (left), and Manhattan (right) in background

In 1986 a suit brought by New Jersey residents challenging New York State's jurisdiction over Liberty Island was dismissed.[13] In 1986, U.S. Representative Frank J. Guarini and Gerald McCann, then mayor of Jersey City, sued New York City, contending that New Jersey should have dominion over Liberty Island because it is on the New Jersey side of the state line.[14] Since the court chose not to hear the case,[15] the existing legal status remained unchanged. Portions of the island that are above water are part of New York, while riparian rights to all of the submerged land surrounding the statue belong to New Jersey. The southwestern section, 4.17 acres (1.69 ha),[16] of the island was created by land reclamation.[17][18]

In 1998, the United States Supreme Court decided the state jurisdiction of the nearby Ellis Island in New Jersey v. New York. Being mostly constructed of artificial infill, New Jersey argued and the court agreed that the 1834 compact covered only the natural parts of the island, and not the portions added by infill. Thus it was agreed that the parts of the island made of filled land belonged to New Jersey while the original natural part belonged to New York.[19] This proved impractical to administer and New Jersey and New York subsequently agreed to share jurisdiction of the entire island.[10][20] This special situation only applies to Ellis Island and part of Shooters Island.[6]

#### Federal ownership[edit]

National Park Service building on Liberty Island

Liberty Island has been owned by the federal government since 1801, first as a military installation and now as a national landmark. Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1966, encompasses land in both states,[21] control of which is superseded by the United States. The undisputed boundary between New Jersey and New York is in the center of the Hudson River and the Upper New York Bay, with Liberty Island situated well on the New Jersey side of the water line with Liberty Island itself an exclave of the State of New York and a part of New York City, allowing the state and city of New York to retain sovereignty of Liberty Island, serve process there and collect sales tax from Liberty Island souvenir shops.[6]

In response to a FAQ about whether the Statue of Liberty is in New York or New Jersey, the National Park Service, which oversees Liberty Island, cites the 1834 compact.[21] Question 127 on a naturalization examination piloted in 2006 asks "Where is the Statue of Liberty?" The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services gives "New York Harbor" and "Liberty Island" as preferred answers, but notes that "New Jersey", "New York", "New York City", and "on the Hudson" are acceptable.[22]

Both New York City and Jersey City have assigned the island lot numbers. Utility services, including electricity, water, and sewage, to Liberty and Ellis Islands are provided from the New Jersey side, while mail is delivered from the Battery in New York.[23]

The statue was featured on New York license plates from 1986 through 2000[24][25] and on a special New Jersey license plate celebrating Liberty State Park in Jersey City. The statue is also seen on the New York state quarter. The national monument was the symbol of the Central Railroad of New Jersey (which operated along the present-day Raritan Valley Line), whose railroad terminal is nearby.

### Public access[edit]

Two ferry slips are located at the southwestern side of Liberty Island. No charge is made for entrance to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service,[26] as private boats may not dock at the island. A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing Circle Line, which had operated the service since 1953.[27] The ferries depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and the Battery in Lower Manhattan.[28]

## History[edit]

Coin-operated binoculars on Liberty Island. The island offers panoramic views of New York Harbor.

### Great Oyster Island[edit]

At the time of European colonization of the Hudson River estuary in the mid-17th century, much of the west side of Upper New York Bay contained large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster beds, a major source of food for the Lenape native people who lived there at the time. Several islands were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later known as Bedloe's/Love/Liberty, Ellis, and Black Tom) were given the name Oyster Islands (oester eilanden) by the Dutch settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the Mid-Atlantic states. The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries.[29] Land reclamation, started by the 1870s, particularly by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey, eventually obliterated the beds, engulfed one island and brought the shoreline much closer to the others.[30]

### Bedloe's Island[edit]

After the surrender of Fort Amsterdam by the Dutch to the British in 1664, the English governor Richard Nicolls granted the island to Captain Robert Needham. It was sold to Isaac Bedloe on December 23, 1667. The island was retained by his estate until 1732 when it was sold for five shillings to New York merchants Adolphe Philipse and Henry Lane. During their ownership, the island was temporarily commandeered by the city of New York to establish a smallpox quarantine station.[31][32][33][34]

In 1746, Archibald Kennedy (later 11th Earl of Cassilis) purchased the island and a summer residence was established,[35] along with construction of a lighthouse. Seven years later, the island is described in an advertisement (in which "Bedlow's" had become "Bedloe's", along with an alternate name of "Love Island") as being available for rental:

> To be Let. Bedloe's Island, alias Love Island, together with the dwelling-house and lighthouse being finely situated for a tavern, where all kinds of garden stuff, poultry, etc., may be easily raised for the shipping outward bound, and from where any quantity of pickled oysters may be transported; it abounds with English rabbits."[36]

In 1756, Kennedy allowed the island to again be used as a smallpox quarantine station, and on February 18, 1758, the Corporation of the City of New York bought the island for £1,000 for use as a pest house.

When the British troops occupied New York Harbor in the lead-up to the American Revolutionary War, the island was to be used for housing for Tory refugees, with HMS Eagle docked next to it, but on April 2, 1776, the buildings constructed on the island for their use were burned to the ground.[36]

### Fort Wood[edit]

Fort Wood's star-shaped walls became the base of the Statue of Liberty.

On February 15, 1800, the New York State Legislature ceded the island to the federal government, for the construction of a defensive fort to be built there (along with Governors Island and Ellis Island). Construction of a fort on the island in the shape of an 11-point star began in 1806 and was completed in 1811, protecting New York from British invasion in the upcoming conflict.[37] The fort is considered part of the second system of U.S. fortifications. Following the War of 1812, the star-shaped fortification was named Fort Wood after Lt. Col Eleazer Derby Wood who was killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in 1814, a major American defensive victory against British troops near the war's end. The granite fortification followed an 11-pointed star fort layout, mounting 24 guns.[38][39] A larger fort mounting 77 guns was proposed under the third system of US fortifications but was not built.[40]

By the time it was chosen for the Statue of Liberty in the 1880s, the fort was outmoded and obsolete, disused and its substantial stone walls were then used as the distinctive base for the Statue of Liberty given by the Third French Republic for the American 1876 centenary celebrations. It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, the statue's sculptor. The National Park Service (which had been created in 1916) took over operations of the island in two stages: 2 acres (8,100 m2) in 1933, and the remainder in 1937.[3] The military installation was completely removed by 1944.[41][42]: 91–92

### Statue of Liberty[edit]

The statue, entitled Liberty Enlightening the World,[43] was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial. It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States, and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation.[44]

The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, 1884, and after some funding delays, construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22, 1886. The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885, on board the French frigate Isère,[45] was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, and was then reassembled in four months. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland. The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956.[46]

## Museums[edit]

September 26, 1972: President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration. The statue's raised right foot is visible, showing that it is depicted moving forward.

### American Museum of Immigration[edit]

The American Museum of Immigration formerly operated at Liberty Island. It was dedicated on September 26, 1972, in a ceremony presided over by President of the United States Richard Nixon.[47] The museum closed in 1991 following the opening of the Ellis Island Immigration Museum.[42]: 19

### Statue of Liberty Museum[edit]

Main article: Statue of Liberty Museum

On October 7, 2016, construction started on the new Statue of Liberty Museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m2) museum is able to accommodate all of the island's visitors, as opposed to the former museum, which only 20 percent of the island's daily visitors could visit.[48] The original torch is located here along with exhibits relating to the statue's construction and history. There is a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue.[48][49]

The museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects, is integrated with the parkland around it.[49] It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg, Michael Bloomberg, Jeff Bezos, Coca-Cola, NBCUniversal, the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch, Mellody Hobson, and George Lucas.[50] Von Fürstenberg headed the fundraising for the museum, and the project raised more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking.[49] The museum opened on May 16, 2019.[51][52]

## See also[edit]

* Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty in popular culture
* Castle Clinton – Restored fort in Manhattan, New York
* Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal – Former intermodal terminal in Jersey City, New Jersey
* New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary – One of the most intricate natural harbors in the world
* List of enclaves and exclaves
* Prall's Island – Island in the Arthur Kill in New York and New Jersey
* Robbins Reef Light – 1883 sparkplug lighthouse, Bayonne, NJ

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Proclamation 1950: Enlarging the Statue of Liberty National Monument New York". Code of Federal Regulations: Title 3—The President 1936–1938 Compilation. National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1968. pp. 120–121.
2. ^ "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places – Hudson County". New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
3. ^ a b "Early History of Bedloe's Island". Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
4. ^ Sutherland, Cara A. (2003). The Statue of Liberty. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0760738904. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
5. ^ Hudson County New Jersey Street Map. Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. 2008. ISBN 978-0-88097-763-0.
6. ^ a b c New Jersey v. New York, 523 U.S. 767, page 779 (May 26, 1998).
7. ^ a b "Statue of Liberty National Monument – Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
8. ^ "The Duke of York's Release to John Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret, 24 June 1664". The Avalon Project Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. December 18, 1998. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
9. ^ Rieff, Henry. "Intrepretations of New York-New Jersey Agreements 1834 and 1921" (PDF). Newark Law Review. 1 (2).
10. ^ a b Greenhouse, Linda (May 27, 1998). "The Ellis Island Verdict: The Ruling; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island". The New York Times.
11. ^ a b United States Statutes at Large: Volume 4
12. ^ "Central R. Co. of New Jersey v. Jersey City, 209 U.S. 473 (1908)". Retrieved July 29, 2012.
13. ^ "Bridge: Decisions by a Jersey Judge Get Some Second-Guessing". New York Times. June 30, 1986. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
14. ^ "New Jerseyans' Claim To Liberty Island Rejected". The New York Times. Associated Press. October 6, 1987. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
15. ^ "Statue of Liberty a Legal New Yorker, Supreme Court Says". LA Times. October 5, 1987. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
16. ^ "Is Liberty a Jersey Girl". New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors. February 4, 2014.
17. ^ "Historic Fill of the Jersey City Quadrangle: Historic Fill Map HFM-53" (PDF). New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection. 2004. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
18. ^ "Is Lady Liberty a Jersey Girl?". New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors.
19. ^ "National Park Service map showing portions of the island belonging to New York and New Jersey". Archived from the original on February 23, 2010.
20. ^ Brogan, Pamela; Gannett News Service (May 27, 1998). "Court rules Ellis Island is mostly in New Jersey". Courier-Post. Camden, NJ. pp. 1, 4 - via newspapers.com .
21. ^ a b "Statue of Liberty National Monument". National Park Service. December 13, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
22. ^ "Questions and Answers for New Pilot Naturalization Exam". U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
23. ^ "Statue of Liberty Lighthouse". Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
24. ^ "State to start issuing new license plates July 1". The New York Times. January 24, 1986. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
25. ^ "State license plates to get new look". The New York Times. January 11, 2000. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
26. ^ "Fees & Passes". Statue Of Liberty National Monument (U.S. National Park Service). May 20, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
27. ^ Ramirez, Anthony (June 29, 2007). "Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
28. ^ "NPS: Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map". Ferry Map. National Park Service. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
29. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2006). The Big Oyster. New York: Random House Trade paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-345-47639-5.
30. ^ "Providing Better Terminal Facilities for New York". Engineering News Record: 258. July 31, 1880. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
31. ^ "Spell it with a "W" It should not be Bedloo's Island but "Bedlow's"" (PDF). The New York Times. August 14, 1886. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
32. ^ Harvey, Cornelius Burnham (1900). "Genealogical History Of Hudson And Bergen Counties New Jersey Early Settlers of Bergen County". Retrieved December 13, 2012.
33. ^ "History of the Statue of Liberty and Bedlow's Island". New York: Regimental Press. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008.
34. ^ "Lazaretto Quarantine Station, Tinicum Township, Delaware County, PA: History". ushistory.org. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
35. ^ "Liberty Island Chronology". Retrieved January 25, 2013.
36. ^ a b "Historic Buildings as seen and described by famous writers" (txt). Retrieved February 1, 2010.
37. ^ "Fort Wood (Liberty Island) and Fort Gibson (Ellis Island), U.S. National Park Service".
38. ^ Wade, Arthur P. (2011). Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794-1815. CDSG Press. p. 243\. ISBN 978-0-9748167-2-2.
39. ^ "Fort Wood". dmna.ny.gov.
40. ^ Roberts, Robert B. (1988). Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: The Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States. New York: Macmillan. pp. 594–596. ISBN 0-02-926880-X.
41. ^ "Fort Wood". Retrieved July 29, 2012.
42. ^ a b Moreno, Barry (2000). The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia. New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7385-3689-7.
43. ^ "Liberty Enlightening the World". Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
44. ^ "Liberty's Statue Full Programme of the Inaugural Ceremonies" (PDF). The New York Times. October 10, 1886. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
45. ^ "Delaware Division of Libraries Blog". Retrieved July 29, 2012.
46. ^ "USGS:LI". Retrieved July 29, 2012.
47. ^ "321 - Remarks at the Dedication of the American Museum of Immigration on Liberty Island in New York Harbor". The American Presidency Project. University of California Santa Barbara. September 26, 1972. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
48. ^ a b Durkin, Erin (October 6, 2016). "Statue of Liberty getting new $70M museum set to open in 2019". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
49. ^ a b c Plagianos, Irene (October 6, 2016). "See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
50. ^ Pereira, Ivan (October 6, 2016). "Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019". am New York. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
51. ^ Rosenberg, Zoe (May 1, 2019). "Statue of Liberty will ban tour guides from some of its most popular areas". Curbed NY. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
52. ^ Kilgannon, Corey (April 1, 2019). "Everyone's Welcome at the Statue of Liberty. Except Tour Guides". The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2019.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberty Island.

Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article "Bedloe's Island".

* National Park Service Bedloe's Island web site
* National Park Service's Statue of Liberty and Liberty Island site
* Bedloe's Island in 1867 at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania

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Statue of Liberty

Liberty Enlightening the World

Creators|

* Édouard René de Laboulaye, originator
* Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor
* Gustave Eiffel, builder
* company
* Eugène Secrétan, donated copper
* Richard Morris Hunt, pedestal
* Joseph Pulitzer, pedestal funding

Engineers|

* Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
* Maurice Koechlin
* Joachim Giæver

Location|

* Liberty Island
* Statue of Liberty National Monument

* Original torch: Statue of Liberty Museum

* Original statue: Musée des Arts et Métiers

Former
locations|

* Right arm and torch: Centennial Exposition (1876)
* Madison Square Park (1876–1882)

* Head: Paris World's Fair (1878)

Replicas|

* Île aux Cygnes, Paris
* Flame of Liberty
* Las Vegas
* Leicester
* Strengthen the Arm of Liberty
* Austin, Texas
* Fayetteville, Arkansas
* Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
* Overland Park, Kansas
* Pine Bluff, Arkansas
* Seattle

Legacy|

* In popular culture
* "The New Colossus" (1883 sonnet)
* Working on the Statue of Liberty (1946 painting)
* Miss Liberty (1949 musical)
* The Statue of Liberty (1985 documentary)
* Statue of Liberty play (American football)
* Liberty Weekend, 1986
* Liberty Fanfare
* Medal of Liberty
* Liberty Issue (1954–1965 stamps)
* Statue of Liberty Forever stamp
* Statue of Liberty commemorative coins
* American Platinum Eagle coin
* Presidential dollar coins
* American Innovation dollars
* United States ten-dollar bill
* Statue of Liberty Division

Related|

* 1984-1986 conservation and restoration
* Statue of Liberty Museum
* Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia
* Libertas
* personification of Liberty
* Ellis Island
* Black Tom explosion
* Musée Bartholdi
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U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Topics|

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Islands of New York City

Major islands|

* Long
* Manhattan
* Staten

Pelham Islands|

* The Blauzes
* Chimney Sweeps
* City
* Cuban Ledge
* Green Flats
* Hart
* High
* Hunter
* Rat
* Twin

New York Bay|

* Castle Clinton
* Cypress Tree
* Ellis
* Governors
* Hoffman
* Lafayette
* Liberty
* Swinburne

Entirely in NJ|

* Black Tom
* Robbins Reef

Jamaica Bay|

* Barren
* Bergen
* Broad Channel
* Coney
* Canarsie Pol
* Mau Mau
* Mill
* Plumb
* Ruffle Bar

* Arthur Kill
* Kill Van Kull

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* Prall's
* Shooters

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* Newtown Creek

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* Mussel
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* U Thant (Belmont)

North River (Hudson River)|

* North Battery
* Paparinemin
* Little Island Park

Former islands shown in italics

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