United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 2018

From Ballotpedia - Reading time: 42 min

General election

General election for U.S. Senate Pennsylvania

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bob_Casey__Jr._113th_Congress-7_fixed.jpg
Bob Casey Jr. (D)
 
55.7
 
2,792,437
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Lou-Barletta.PNG
Lou Barletta (R) Candidate Connection
 
42.6
 
2,134,848
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DaleKerns2018.jpg
Dale Kerns (L) Candidate Connection
 
1.0
 
50,907
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Neal_Gale_.jpg
Neal Gale (G) Candidate Connection
 
0.6
 
31,208

Total votes: 5,009,400
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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2022
2016
U.S. Senate, Pennsylvania
Ballotpedia Election Coverage Badge.png
Democratic primary
Republican primary
General election
Election details
Filing deadline: March 20, 2018
Primary: May 15, 2018
General: November 6, 2018

Pre-election incumbent:
Bob Casey, Jr. (Democrat)
How to vote
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Voting in Pennsylvania
Race ratings
Cook Political Report: Likely Democratic
Inside Elections: Solid Democratic
Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Democratic
Ballotpedia analysis
U.S. Senate battlegrounds
U.S. House battlegrounds
Federal and state primary competitiveness
Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2018
See also
U.S. Senate, Pennsylvania
U.S. Senate1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th7th (special)15th (special)18th (special)
Pennsylvania elections, 2018
U.S. Congress elections, 2018
U.S. Senate elections, 2018
U.S. House elections, 2018

Voters in Pennsylvania elected one member to the U.S. Senate in the election on November 6, 2018.

The election filled the Class 1 Senate seat held by Bob Casey, Jr. (D). He was first elected in 2006.

This page covered the general election in this race. Click here to read more about the Democratic Party primary election. Click here to read more about the Republican Party primary election.


Candidates and election results[edit]

See also: Statistics on U.S. Congress candidates, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. Senate Pennsylvania

Incumbent Bob Casey Jr. defeated Lou Barletta, Dale Kerns, and Neal Gale in the general election for U.S. Senate Pennsylvania on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bob_Casey__Jr._113th_Congress-7_fixed.jpg
Bob Casey Jr. (D)
 
55.7
 
2,792,437
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Lou-Barletta.PNG
Lou Barletta (R) Candidate Connection
 
42.6
 
2,134,848
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DaleKerns2018.jpg
Dale Kerns (L) Candidate Connection
 
1.0
 
50,907
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Neal_Gale_.jpg
Neal Gale (G) Candidate Connection
 
0.6
 
31,208

Total votes: 5,009,400
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Pennsylvania

Incumbent Bob Casey Jr. advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Pennsylvania on May 15, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bob_Casey__Jr._113th_Congress-7_fixed.jpg
Bob Casey Jr.
 
100.0
 
752,008

Total votes: 752,008
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. Senate Pennsylvania

Lou Barletta defeated Jim Christiana in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate Pennsylvania on May 15, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Lou-Barletta.PNG
Lou Barletta Candidate Connection
 
63.0
 
433,312
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/JimChristiana.jpg
Jim Christiana
 
37.0
 
254,118

Total votes: 687,430
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates


Endorsements[edit]


Key votes[edit]

Key votes cast by Casey[edit]

Sen. Bob Casey, Jr. (D-Pa.) cast the following key votes—votes that help citizens understand where their legislators stand on major policy issues—during the 115th Congress, which convened on January 3, 2017, and adjourned on January 3, 2019.

Race ratings[edit]

Race ratings: U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania, 2018
Race trackerRace ratings
October 30, 2018October 23, 2018October 16, 2018October 9, 2018
The Cook Political ReportLikely DemocraticLikely DemocraticLikely DemocraticLikely Democratic
Inside Elections with Nathan L. GonzalesSolid DemocraticLikely DemocraticLikely DemocraticLikely Democratic
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal BallSafe DemocraticSafe DemocraticSafe DemocraticSafe Democratic
Note: Ballotpedia updates external race ratings every two weeks throughout the election season.

Noteworthy events[edit]

Brett Kavanaugh confirmation vote[edit]

See also: Supreme Court vacancy, 2018: An overview

On October 6, 2018, the U.S. Senate voted to confirm the nomination of Judge Brett Kavanaugh to the U.S. Supreme Court. Fifty senators voted to confirm Kavanaugh's nomination, 48 voted against, and Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) voted present. A simple majority was required to confirm Kavanaugh.[43]

Casey voted against Kavanaugh's confirmation. He said in a statement, "Judge Kavanaugh’s confirmation further stacks the Supreme Court in favor of corporate special interests who already have far too much power. This is now a Supreme Court by and for the corporate right. As a result, workers, those with pre-existing conditions, individuals with disabilities and ordinary Americans seeking their day in court are more likely to be deprived of equal justice under law."[44]

Barletta said in a statement, "I applaud the United States Senate for confirming Justice Brett Kavanaugh in the face of unprecedented partisan attacks. The Senators who voted in favor of Justice Kavanaugh’s nomination stood up for civility and due process against shameful threats and smear tactics by Democratic Senators."[45]

2016 Pivot Counties[edit]

See also: Pivot Counties and Congressional districts intersecting with Pivot Counties

Pennsylvania features five congressional districts that, based on boundaries adopted after the 2010 census, intersected with one or more Pivot Counties. These 206 Pivot Counties voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012.

The 206 Pivot Counties are located in 34 states. Iowa, with 31, had the most such counties. Heading into the 2018 elections, the partisan makeup of the 108 congressional districts intersecting with Pivot Counties was more Republican than the partisan breakdown of the U.S. House. Of the 108 congressional districts that had at least one Pivot County, 63 percent were held by a Republican incumbent, while 55.4 percent of U.S. House seats were won by a Republican in the 2016 elections.[46]

Campaign finance[edit]

The chart below contains data from financial reports submitted to the Federal Election Commission.

Name Party Receipts* Disbursements** Cash on hand Date
Bob Casey Jr. Democratic Party $21,790,926 $21,412,915 $488,018 As of December 31, 2018
Lou Barletta Republican Party $7,407,079 $7,760,182 $44,356 As of December 31, 2018
Neal Gale Green Party $882 $866 $15 As of December 31, 2018
Dale Kerns Libertarian Party $214,703 $202,163 $0 As of December 6, 2018

Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2018. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).

* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee."
** According to the FEC, a disbursement "is a purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit or gift of money or anything of value to influence a federal election," plus other kinds of payments not made to influence a federal election.


Campaign themes[edit]

Democratic Party Bob Casey Jr.[edit]

Casey's campaign website stated the following:

Bob has dedicated his career to serving the people of Pennsylvania, and has the record to prove it

From legislation cracking down on terrorists’ financing to a law that makes it easier for small businesses to expand, Bob has a wide range of accomplishments for the people of Pennsylvania. He knows that too many families have been left behind, and is committed to bringing good jobs to Pennsylvania and to raising wages.

[47]

—Bob Casey’s campaign website (2018)[48]

Republican Party Lou Barletta[edit]

Barletta's campaign website stated the following:

Saving Taxpayer Money
As Chairman of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management, Lou has saved taxpayers nearly $4 billion by implementing a policy to move federal agencies into smaller spaces, cutting waste, and forcing them to negotiate long-term leases. Lou has also supported a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution to help get America’s fiscal house in order.

Protecting Volunteer Firefighters and First Responders
Lou successfully led the push to exempt volunteer firefighters and first responders from Obamacare’s Employer Mandate, which would have forced fire departments across Pennsylvania and the United States to close. For his efforts, Lou received the National Volunteer Fire Council’s “Legislator of the Year” Award.

Leading the Fight Against Illegal Immigration
Lou has held Congressional leadership accountable on illegal immigration. He led the fight in the House against President Obama’s unconstitutional executive amnesty; continually introduced and advocated for legislation to cut off all federal funding to sanctuary cities; introduced legislation to make overstaying a visa a criminal offense; and co-sponsored legislation to levy a two percent fee on wire transfers sent south of our border and use that revenue to pay for the southern border wall.

Finding Solutions to the Opioid Crisis
Pennsylvania is one of the states hit hardest by the opioid crisis, and Lou has made combating drug addiction and abuse one of his top priorities. Lou has repeatedly voted to support increased opioid overdose prevention and monitoring efforts, as well as efforts to stop the flow of drugs into our country. Lou was one of only 35 House members to serve on a conference committee with the Senate to negotiate comprehensive legislation addressing our nation’s heroin and opioid crisis. That bill, which was signed into law, included Lou’s legislation protecting babies born addicted to drugs.

Stopping Waste, Fraud, and Abuse
Lou introduced, and passed through the House, legislation requiring the federal government to verify a person’s eligibility for health care tax credits before the money goes out the door, a loophole that allowed $750 million in taxpayer-funded subsidies to go to more than 500,000 people who did not qualify for those benefits.

Standing up for Life
Lou is pro-life and believes that innocent life should be protected at every stage of development. Lou has a 100 percent voting record from the National Right to Life and has been endorsed for the United State Senate by CatholicVote.org, one of the nation’s largest grassroots pro-life, family values organizations. Lou has consistently co-sponsored and voted for legislation protecting the sanctity of life, including: the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act, banning abortions after 20 weeks; the Defund Planned Parenthood Act, which denies funding to the nation’s largest abortion provider; the Life at Conception Act; and the Heartbeat Protection Act, among others. Lou supports the restoration of legal protection for innocent human life and opposes the efforts of some to increase or expand the protection or establishment of legal euthanasia, abortion, and human cloning.

Rescuing Vital After-School Programs
Lou was the only member of the House of Representatives, from either party, to receive the Congressional Voice for Children Award from the National Parent Teacher Association for his work in support of after-school programs, such as the successful SHINE (Schools and Homes in Education) program in Carbon, Luzerne, and Schuylkill counties. Lou worked across the aisle with Democratic state Sen. John Yudichak to expand the SHINE after-school program to Luzerne County and rescued federal funding for the 21st Century Community Learning Centers Program, which provides half of SHINE’s funding.

Supporting the 2nd Amendment
As a gun owner, Lou supports law-abiding Americans’ 2nd Amendment right to keep and bear arms. He continues to support common-sense measures to prevent criminals from obtaining firearms, while protecting the rights of law-abiding gun owners. He supported common-sense measures like the Fix NICS bill and President Trump’s action against bump stocks.

Championing Job Programs
A former small business owner in the road construction industry, Lou understands the need to train our workers with the skills necessary to fill in-demand, family-sustaining jobs. As a member of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce, Lou has helped to shape vital legislation providing support for career and technical education programs. Lou will continue to champion the trades as a way to bridge the skills gap in our workforce and provide a pathway forward for our nation in an increasingly globally competitive economy.

As a co-Chair of the Congressional Job Corps Caucus, Lou also protected funds for the Job Corps program from impending cuts. His persistence earned a commitment from Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta to defend the program and work with the caucus to improve and strengthen the program.

Defending Israel and the Jewish Community
Lou is a staunch and vocal defender of Israel and the Jewish community. Lou has fought for American victims of terror attacks by the Palestinian Authority; led efforts to fund Homeland Security grants for non-profit organizations; authorized legislation making synagogues and churches are eligible for disaster assistance funding; and urged the Department of Homeland Security to investigate bomb threats against Jewish Community Centers.

Lou also supported bills to condemn terrorist attacks and hostility toward Israel; punish Iran, Hezbollah, and Hamas; prohibit U.S. taxpayer assistance to the Palestinian Authority until they stop rewarding terrorists and their families when they kill Israelis and Americans; and, provide U.S. foreign assistance to Israel, particularly the annual security assistance funding, including support for Iron Dome and David's Sling.

Lou remains an outspoken opponent of the disastrous Iran Deal, which gave Iran, the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism, access to $100 billion dollars, paved the way for Iran to eventually achieve nuclear weapons capability, and puts the existence of Israel at risk.

Promoting Fair Trade for American Workers
Lou has consistently fought to ensure that American products are sold around the world in a competitive market, with a level playing field that protects American jobs. Lou opposed the flawed Trans-Pacific Partnership and praised President Trump’s decision to pull out of it. Lou also successfully fought to include protections for American workers as part of the Trade Promotion Authority Act, which allows the United States to compete with countries like China to sell our products around the world. Lou made sure that the final agreement prevented foreign workers from taking American jobs, took strong action to stop currency manipulation, and ensured that America would go after countries that cheat. For his leadership to strengthen laws against Chinese dumping of steel and to ensure laws against unfair trade are strictly enforced, Lou was named a “2015 Congressional Steel Champion” by the American Iron and Steel Institute.

[47]

—Lou Barletta’s campaign website (2018)[49]

Libertarian Party Dale Kerns[edit]

Kerns' campaign website stated the following:

Abortion
I am pro-life and believe that the issue of abortion should not be decided at the federal level as it is now, but instead left to the states to decide.

Historically, most criminal matters (including murder) have been decided at the state level, and abortion should be no different. No federal mandate can adequately gauge the interests of 330 million people.

The principles of liberty and pursuit of happiness are useless without first protecting life. In order to reduce abortion, the easiest initial solution is to incentivize private businesses, schools, and charities to increase sex education and access to birth control. Even in states where abortion remains, it ought to be safe, legal, and most importantly, rare.

The biggest driver of abortion is overwhelmingly poverty. To this end, the abortion issue is entangled with economic outcomes, particularly in impoverished urban areas. If abortion is to become rare or obsolete, we must first work toward establishing economic opportunity zones for those who are too often overlooked by our current economic system, including those of color. This would include reform of regulations and taxes levied on small businesses which prevent employers from taking on new hires. Americans overwhelmingly want to contribute to our economy, and we should give them that opportunity.

Another important issue linked to abortion is the freedom of religion. Many religious beliefs speak against abortion, and as a central tenet of American liberty, no person should be forced to finance abortions with their tax dollars. Those who wish to peacefully protest in front of abortion clinics should be afforded that opportunity, as proscribed in the First Amendment.

As your United States Senator, I will vote for judges who will overturn Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey so that the issue of abortion can return to the state level. I will also vote to defund Planned Parenthood so that no one is required to send their money to an institution that performs a procedure which they find morally objectionable.

Immigration
No matter the era, our greatness has come from those who have risked it all to enter the United States and create an American Dream for themselves and their families.

The current immigration system is completely broken. Over 11 million immigrants live in the shadows, undocumented and afraid of what their futures might hold. Rather than castigating or demonizing these would-be Americans, we ought to welcome them into our communities and allow them to live peacefully among us, just as we have done in prior generations.

Contrary to what some may believe, immigrants (including those who are undocumented) commit less crime than those who are native-born. They also take less in government benefits than they pay into the system. In addition to the positive effect these immigrants have on the prices of services and goods, American citizens benefit greatly from increased levels of immigration.

The easiest way to solve the problem of illegal immigration is simple: make it easier to immigrate legally. A century ago, many of our ancestors came to Ellis Island with little but hopes and dreams. Following a criminal background check and disease check, they were allowed in with few questions asked. Today, those who wish to immigrate face a labyrinth of bureaucracy which stands in their way. In a best-case scenario, these immigrants can come into the country in five years. In other cases, it can be more than a decade. It’s time for us to return to the system of free immigration which our great-grandparents enjoyed.

As your United States Senator, I will fight for immigration reform which allows entry to those who wish to contribute to our economy and help their families. I will present a plan which expands immigration visas and green cards while simplifying the current system so that anyone who yearns for the American Dream can attain it.

Free Trade
Free trade is a fundamental centerpiece of an economy which brings the best goods and services to consumers.

Tariffs are nothing but another way of levying taxes on those who can least afford them. When other countries decide to trade their goods at cheaper rates, there is no losing involved. The middle-class benefits immensely, as they can buy items they may not have been able to before. Those in the U.S. which cannot compete can relocate their resources so as to be more efficient, and all sides benefit.

Every country is in different stages of economic development, and specializes in different areas. By allowing for each nation to pick different facets, the world economy efficiently allocates its resources in a way which best utilizes the talents of everyone.

The most immediately noticeable benefit of trade throughout history is that it is the surest guarantee for peace. Simply put, when countries see the benefit in exchanging goods, they almost quickly realize the folly of engaging in armed combat against one another. By reaching and trading with as many nations as possible, the United States breaks out of the failed policy of isolationism which too often leads to war.

As your United States Senator, I will vote against any tariffs or protectionist schemes, all of which only harm average Americans at the expense of wealthy elites. I will vote for any programs which expand trade among nations. When it comes to trade agreements, I will engage in vetting of the proposals to ensure that they are indeed promoting free trade and not a corrupt cronyist scheme.

Foreign Policy
American foreign policy should prioritize national defense without needlessly meddling in other countries’ affairs.

Every year, the United States government uses the valor and heroism of thousands of young Americans to send them to engage in missions without American interests in mind. Many return home without limbs or other body parts. Far too many more lose their lives in wars without any clear goals. Perhaps most tragic of all is those who return to their communities with the invisible injury of PTSD, which can plague them for the rest of their lives. After their sacrifice, the government offers the lowest and poorest quality care at the VA, where many have died waiting for medical attention.

Though not nearly as important as the human toll, the economic toll of foreign adventurism has made its mark. The U.S. currently spends more on the military than the next eight world countries combined. If this were being used responsibly to defend our citizens, perhaps it could be considered reasonable. However, as with nearly all government programs, the military budget is riddled with waste and bureaucracy.

Further, the proliferation of the American military has led to an unnecessary presence around the world, with the U.S. holding an absurd 800 military bases in 70 countries. Too often, this continuous presence creates resentment among those in the nations where the U.S. is stationed, giving a propaganda tool to radical groups. This is of particular concern in the many nations where the U.S. government has toppled secular dictators, leaving a power vacuum. These troops should not be put in harm’s way any longer. Absent a significant, important national security reason, these military bases should be closed and these American heroes should be allowed to come home to their families.

As your United States Senator, I will make sure that any declarations of war are voted on by the Congress, as proscribed in the Constitution. I will also ensure that any military missions which continue forward are given a clear, articulable mission and exit strategy before they begin. I will vote against any effort to restart or expand the military draft and will vote to reform the VA system and give our veterans the quality healthcare they deserve.

Economy and Jobs
Americans work hard for their paychecks, and the federal government has no right to take their hard-earned money to pay for frivolous and needless projects.

The current federal tax code is thousands of pages of bureaucracy laced with loopholes for the biggest corporations. While the wealthiest have the resources to hire attorneys and accountants to find every advantage possible, everyday Americans struggle. The code is so complicated that not many citizens can ever be truly confident that they have correctly completed their tax returns. We must simplify this system so that Americans can more easily complete their taxes. This includes eliminating the IRS, abolishing the federal income tax, and transitioning into a consumption tax which is fair and treats all Americans equally.

A less visible tax is the one which is levied through inflation. Since the founding of the Federal Reserve in 1913, the U.S. dollar has lost 96% of its value. Through its influx of paper money which has no real value, the Fed has stolen money from the pockets of the poorest in our country so that elites can receive more government spending. This action by the Fed has also contributed immensely to ever-growing disparities of wealth between the rich and poor, and directly led to the Housing Crisis in 2008 with its arbitrary setting of interest rates.

Even with cuts in taxes, nothing will change if we do not address the issue of out-of-control spending. This begins with baseline budgeting, meaning that instead of the Washington status quo of simply cutting the rates of increase, our government must first freeze spending and then begin reductions from that point. Billions are wasted every year due to the inadequacies of government, and this has led to a $21 trillion deficit which we will be handing to our children.

As your United States Senator, I will bring fiscal restraint to Washington, D.C. It is immoral and irresponsible to shackle future generations with ever-growing debt. I will introduce legislation to drastically simplify our tax code and will also sponsor the “Audit the Fed” bill which has previously been introduced to the Senate floor. I will also most importantly vote to cut wasteful spending, and will not take any programs off the table when it comes to debt reduction.

War on Drugs
Since its inception, the War on Drugs has empowered hundreds of dangerous cartels, divided thousands of families, and wasted billions in taxpayer dollars.

When our friends and family face the painful struggle of addiction, government cannot solve that problem with more prisons, police, and punishment. Instead, we should shift our focus to solutions which incorporate compassion, community, and care.

Over the last 40 years, the United States has spent over $1 trillion in taxpayer dollars, only to see the federal prison population increase by nearly 800%. Nearly half of current federal prisoners are serving their sentences for drug offenses. The U.S. leads the world in incarceration rates, topping the draconian regimes of China and Russia combined.

In addition, the War on Drugs does not treat Americans equally. In spite of the fact that they use drugs at nearly the exact same rate, black Americans are six times more likely than white Americans to be imprisoned for drug crimes. Unquantifiable is the deterioration of trust between communities of color and police as governments have militarized and armed those in blue to fight a full-scale war on our own streets.

As your United States Senator, I will fight for a system which addresses addiction as the medical problem it is, rather than a criminal issue. I will end the federal prohibition on marijuana and work to create a system like in Portugal or Switzerland, where drug use is not romanticized, but those with substance issues are given requisite care and empathy in their battles to overcome addiction. Both those countries saw a sharp turn against addiction issues with their reforms, and I believe we can see the same.

The Democrats and Republicans always attempt to justify why they need to intervene in your life. They think they know what’s best for you. As your Senator, I will fight to defend your individual liberty. The government does not own you or your body — you do. The disastrous War on Drugs is a shining example of the pain and suffering that is caused when the government sticks their nose where it doesn’t belong.

On March 12, 2017, Dale held a town hall meeting to mark the beginning of a grassroots bill drafted by the people most affected by the War on Drugs. The “Addiction Is Not A Crime” bill was born on that day in celebration of Dale’s cousin Dan’s birthday. Dan died of an overdose in 2015.

Education
Decisions on education are perhaps the most important issues which any family must face.

The current system has completely failed students, teachers, and parents all across the country. The Department of Education has taken all of the power in deciding policies in schooling and put it into the hands of bureaucrats in Washington, rather than where it belongs: at our homes and in our local communities.

Across all federal departments, spending on K-12 education has risen to over $80 billion annually, and our nation spends more than nearly any other in this worthy endeavor. But what have we got to show for it? Despite imposing costly and difficult rules on state education programs, the Department of Education supplies only about 11 cents of every dollar each state spends on education.

Meanwhile, testing results have not improved, and students have felt the consequences. Families without the luxury to move their homes or pay for private education are trapped and forced to finance failing schools which provide sub-par services. This is prevalent nowhere more than in the poorest communities and in communities of color, where families long for the opportunity to send their children to schools where they can build better futures.

I propose that we return these important decisions to the people. It begins with abolishing the Department of Education and making education a decision which is made with a full selection of options at our disposal. Whether through private, parochial, public, charter, or home schooling, every child is unique and deserving of individualized education which works for them.

Rather than spending billions preparing students for new standardized tests which provide no real value, let’s create a market where different schools compete to innovate and revolutionize teaching methods.

As your United States Senator, I will propose legislation to grant to families the right for their tax dollars to attach to their children and have this funding follow these students to whichever school districts they find to be the best. There is no one-size-fits-all policy in schooling, and families have the right to find those programs which harness their children’s strengths and improve upon their weaknesses.

Health Care
Health care policy touches the lives of nearly every American, and for that reason, it must be treated as a priority.

The current system is broken, and has been for some time. The Affordable Care Act (better known as ObamaCare) hasn’t done much to help, and Democrats and Republicans cannot agree on any sort of solution. Even before ObamaCare, government intervention in the market immensely drove up prices, with only about 13 cents of each dollar spent on health care coming from the actual consumers. These subsidies, while seemingly beneficial, provide no incentive for providers to lower their prices, leading to out-of-control costs as insurance companies and government reap the rewards.

Also present in the health care market is protectionism and corruption produced by the FDA. By preventing new drugs and competitors from moving into the market, the status quo of higher prices and fewer options remains. It takes an average of 14 years and $1.4 billion for any potentially lifesaving medicine or treatment to navigate its way through the bureaucracy of the FDA. The FDA’s approval should be made advisory rather than compulsory.

At the heart of increased cost lies a very fundamental issue of third-party costs. Because health insurance is now used to pay for a large portion of health care costs, there is no incentive for suppliers to lower their prices. While prices have skyrocketed and quality has stagnated in recent decades, an exception is in Lasik eye surgery, which is not coincidentally not covered by health insurance. Because consumers and doctors must actually gauge the cost and worthiness of engaging in such a procedure, they have reason to provide a better and cheaper service.

As your United States Senator, I will reform our health care system so that it provides competition and quality for Americans. I will propose to change the tax treatment of employer-provided health insurance and expand Health Savings Accounts, so that insurance can become personal and portable, rather than provided at the whim of an employer. I will also promote for Americans the ability to purchase insurance across state lines so that companies cannot become cartels without competition. I would give seniors more options in Medicare by turning the program into vouchers supplied to each individual which they can then spend on private insurance. Lastly, I would allow the states more options in using their Medicaid funds through block grants, so that they can experiment to find the most effective ways to deliver care.

Second Amendment
The right to bear arms is one of the most important and fundamental rights in the U.S. Constitution, and its preservation is essential in promoting liberty.

Gun rights protect Americans against those who wish to do them harm. The impetus for the Second Amendment came during the Colonial era, when Americans wished to organize freely, but British soldiers soon declared their meeting “unlawful.” When the Americans again attempted to organize, and the British attempted to break up the meeting a second time, the Redcoats were surprised to find the colonists armed with muskets and instead retreated.

Gun control schemes in other countries too often depend upon violations of civil liberties and human rights. Whether it involves a supposed “gun buyback” or listing of those unfit to own guns, government must necessarily trample the rights of the lawful majority to enact their plans.

Every life lost due to gun violence is tragic. That does not justify suspending the rights of lawful gun owners. The issue of these outbursts, and particularly school shootings, ought to be centered around giving adequate treatment to those who are mentally ill, an overwhelming majority of whom do not engage in such heinous acts.

Giving mentally ill Americans attention does not mean stigmatizing this group by placing them on an arbitrary list or suspending their rights entirely. Instead, we ought to give these people the attention which they so often need, not just for their own sake, but for the sake of their peers.

As your United States Senator, I will protect the rights of gun owners. Each person is an individual and ought to be treated accordingly. With that in mind, we need to move toward solving the underlying root cause of the problem: mental health. Those who are crying out for help should receive the adequate resources before they do something which might harm themselves or others.

“I think the Constitution speaks for itself. Nowhere does it read, hunting, gun collection, or target shooting. It also doesn’t read magazines of a certain size, having to leave your gun at home, or a restriction of any kind. I would oppose any and all restrictions on the second amendment. ”

Career Politicians
For generations, we have watched two political parties hold our government hostage.

Despite the fact that nearly 80% of the country disapproves of the job Congress is doing, incumbents get re-elected 90% of the time. Democrats and Republicans gerrymander and maneuver to keep the status quo in place. Those in office care less about putting forward meaningful legislation and more about grandstanding and clinging to their positions of power.

Voters see it every election cycle. The in-party enters with grandiose predictions, claiming to enact its agenda and help all Americans. However, when push comes to shove, there is always an excuse. Like clockwork, when that party finally stretches the patience of its constituents past its limit, the opposing party promises that it will be different.

Of course, as the two teams point and blame one another for the state of politics, they agree on one thing: there are only two options. As is often the case, however, they are wrong again.

As your United States Senator, I will bring an independent and tempered voice to Washington. My allegiance will be not to any party boss, but rather to the people of Pennsylvania and the U.S. Constitution. I will vote with whichever Senators are working to advance liberty. As the first Libertarian Senator, I will be in a unique position to act as an intermediary between the parties and build coalitions which expand individual liberty.

Additionally, I pledge to serve only one term in the Senate, and will not accept a taxpayer-funded pension or healthcare. It is my hope that others will follow my example so that they may perform their jobs without worry about an endless number of future elections. After brief tenures in Washington, they can return to private life in their home states and again become valuable contributors to their communities. [47]

—Dale Kerns’ campaign website (2018)[50]

Green Party Neal Gale[edit]

Gale's campaign website stated the following:

Campaign advertisements[edit]

This section shows advertisements released in this race. Ads released by campaigns and, if applicable, satellite groups are embedded or linked below. If you are aware of advertisements that should be included, please email us.

Democratic Party Bob Casey[edit]

Support[edit]

"Stacie" - Casey campaign ad, released October 12, 2018
"Lisa" - Casey campaign ad, released October 13, 2018
"Amy" - Casey campaign ad, released October 13, 2018

Other 2018 statewide elections[edit]

See also: States with both gubernatorial and U.S. Senate elections in 2018

This race took place in one of twenty-two states that held elections for both governor and U.S. Senate in 2018.

A table of where these elections occurred, the names of incumbents prior to the 2018 elections, and links to our coverage of these races can be viewed by clicking "[show]" on the banner below:

Wave election analysis[edit]

See also: Wave elections (1918-2016)

The term wave election is frequently used to describe an election cycle in which one party makes significant electoral gains. How many seats would Republicans have had to lose for the 2018 midterm election to be considered a wave election?

Ballotpedia examined the results of the 50 election cycles that occurred between 1918 and 2016—spanning from President Woodrow Wilson's (D) second midterm in 1918 to Donald Trump's (R) first presidential election in 2016. We define wave elections as the 20 percent of elections in that period resulting in the greatest seat swings against the president's party.

Applying this definition to U.S. Senate elections, we found that Republicans needed to lose seven seats for 2018 to qualify as a wave election.

The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 10 U.S. Senate waves from 1918 to 2016. Click here to read the full report.

U.S. Senate wave elections
Year President Party Election type Senate seats change Senate majority[52]
1932 Hoover R Presidential -13 D (flipped)
1958 Eisenhower R Second midterm -12 D
1946 Truman D First midterm -10 R (flipped)
1980 Carter D Presidential -9 R (flipped)
2014 Obama D Second midterm -9 R (flipped)
1942 Roosevelt D Third midterm -8 D
2008 George W. Bush D Presidential -8 D
1926 Coolidge R First midterm[53] -7 R
1930 Hoover R First midterm -7 R
1986 Reagan R Second midterm -7 D (flipped)

Election history[edit]

2016[edit]

See also: United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 2016

The race for Pennsylvania's U.S. Senate seat was one of nine competitive battleground races in 2016 that helped Republicans keep control of the upper chamber after the November 8 general election. Incumbent Pat Toomey (R), who began serving in the Senate in 2011, defeated Katie McGinty (D), Edward Clifford III (L), and write-in candidate Everett Stern (I) in the general election.

Toomey ran his campaign separately from Donald Trump, and he did not tell people who he would vote for on Election Day. Toomey said, “You know, I’m not campaigning with Donald Trump. He’s running his campaign. I’m running mine.”[54][55][56]

Hillary Clinton, who campaigned with McGinty in October, criticized Toomey for not rejecting Trump as his party’s nominee. She said, “How much does he have to hear or to see? If he doesn’t have the courage to stand up against Donald Trump after all of this, then how will he stand up to special interests and powerful forces that are going to be trying to have their way in Washington?”[56]

Speaking about his campaign strategy, Toomey said, “I am convinced that Pennsylvania voters are going to make a complete separation in their minds. … There’s a presidential race going on, quite obviously, lots of attention, lots of focus, everybody’s got their opinion about it, and then there’s a totally separate thing happening in the Senate race — an incumbent senator most people know and an opponent. Totally separate campaign and totally separate judgment.”[56] Toomey stated on Election Day that he voted for Trump.[57]


U.S. Senate, Pennsylvania General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngPat Toomey Incumbent 48.8% 2,951,702
     Democratic Katie McGinty 47.3% 2,865,012
     Libertarian Edward Clifford 3.9% 235,142
Total Votes 6,051,856
Source: Pennsylvania Department of State


U.S. Senate, Pennsylvania Democratic Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngKatie McGinty 42.5% 669,774
Joe Sestak 32.6% 513,221
John Fetterman 19.5% 307,090
Joseph Vodvarka 5.4% 85,837
Total Votes 1,575,922
Source: Pennsylvania Department of State

2012[edit]

See also: United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania, 2012

Bob Casey Jr. won re-election to the United States Senate in 2012.

U.S. Senate, Pennsylvania General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Green check mark transparent.pngBob Casey Jr. Incumbent 53.7% 3,021,364
     Republican Tom Smith 44.6% 2,509,132
     Libertarian Rayburn Douglas Smith 1.7% 96,926
Total Votes 5,627,422
Source: Pennsylvania Department of State

State overview[edit]

Partisan control[edit]

This section details the partisan control of federal and state positions in Pennsylvania heading into the 2018 elections.

Congressional delegation[edit]

State executives[edit]

  • As of May 2018, Democrats held five of 11 state executive positions, while six were held by nonpartisan officials.
  • The governor of Pennsylvania was Democrat Tom Wolf.

State legislature[edit]

Trifecta status[edit]

  • Pennsylvania was under divided government, meaning that the two parties shared control of the state government. Tom Wolf (D) served as governor, while Republicans controlled the state legislature.

2018 elections[edit]

See also: Pennsylvania elections, 2018

Pennsylvania held elections for the following positions in 2018:

Demographics[edit]

Demographic data for Pennsylvania
 PennsylvaniaU.S.
Total population:12,791,904316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):44,7433,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:81.6%73.6%
Black/African American:11%12.6%
Asian:3.1%5.1%
Native American:0.2%0.8%
Pacific Islander:0%0.2%
Two or more:2.1%3%
Hispanic/Latino:6.4%17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:89.2%86.7%
College graduation rate:28.6%29.8%
Income
Median household income:$53,599$53,889
Persons below poverty level:15.9%11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Pennsylvania.
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

As of July 2017, Pennsylvania had a population of approximately 12,800,000 people, with its three largest cities being Philadelphia (pop. est. 1.6 million), Pittsburgh (pop. est. 300,000), and Allentown (pop. est. 120,000).[58][59]

State election history[edit]

This section provides an overview of federal and state elections in Pennsylvania from 2000 to 2016. All data comes from the Pennsylvania Department of State.

Historical elections[edit]

Presidential elections, 2000-2016[edit]

This chart shows the results of the presidential election in Pennsylvania every year from 2000 to 2016.

Election results (President of the United States), Pennsylvania 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Republican Party Donald Trump 48.6% Democratic Party Hillary Clinton 47.9% 0.7%
2012 Democratic Party Barack Obama 52.1% Republican Party Mitt Romney 46.7% 5.4%
2008 Democratic Party Barack Obama 54.7% Republican Party John McCain 44.3% 10.4%
2004 Democratic Party John Kerry 51.0% Republican Party George Bush 48.5% 2.5%
2000 Democratic Party Al Gore 50.6% Republican Party George Bush 46.4% 4.2%

U.S. Senate elections, 2000-2016[edit]

This chart shows the results of U.S. Senate races in Pennsylvania from 2000 to 2016. Every state has two Senate seats, and each seat goes up for election every six years. The terms of the seats are staggered so that roughly one-third of the seats are up every two years.

Election results (U.S. Senator), Pennsylvania 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2016 Republican Party Patrick Toomey 48.8% Democratic Party Katie McGinty 47.3% 1.5%
2012 Democratic Party Bob Casey 53.7% Republican Party Tom Smith 44.6% 9.1%
2010 Republican Party Patrick Toomey 51.0% Democratic Party Joe Sestak 49.0% 2.0%
2006 Democratic Party Bob Casey 58.7% Republican Party Rick Santorum 41.3% 17.4%
2004 Republican Party Arlen Specter 52.6% Democratic Party Joseph Hoeffel 42.0% 10.6%
2000 Republican Party Rick Santorum 52.4% Democratic Party Ron Klink 45.5% 6.9%

Gubernatorial elections, 2000-2016[edit]

This chart shows the results of the four gubernatorial elections held between 2000 and 2016. Gubernatorial elections are held every four years in Pennsylvania.

Election results (Governor), Pennsylvania 2000-2016
Year First-place candidate First-place candidate votes (%) Second-place candidate Second-place candidate votes (%) Margin of victory (%)
2014 Democratic Party Tom Wolf 54.9% Republican Party Thomas Corbett 45.1% 9.8%
2010 Republican Party Thomas Corbett 54.5% Democratic Party Dan Onorato 45.5% 9.0%
2006 Democratic Party Ed Rendell 60.4% Republican Party Lynn Swann 39.6% 20.8%
2002 Democratic Party Ed Rendell 53.4% Republican Party Mike Fisher 44.3% 9.1%

Congressional delegation, 2000-2016[edit]

This chart shows the number of Democrats and Republicans who were elected to represent Pennsylvania in the U.S. House from 2000 to 2016. Elections for U.S. House seats are held every two years.

Congressional delegation, Pennsylvania 2000-2016
Year Republicans Republicans (%) Democrats Democrats (%) Balance of power
2016 Republican Party 13 72.2% Democratic Party 5 27.8% R+8
2014 Republican Party 13 72.2% Democratic Party 5 27.8% R+8
2012 Republican Party 13 72.2% Democratic Party 5 27.8% R+8
2010 Republican Party 12 63.2% Democratic Party 7 36.8% R+5
2008 Republican Party 7 36.8% Democratic Party 12 63.2% D+5
2006 Republican Party 8 42.1% Democratic Party 11 57.9% D+3
2004 Republican Party 12 63.2% Democratic Party 7 36.8% R+5
2002 Republican Party 12 63.2% Democratic Party 7 36.8% R+5
2000 Republican Party 11 52.4% Democratic Party 10 47.6% R+1

Trifectas, 1992-2017[edit]

A state government trifecta occurs when one party controls both chambers of the state legislature and the governor's office.

Pennsylvania Party Control: 1992-2024
One year of a Democratic trifecta  •  Twelve years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Governor D D D R R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D R R R R D D D D D D D D D D
Senate R D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
House D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R D D


See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. The Philadelphia Tribune, "Kamala Harris stumps for Bob Casey in West Philadelphia," accessed July 16, 2018
  2. WITF, "VP Mike Pence to attend Barletta fundraiser in Philadelphia," accessed July 16, 2018
  3. Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment with an Amendment)," December 18, 2018
  4. Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 2)," December 11, 2018
  5. Senate.gov, "On the Nomination (Confirmation Brett M. Kavanaugh, of Maryland, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," October 6, 2018
  6. Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture Re: Brett M. Kavanaugh to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," October 5, 2018
  7. Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 2, As Amended)," June 28, 2018
  8. Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1959)," February 15, 2018
  9. Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1958 As Modified)," February 15, 2018
  10. Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1948)," February 15, 2018
  11. Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on Amdt. No. 1955)," February 15, 2018
  12. Senate.gov, "On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to the Consideration of S. 2311)," January 29, 2018
  13. Senate.gov, "On the Amendment (McConnell Amdt. No. 667)," July 28, 2017
  14. Senate.gov, "On the Amendment (Paul Amdt. No. 271 )," July 26, 2017
  15. Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Waive All Applicable Budgetary Discipline Re: Amdt. No. 270)," July 25, 2017
  16. Senate.gov, "On the Motion to Proceed (Motion to Proceed to H.R. 1628)," July 25, 2017
  17. U.S. Senate, "On the Nomination (Confirmation: Neil M. Gorsuch, of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 7, 2017
  18. U.S. Senate, "On the Cloture Motion (Upon Reconsideration, Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Nomination of Neil M. Gorsuch of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 6, 2017
  19. U.S. Senate, "On the Decision of the Chair (Shall the Decision of the Chair Stand as the Judgment of the Senate?)," April 6, 2017
  20. U.S. Senate, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Nomination of Neil M. Gorsuch, of Colorado, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States)," April 6, 2017
  21. Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 6157)," September 18, 2018
  22. Senate.gov, "On the Conference Report (Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 5895)," September 12, 2018
  23. Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H. R. 6157 As Amended)," August 23, 2018
  24. Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 5895 As Amended)," June 25, 2018
  25. Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1625)," March 23, 2018
  26. Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1892 with an Amendment (SA 1930))," February 9, 2018
  27. Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 695)," February 8, 2018
  28. Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment with Further Amendment)," January 22, 2018
  29. Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 195)," January 22, 2018
  30. Senate.gov, "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture: House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 195)," January 19, 2018
  31. Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1370)," December 21, 2017
  32. Senate.gov, "On the Motion to Recede from the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1 and Concur with Further Amendment ," December 20, 2017
  33. Senate.gov, "On the Joint Resolution (H.J. Res. 123)," December 7, 2017
  34. Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 1 As Amended )," December 2, 2017
  35. Senate.gov, "On the Concurrent Resolution (H. Con. Res. 71 As Amended)," October 19, 2017
  36. Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amdt. to the Senate Amdt. with an Amdt. No. 808 to H.R. 601)," September 7, 2017
  37. U.S. Senate, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 244)," May 4, 2017
  38. Senate.gov, "On the Joint Resolution (S.J. Res. 54, As Amended), December 13, 2018
  39. Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 2810 As Amended)," September 18, 2017
  40. The Hill, "Senate sends $692B defense policy bill to Trump's desk," November 15, 2017
  41. Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3364)," July 27, 2017
  42. Senate.gov, "On Passage of the Bill (S. 722 As Amended)," June 15, 2017
  43. New York Times, "Kavanaugh Is Sworn In After Close Confirmation Vote in Senate Video," October 6, 2018
  44. United States Senate, Bob Casey, "Casey: Supreme Court Now Further In Grip Of Corporate Special Interests," October 6, 2018
  45. CBS Pittsburgh, "Senate Confirms Brett Kavanaugh To Supreme Court In 50-48 Vote," October 6, 2018
  46. The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
  47. 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  48. Bob Casey’s campaign website, “Issues,” accessed November 1, 2018
  49. Lou Barletta’s campaign website, “Fighting For Us,” accessed November 1, 2018
  50. Dale Kerns’ campaign website, “Issues,” accessed November 1, 2018
  51. Neal Gale’s campaign website, “Issues,” accessed November 1, 2018
  52. Denotes the party that had more seats in the U.S. House following the election.
  53. Calvin Coolidge's (R) first term began in August 1923 after the death of President Warren Harding (R), who was first elected in 1920. Before he had his first midterm in 1926, Coolidge was re-elected as president in 1924.
  54. Real Clear Politics, "Pennsylvania: Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein," accessed October 24, 2016
  55. Real Clear Politics, "Pennsylvania Senate - Toomey vs. McGinty," accessed October 24, 2016
  56. 56.0 56.1 56.2 The Los Angeles Times, "A Republican Senator's strategy to save his seat in one of the country's tightest races: Avoid Trump," accessed October 24, 2016
  57. The New York Times, "Patrick Toomey Wins Re-election in Pennsylvania Senate Race," accessed November 11, 2016
  58. United States Census Bureau, "Quick Facts - Pennsylvania," accessed January 3, 2018
  59. Pennsylvania Demographics, "Pennsylvania Cities by Population," accessed January 3, 2018



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