Norfolk Public Schools, Virginia
From Ballotpedia - Reading time: 9 min
| Norfolk Public Schools |
|---|
 |
| Norfolk, Virginia |
| District details |
| Superintendent: Sharon Byrdsong |
| # of school board members: 7 |
| Website: Link |
Norfolk Public Schools is a school district in Virginia.
Click on the links below to learn more about the school district's...
- Superintendent
- School board
- Elections
- Budget
- Teacher salaries
- Academic performance
- Student enrollment
- Demographics
- Contact information
Contents
Superintendent[edit]
 |
This information is updated as we become aware of changes. Please contact us with any updates. |
Sharon Byrdsong is the superintendent of Norfolk Public Schools. Byrdsong began serving as acting superintendent of Norfolk Public Schools on June 19, 2019, and was appointed full superintendent on July 6, 2019. Byrdsong's previous career experience includes working as a high school teacher, senior director of alternative options, and executive director of secondary schools.[1]
Past superintendents[edit]
- Melinda Boone was the superintendent of Norfolk Public Schools from 2015 to 2019.[2] Boone's previous career experience included working as the superintendent of Worcester Public Schools in Massachusetts.[3]
School board elections[edit]
The School Board of the City of Norfolk consists of seven members elected to four-year terms. Members are elected by district.[4]
| Office | Name | Date assumed office |
|---|---|---|
| Norfolk School Board Superward 6 | Noelle Gabriel | July 1, 2012 |
| Norfolk School Board Superward 7 | Rodney Jordan | July 1, 2012 |
| Norfolk School Board Ward 1 | Adale Martin | July 1, 2018 |
| Norfolk School Board Ward 2 | Tanya Bhasin | July 1, 2015 |
| Norfolk School Board Ward 3 | Carlos Clanton | July 1, 2018 |
| Norfolk School Board Ward 4 | Christine Smith | July 1, 2018 |
| Norfolk School Board Ward 5 | Lauren Campsen | July 1, 2018 |
 |
This officeholder information was last updated on August 3, 2021. Please contact us with any updates. | |
Election dates[edit]
Members of the School Board of the City of Norfolk are elected to four-year terms. Elections are held in May.
A general election was scheduled for May 19, 2020.
Public participation in board meetings[edit]
The School Board of the City of Norfolk maintains the following policy on public testimony during board meetings:[5]
| “ | BDDHZ/KDZ. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AT SCHOOL BOARD MEETINGS AND PUBLIC HEARINGS
The School Board of the City of Norfolk welcomes the public to the business meetings and public hearings of the Board and dedicates time at these meetings to hear from the public on agenda items and other matters of concern. It is important for all community members to feel welcome and safe in the Board’s business meetings and public hearings. Audience members will be expected to treat all attendees with respect and civility.
Requests to address the Board may be made by signing up to speak at a business meeting or public hearing. A sign-up sheet will be available by the entryway, or requests may be made in advance with the Clerk of the Board.
At the time the speaker signs up to speak, the speaker will complete all requested information listed below on the designated sign-up sheet. This information is required by the Clerk for the record.
At the time of public comment, when the speaker’s name is called, the following steps will be followed:
Correspondence with School Board members is subject to the Virginia Freedom of Information Act. This means correspondence may be made public (1) if it deals with Norfolk Public Schools business and (2) if requested, even if marked confidential. Only a few topics are exempt from the disclosure requirement, such as information about identifiable students, and personnel information about individual employees.
Speakers are limited to one appearance of three (3) minutes. When the Clerk signals the time is expired, the speaker will end their comments and be seated. The Board Chair will instruct speakers who exceed the time limit.
The speaker may address the Board on agenda items and matters of concern related to the Norfolk Public Schools. Personnel, disciplinary, and confidential matters may be addressed to the School Board directly via email at schoolboard@npsk12.com. The School Board of the City of Norfolk does not respond to public comments at the time they are given. At the Board’s request, the Superintendent or his/her designee will follow up with individuals as determined by the Superintendent. Audience members will be expected to treat all attendees with respect and civility, just as Norfolk Public Schools expects of its students and staff.[6] |
” |
Budget[edit]
From 1993 to 2013, the Norfolk school district had an average of $310,033,476 in revenue and $308,407,524 in expenditures, according to the United States Census Bureau's survey of school system finances. The district had a yearly average of $48,454,619 in outstanding debt. The district retired $2,918,905 of its debt and issued $4,603,000 in new debt each year on average.[7]
Revenue[edit]
The table below separates the district's revenue into the three sources identified by the agency: local, state, and federal.
| Revenue by Source | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiscal Year |
Local | State | Federal | Revenue Total | |||||||
| Total | % of Revenue | Total | % of Revenue | Total | % of Revenue | ||||||
| Click [show] on the right to display the revenue data for prior years. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | $93,689,000 | 43.32% | $95,672,000 | 44.23% | $26,932,000 | 12.45% | $216,293,000 | ||||
| 1994 | $93,926,000 | 43.56% | $96,229,000 | 44.63% | $25,454,000 | 11.81% | $215,609,000 | ||||
| 1995 | $90,303,000 | 41.57% | $103,606,000 | 47.69% | $23,346,000 | 10.75% | $217,255,000 | ||||
| 1996 | $89,808,000 | 41.28% | $101,950,000 | 46.86% | $25,821,000 | 11.87% | $217,579,000 | ||||
| 1997 | $99,200,000 | 40.23% | $124,413,000 | 50.45% | $22,999,000 | 9.33% | $246,612,000 | ||||
| 1998 | $90,468,000 | 36.88% | $127,024,000 | 51.79% | $27,791,000 | 11.33% | $245,283,000 | ||||
| 1999 | $92,092,000 | 35.48% | $146,744,000 | 56.54% | $20,688,000 | 7.97% | $259,524,000 | ||||
| 2000 | $101,533,000 | 35.38% | $153,708,000 | 53.55% | $31,770,000 | 11.07% | $287,011,000 | ||||
| 2001 | $108,841,000 | 36.53% | $160,921,000 | 54.01% | $28,201,000 | 9.46% | $297,963,000 | ||||
| 2002 | $103,006,000 | 33.77% | $160,603,000 | 52.65% | $41,414,000 | 13.58% | $305,023,000 | ||||
| 2003 | $108,331,000 | 34.73% | $163,645,000 | 52.47% | $39,924,000 | 12.80% | $311,900,000 | ||||
| 2004 | $113,191,000 | 35.44% | $165,227,000 | 51.74% | $40,947,000 | 12.82% | $319,365,000 | ||||
| 2005 | $115,451,000 | 33.41% | $186,774,000 | 54.04% | $43,368,000 | 12.55% | $345,593,000 | ||||
| 2006 | $119,463,000 | 33.67% | $190,218,000 | 53.62% | $45,103,000 | 12.71% | $354,784,000 | ||||
| 2007 | $124,281,000 | 32.64% | $206,073,000 | 54.12% | $50,421,000 | 13.24% | $380,775,000 | ||||
| 2008 | $126,931,000 | 33.11% | $210,849,000 | 55.00% | $45,567,000 | 11.89% | $383,347,000 | ||||
| 2009 | $127,281,000 | 32.31% | $220,532,000 | 55.98% | $46,115,000 | 11.71% | $393,928,000 | ||||
| 2010 | $119,603,000 | 30.82% | $198,281,000 | 51.09% | $70,229,000 | 18.09% | $388,113,000 |
| 2011 | $126,542,000 | 34.76% | $179,249,000 | 49.24% | $58,217,000 | 15.99% | $364,008,000 |
| 2012 | $140,280,000 | 36.25% | $179,133,000 | 46.29% | $67,605,000 | 17.47% | $387,018,000 |
| 2013 | $130,084,000 | 34.81% | $184,660,000 | 49.41% | $58,976,000 | 15.78% | $373,720,000 |
| Avg. | $110,204,952 | 36.19% | $159,786,238 | 51.21% | $40,042,286 | 12.60% | $310,033,476 |
Expenditures[edit]
The table below separates the district's expenditures into five categories identified by the agency:
- Instruction: operation expenditures, state payments on behalf of the district for instruction and benefits, and retirement system transfers
- Support Services: support services, food services, and retirement system transfers for support service staff
- Capital Spending: capital outlay expenditures (i.e., construction, land or facilities purchases, and equipment purchases)
- Debt & Gov. Payments: payments to state and local governments and interest on school system debt
- Other: all other non-K-12 programs, except food services
| Expenditures by Category | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiscal Year |
Instruction | Support Services | Capital Spending | Debt & Gov. Payments | Other | Budget Total | |||||
| Total | % of Budget | Total | % of Budget | Total | % of Budget | Total | % of Budget | Total | % of Budget | ||
| Click [show] on the right to display the expenditure data for prior years. | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | $109,461,000 | 51.42% | $75,940,000 | 35.67% | $16,040,000 | 7.53% | $2,015,000 | 0.95% | $9,436,000 | 4.43% | $212,892,000 |
| 1994 | $111,851,000 | 52.74% | $78,605,000 | 37.06% | $11,049,000 | 5.21% | $1,432,000 | 0.68% | $9,149,000 | 4.31% | $212,086,000 |
| 1995 | $113,035,000 | 52.27% | $77,972,000 | 36.06% | $14,733,000 | 6.81% | $355,000 | 0.16% | $10,140,000 | 4.69% | $216,235,000 |
| 1996 | $117,568,000 | 53.71% | $79,590,000 | 36.36% | $10,056,000 | 4.59% | $3,310,000 | 1.51% | $8,372,000 | 3.82% | $218,896,000 |
| 1997 | $120,944,000 | 49.97% | $83,432,000 | 34.47% | $23,722,000 | 9.80% | $3,605,000 | 1.49% | $10,314,000 | 4.26% | $242,017,000 |
| 1998 | $127,803,000 | 50.53% | $86,502,000 | 34.20% | $22,543,000 | 8.91% | $3,974,000 | 1.57% | $12,104,000 | 4.79% | $252,926,000 |
| 1999 | $131,656,000 | 51.96% | $92,115,000 | 36.35% | $12,325,000 | 4.86% | $3,847,000 | 1.52% | $13,443,000 | 5.31% | $253,386,000 |
| 2000 | $154,467,000 | 55.12% | $100,329,000 | 35.80% | $14,293,000 | 5.10% | $3,746,000 | 1.34% | $7,413,000 | 2.65% | $280,248,000 |
| 2001 | $162,777,000 | 55.59% | $103,945,000 | 35.50% | $15,799,000 | 5.40% | $3,422,000 | 1.17% | $6,888,000 | 2.35% | $292,831,000 |
| 2002 | $165,928,000 | 56.23% | $106,825,000 | 36.20% | $12,612,000 | 4.27% | $3,119,000 | 1.06% | $6,586,000 | 2.23% | $295,070,000 |
| 2003 | $173,241,000 | 56.12% | $106,322,000 | 34.44% | $22,385,000 | 7.25% | $110,000 | 0.04% | $6,652,000 | 2.15% | $308,710,000 |
| 2004 | $181,684,000 | 56.32% | $110,753,000 | 34.33% | $23,282,000 | 7.22% | $101,000 | 0.03% | $6,787,000 | 2.10% | $322,607,000 |
| 2005 | $195,254,000 | 57.00% | $117,371,000 | 34.27% | $21,558,000 | 6.29% | $93,000 | 0.03% | $8,260,000 | 2.41% | $342,536,000 |
| 2006 | $210,937,000 | 59.74% | $114,714,000 | 32.49% | $19,579,000 | 5.55% | $84,000 | 0.02% | $7,775,000 | 2.20% | $353,089,000 |
| 2007 | $220,751,000 | 57.06% | $125,690,000 | 32.49% | $31,678,000 | 8.19% | $76,000 | 0.02% | $8,714,000 | 2.25% | $386,909,000 |
| 2008 | $225,981,000 | 57.90% | $134,823,000 | 34.54% | $20,383,000 | 5.22% | $67,000 | 0.02% | $9,046,000 | 2.32% | $390,300,000 |
| 2009 | $227,535,000 | 58.47% | $132,154,000 | 33.96% | $19,530,000 | 5.02% | $59,000 | 0.02% | $9,847,000 | 2.53% | $389,125,000 |
| 2010 | $226,447,000 | 58.19% | $133,256,000 | 34.24% | $19,275,000 | 4.95% | $50,000 | 0.01% | $10,125,000 | 2.60% | $389,153,000 |
| 2011 | $208,623,000 | 57.62% | $127,175,000 | 35.12% | $16,082,000 | 4.44% | $41,000 | 0.01% | $10,156,000 | 2.80% | $362,077,000 |
| 2012 | $203,265,000 | 53.68% | $128,589,000 | 33.96% | $36,251,000 | 9.57% | $32,000 | 0.01% | $10,495,000 | 2.77% | $378,632,000 |
| 2013 | $211,987,000 | 56.25% | $133,802,000 | 35.51% | $20,157,000 | 5.35% | $24,000 | 0.01% | $10,863,000 | 2.88% | $376,833,000 |
| Avg. | $171,485,476 | 55.14% | $107,138,286 | 34.91% | $19,206,286 | 6.26% | $1,407,714 | 0.55% | $9,169,762 | 3.14% | $308,407,524 |
Debt
The table below shows the amount of debt retired, issued, and outstanding in the district for each year.
| Debt | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Fiscal Year |
Retired | Issued | Outstanding |
| Click [show] on the right to display the debt data for prior years. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | $2,230,000 | $0 | $41,864,000 |
| 1994 | $3,000,000 | $0 | $38,864,000 |
| 1995 | $2,326,000 | $0 | $3,594,000 |
| 1996 | $5,574,000 | $66,354,000 | $70,411,000 |
| 1997 | $7,139,000 | $8,740,000 | $71,960,000 |
| 1998 | $7,911,000 | $13,557,000 | $77,606,000 |
| 1999 | $5,343,000 | $4,375,000 | $76,638,000 |
| 2000 | $6,279,000 | $0 | $70,359,000 |
| 2001 | $6,232,000 | $3,637,000 | $67,764,000 |
| 2002 | $6,718,000 | $0 | $61,046,000 |
| 2003 | $7,132,000 | $0 | $55,127,000 |
| 2004 | $157,000 | $0 | $54,970,000 |
| 2005 | $157,000 | $0 | $54,813,000 |
| 2006 | $157,000 | $0 | $54,656,000 |
| 2007 | $157,000 | $0 | $54,499,000 |
| 2008 | $157,000 | $0 | $54,342,000 |
| 2009 | $157,000 | $0 | $54,185,000 |
| 2010 | $157,000 | $0 | $54,028,000 |
| 2011 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| 2012 | $157,000 | $0 | $489,000 |
| 2013 | $157,000 | $0 | $332,000 |
| Avg. | $2,918,905 | $4,603,000 | $48,454,619 |
Teacher salaries[edit]
The following salary information was pulled from the district's teacher salary schedule. A salary schedule is a list of expected compensations based on variables such as position, years employed, and education level. It may not reflect actual teacher salaries in the district.
| Year | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|
| 2021-2022[8] | $42,932 | $108,129 |
Academic performance[edit]
Proficiency assessments[edit]
Each year, state and local education agencies use tests and other standards to assess student proficiency. Although the data below was published by the U.S. Department of Education, proficiency measurements are established by the states. As a result, proficiency levels are not comparable between different states and year-over-year proficiency levels within a district may not be comparable because states may change their proficiency measurements.[9]
Mathematics[edit]
The following table shows the percentage of district students who scored at or above the proficiency level each school year:[10]
| School year | All (%) | Asian/Pacific Islander (%) |
Black (%) | Hispanic (%) | Native American (%) |
Two or More Races (%) |
White (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-2019 | 71 | 90 | 64 | 71 | 70-79 | 82 | 86 |
| 2017-2018 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 2016-2017 | 62 | 76 | 56 | 67 | 55-59 | 69 | 73 |
| 2015-2016 | 71 | 91 | 63 | 76 | 85-89 | 80 | 84 |
| 2014-2015 | 71 | 89 | 64 | 76 | 80-84 | 80 | 84 |
| 2013-2014 | 61 | 82 | 52 | 65 | 65-69 | 71 | 78 |
| 2012-2013 | 56 | 78 | 47 | 62 | 60-64 | 67 | 75 |
| 2011-2012 | 53 | 75 | 44 | 59 | 55-59 | 65 | 73 |
| 2010-2011 | 77 | 89 | 71 | 80 | 85-89 | 82 | 88 |
Reading/language arts[edit]
The following table shows the percentage of district students who scored at or above the proficiency level each school year:[10]
| School year | All (%) | Asian/Pacific Islander (%) |
Black (%) | Hispanic (%) | Native American (%) |
Two or More Races (%) |
White (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-2019 | 66 | 85 | 57 | 69 | 70-79 | 78 | 84 |
| 2017-2018 | 70 | 87 | 62 | 71 | 70-79 | 79 | 86 |
| 2016-2017 | 71 | 87 | 63 | 73 | 75-79 | 81 | 85 |
| 2015-2016 | 69 | 85 | 61 | 72 | 75-79 | 78 | 84 |
| 2014-2015 | 67 | 83 | 59 | 70 | 70-74 | 76 | 83 |
| 2013-2014 | 60 | 79 | 51 | 64 | 65-69 | 68 | 78 |
| 2012-2013 | 60 | 79 | 50 | 66 | 75-79 | 71 | 80 |
| 2011-2012 | 80 | 90 | 75 | 83 | 85-89 | 87 | 91 |
| 2010-2011 | 79 | 89 | 74 | 83 | 80-84 | 84 | 90 |
Graduation rates[edit]
The following table shows the graduation rate of district students each school year:[10][11]
| School year | All (%) | Asian/Pacific Islander (%) |
Black (%) | Hispanic (%) | Native American (%) |
Two or More Races (%) |
White (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017-2018 | 78 | 90-94 | 73 | 75-79 | ≥50 | 80-84 | 88 |
| 2016-2017 | 77 | ≥90 | 72 | 70-74 | ≥50 | 75-79 | 87 |
| 2015-2016 | 80 | ≥90 | 76 | 75-79 | N/A | N/A | 89 |
| 2014-2015 | 76 | 80-89 | 70 | 70-74 | N/A | N/A | 87 |
| 2013-2014 | 75 | ≥90 | 69 | 75-79 | N/A | N/A | 84 |
| 2012-2013 | 73 | 80-89 | 66 | 80-84 | N/A | N/A | 82 |
| 2011-2012 | 71 | ≥90 | 65 | 80-84 | N/A | N/A | 81 |
| 2010-2011 | 68 | N/A | 64 | 80-84 | N/A | N/A | 74 |
Student enrollment[edit]
| Year[12] | Enrollment | Year-to-year change (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 2018-2019 | 30,087 | -2.2 |
| 2017-2018 | 30,776 | -2.1 |
| 2016-2017 | 31,425 | -2.2 |
| 2015-2016 | 32,148 | -0.4 |
| 2014-2015 | 32,290 | -1.0 |
| 2013-2014 | 32,618 | -0.8 |
| 2012-2013 | 32,887 | -1.7 |
| 2011-2012 | 33,461 | -1.0 |
| 2010-2011 | 33,787 | -0.7 |
| 2009-2010 | 34,011 | -1.2 |
| 2008-2009 | 34,431 | -1.8 |
| 2007-2008 | 35,063 | -1.5 |
| 2006-2007 | 35,610 | -1.1 |
| 2005-2006 | 36,014 | -0.7 |
| 2004-2005 | 36,250 | -1.3 |
| 2003-2004 | 36,724 | -0.1 |
| 2002-2003 | 36,745 | -0.7 |
| 2001-2002 | 37,006 | -0.9 |
| 2000-2001 | 37,349 | -0.3 |
| 1999-2000 | 37,465 | -1.0 |
| 1998-1999 | 37,852 | -0.3 |
| 1997-1998 | 37,964 | 0.8 |
| 1996-1997 | 37,672 | 2.5 |
| 1995-1996 | 36,771 | 0.8 |
| 1994-1995 | 36,479 | 0.1 |
| 1993-1994 | 36,450 | -1.7 |
| 1992-1993 | 37,065 | -0.7 |
| 1991-1992 | 37,323 | 2.1 |
| 1990-1991 | 36,541 | 0.3 |
| 1989-1990 | 36,428 | -0.7 |
| 1988-1989 | 36,690 | 1.1 |
| 1987-1988 | 36,304 | 0.6 |
| 1986-1987 | 36,084 | - |
About the district[edit]
Norfolk Public Schools is located in Norfolk, Virginia. It is classified as a mid-sized city school district by the National Center for Education Statistics. The district served 30,087 students during the 2018-2019 school year and comprised 52 schools.[13]
During the 2018-2019 school year, 72.5% of the district's students were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, 2.8% were English language learners, and 14.4% of students had an Individual Education Plan (IEP).[14]
| Racial Demographics, 2018-2019 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Race | Norfolk Public Schools (%) | Virginia K-12 students (%) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| Asian or Asian/Pacific Islander | 2.3 | 7.1 |
| Black | 58.9 | 22.2 |
| Hispanic | 10.2 | 16.2 |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Two or More Races | 6.5 | 5.7 |
| White | 21.4 | 48.4 |
Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.
Noteworthy events[edit]
2014-2018: School board transitions from appointed board to an elected board[edit]
In 2014, voters passed a referendum requiring an elected school board. The Norfolk City Council developed a plan to transition the School Board of the City of Norfolk from an appointed board to an elected board. The plan called for members to be elected by-district to four-year terms. Two seats were up for election in 2016 for a four-year term, and the other five seats were up for election in 2018 for four-year terms.[15] Beginning July 1, 2018, the school board became a fully elected body.[4]
Contact information[edit]
Norfolk Public Schools
800 E. City Hall Ave.
Norfolk, VA 23510
Phone: 757-670-3945
See also[edit]
| Virginia | School Board Elections | News and Analysis |
|---|---|---|
 |
 |
 |
|
|
External links[edit]
- Search Google News for this topic
- Norfolk Public Schools
- Virginia School Boards Association
- Virginia Department of Education
Footnotes[edit]
- ↑ Norfolk Public Schools, "Office of the Superintendent," accessed August 3, 2021
- ↑ The Virginian-Pilot, "Norfolk superintendent Melinda Boone resigns after 3 years on the job," June 5, 2019
- ↑ Norfolk Public Schools, "Dr. Melinda Boone, Superintendent," archived January 28, 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Norfolk Public Schools, "School Board," accessed August 3, 2021
- ↑ Norfolk Public Schools, "Norfolk City School Board Policies and Regulations, Section B: School Board Governance and Operations, Public Participation at School Board Meetings and Public Hearings," last revised April 21, 2021
- ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Public School System Finances: Historical Data," accessed December 1, 2015
- ↑ Norfolk Public Schools, "SY 2021-2022 Salaries and Wages," accessed August 3, 2021
- ↑ U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC: EDFacts, "State Assessments in Reading/Language Arts and Mathematics- School Year 2018-19 EDFacts Data Documentation," accessed February 25, 2021
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 To protect student privacy, percentages were reported as ranges for groups of 300 students or fewer. If five (5) or fewer students were included in a data set, the data was replaced by "PS."
- ↑ U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC: EDFacts, "Four-Year Adjusted-Cohort Graduation Rates - School Year 2017-18 EDFacts Data Documentation," accessed February 25, 2021
- ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "ElSi tableGenerator," accessed March 8, 2021
- ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Search for Public School Districts," accessed March 8, 2021
- ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey," accessed March 8, 2021
- ↑ The Virginian Pilot, "Two dozen candidates file for offices in Norfolk, Chesapeake," March 1, 2016
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