Europe/Addendum

The states of Europe[edit]

This list doesn't include the following de facto independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Northern Cyprus, South Ossetia and Transnistria.

state (CIA & EIU links)	capital	official state language	area (km²)	population (2010)^[1]	European Union/ etc member	eurozone member	Council of Europe member	NATO member	GDP/head 2009 $ ^[2]	exports % GDP 2009 ^[3]	public debt % GDP 2009	unemploy- ment % 2009	IMF category ^[4]
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
Albania[2]	Tirana	Albanian	28,748	2,986,952	application submitted		CoE	NATO	8,373	29	58	12.8	E[3]
Andorra	Andorra la Vella	Catalan	468	84,525								7.0
Armenia[4] (edge of Europe)	Yerevan	Armenian	29,743	2,966,802	PCA^[5]			NATO			12	7.1	E[5]
Austria[6][7]	Vienna	German	83,871	8,214,160	EU S^[6]	€	CoE		38,363		66	4.8	A[8]
Azerbaijan [9][10] (edge of Europe)	Baku	Azeri	86,600	8,303,512	PCA^[5]		CoE		9,638	51		6.0	E[11]
Belarus[12][13]	Minsk	Belarussian	207,600	9,612,632					13,039	51		1.0	E[14]
Belgium[15][16]	Brussels	Dutch, French, German	30,528	10,423,493	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	36,249	73	101	7.9	A[17]
Bosnia and Herzegovina [18][19]	Sarajevo	Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian	51,197	4,621,598	potential candidate	€ peg^[7]	CoE		8,491	33	44	40	E[20]
Bulgaria[21][22]	Sofia	Bulgarian	110,879	7,148,78	EU	€ peg^[7]	CoE	NATO	13,332	48	15	9.1	E[23]
Croatia[24][25]	Zagreb	Croatian	56,594	4,486,881	EU		CoE	NATO	19,805	36	46	16	E[26]
Cyprus[27] (edge of Europe)	Nicosia	Greek, Turkish	9,251	1,102,677	EU	€	CoE				52	5.3	A[28]
Czechia[29][30]	Prague	Czech	78,867	10,201,707	EU S^[6]		CoE	NATO	25,232	70	34	8.1	A;[31]
Denmark[32][33]	Copenhagen	Danish	43,094	5,515,575	EU S^[6]	€ peg^[7]	CoE	NATO	36,762	48	42	4.3	A[34]
Estonia[35][36]	Tallinn	Estonian	45,228	1,291,170	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	19,451	71	7	13.8	E[37]
Finland[38][39]	Helsinki	Finnish, Swedish	338,145	5,255,068	EU S^[6]	€	CoE		34,720	37	40	8.2	A[40]
France[41][42]	Paris	French	551,500^[8] 643,427^[9]	62,814,233^[8] 64,768,389^[9]	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	33,655	23	78	9.1	A[43]
Georgia[44] (edge of Europe)	Tbilisi	Georgian	69,700	4,600,825	PCA^[5]		CoE		4,774	30			E[45]
Germany[46][47]	Berlin	German	357,022	82,282,988	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	36,267	41	73	7.5	A[48]
Greece[49][50]	Athens	Greek	131,957	10,749,943	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	29,663	19	113	9.4	A[51]
Hungary[52][53]	Budapest	Hungarian	93,028	9,992,339	EU S^[6]	€ peg^[7]	CoE	NATO	19,764		78	10	E[54]
Iceland[55][56]	Reykjavík	Icelandic	103,000	308,910	candidate EEA^[10] S^[6]		CoE	NATO	37,595	53	114	8.0	A[57]
Ireland[58][59]	Dublin	Irish, English	70,273	4,622,917	EU	€	CoE		41,278	89	65	11.8	A[60]
Italy[61][62]	Rome	Italian	301,340	58,090,681	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	31,909	24	116	7.8	A[63]
Kazakhstan [64][65] (edge of Europe)	Astana (in Asia)	Kazakh	2,724,900	15,460,484	PCA^[5]				11,509	52	14	6.3	E[66]
Kosovo[67][68]	Priština	Albanian, Serbian	10,887	1,815,048	potential candidate					41		16.6	[69]
Latvia[70][71]	Riga	Latvian	64,589	2,217,969	EU S^[6]	€ peg^[7]	CoE	NATO	15,413	42	37	17	E[72]
Liechtenstein[73]	Vaduz	German	160	35,002	EEA^[10]		CoE
Lithuania[74][75]	Vilnius	Lithuanian	65,300	3,545,319	EU S^[6]	€ peg^[7]	CoE	NATO	16,747		30	14	E[76]
Luxembourg[77]	Luxembourg	German/ Luxembourgish, French	2,586	497,538	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	^[11]	169		5.7	A[78]
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)[79]	Skopje	Macedonian	25,713	2,072,086	candidate		CoE		10,823	44		32	E[80]
Malta[81] (edge of Europe)	Valletta	Maltese, English	316	406,771	EU S^[6]	€	CoE				69	7.0	A[82]
Moldova[83]	Chișinău	Romanian (“Moldovan”)	33,851	4,317,483			CoE		2,854	37		3.1	E[84]
Monaco[85]	(city-sate)	French	2	30,586			CoE
Montenegro[86][87]	Podgorica	Serbian (“Montenegrin”)	13,812	666,730	candidate		CoE		13,292	33	38	15	E[88]
Netherlands[89][90]	The Hague, Amsterdam	Dutch	41,543	16,783,092	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	40,715	69	61	4.5	A[91]
Norway[92][93]	Oslo	Norwegian	323,802	4,676,305	EEA^[10] S^[6]		CoE	NATO	55,672	42	50	3.2	A[94]
Poland[95][96]	Warsaw	Polish	312,685	38,463,689	EU S^[6]	€ peg^[7]	CoE	NATO	19,059	39	46	11	E[97]
Portugal[98][99]	Lisbon	Portuguese	92,090	10,735,765	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	24,569	28	77	9.5	A[100]
Romania[101][102]	Bucharest	Romanian	238,391	21,959,278	EU		CoE	NATO	14,199	33	24	7.8	E[103]
Russia[104][105] (edge of Europe)	Moscow	Russian	17,098,242	139,390,205			CoE		18,962	28		8.4	E[106]
San Marino	City of San Marino	Italian	61	31,477			CoE
Serbia[107]	Belgrade	Serbian	77,474	7,344,847^[12]	application submitted		CoE		11,719	27	31	17	E[108]
Slovakia[109][110]	Bratislava	Slovakian	49,035	5,470,306	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	22,356	99	36	11	A[111]
Slovenia[112][113]	Ljubljana	Slovenian	20,273	2,003,136	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	27,004	59	31	9.2	A[114]
Spain[115][116]	Madrid	Spanish	505,370	46,505,963	EU S^[6]	€	CoE	NATO	32,545	23	53	18	A[117]
Sweden[118][119]	Stockholm	Swedish	450,295	9,074,055	EU S^[6]		CoE		37,905	42	42	8.3	A[120]
Switzerland[121][122]	Bern	German, French, Italian, Romansh	41,277	7,623,438	EFTA^[13]	S^[6]	CoE		45,117	52	41	3.7	A[123]
Turkey[124][125] (edge of Europe)	Ankara	Turkish	783,562	77,804,122	candidate		CoE	NATO	13,885	23	46	14	E[126]
Ukraine[127][128]	Kiev	Ukrainian	603,550	45,415,596	PCA^[5]		CoE		6,317	46		8.8	A[129]
United Kingdom[130]	London	English	243,610	62,348,447	EU		CoE	NATO	36,496	28	68	7.5	A[131]
Vatican City	(city-state, inside Rome)	Italian, Latin	0.44	829

The languages of Europe[edit]

The following list presents the current, autochthonous languages of Europe, classified by language families and listed according to scientific surveys^[14] (even if some authorities may differ on some points from the tabulation here). Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not listed here. Each table matches with a lower range language family. Languages are presented in a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.

Basque language[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Basque	Spain, France	Spain (R)	endangered

Indo-European languages[edit]

Celtic languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Irish	Ireland, United Kingdom	Ireland	endangered
Scottish Gaelic	United Kingdom	United Kingdom (R)	endangered
Manx	Isle of Man		endangered
Welsh (Cymric)	United Kingdom	United Kingdom (R)	endangered
Cornish	United Kingdom		endangered
Breton	France		endangered

Germanic languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Icelandic	Iceland	Iceland
Faroese	Faroe Islands	Faroe Islands (R)
Norwegian	Norway	Norway
Swedish	Sweden, Finland	Sweden, Finland
Danish	Denmark, Sweden	Denmark	(endangered in Sweden)
English	United Kingdom	United Kingdom, Ireland
Frisian	Netherlands, Germany		endangered
Dutch (Netherlandic)	Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany	Netherlands, Belgium
Low German (Low Saxon, Saxon)	Germany, Netherlands		endangered
German (High German)	Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France	Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R)	(endangered in France)
Yiddish	scattered across Central Europe		endangered

Romance languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Galician-Portuguese	Portugal, Spain	Portugal, Spain (R)	(endangered in Spain)
Asturian-Leonese	Spain, Portugal	Portugal (R)	endangered
Spanish (Castilian)	Spain	Spain
Aragonese	Spain		endangered
Catalan	Spain, France, Andorra, Italy	Andorra, Spain (R)	endangered
Occitan (Lenga d'Òc, Provençal)	France, Italy, Spain, Monaco	Spain (R)	endangered
Francoprovençal (Arpitan)	France, Switzerland, Italy		endangered
French (Langue d'Oïl)	France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands	France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco	(endangered in the Channel Islands)
Romansh	Switzerland	Switzerland	endangered
Ladin	Italy		endangered
Friulian	Italy		endangered
Northern Italian (Padanian)	Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia		endangered
Italian	Italy	Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
Corsican	France, Italy		endangered
Sardinian	Italy		endangered
Romanian	Romania, Moldova, Balkans	Romania, Moldova

Baltic languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Latvian	Latvia	Latvia
Lithuanian	Lithuania	Lithuania

Slavic languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Sorbian (Lusatian)	Germany	Germany (R)	endangered
Kashubian	Poland		endangered
Polish	Poland	Poland
Czech	Czechia	Czechia
Slovakian	Slovakia	Slovakia
Belarussian	Belarus, Russia	Belarus	endangered
Ukrainian	Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia	Ukraine
Russian	Russia	Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
Slovenian	Slovenia, Italy, Austria	Slovenia	(endangered in Italy and Austria)
Croatian (Serbo-Croatian)	Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina	Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian (Serbo-Croatian)	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) (including Montenegrin)	Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia	Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
Macedonian (Slavomacedonian)	Republic of Macedonia, Greece	Republic of Macedonia	(endangered in Greece)
Bulgarian	Bulgaria, Greece	Bulgaria	(endangered in Greece)

Albanian[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Albanian	Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece	Albania, Kosovo	(endangered in Greece)

Greek[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Greek (Hellenic)	Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Turkey	Greece, Albania	(endangered in Albania, Turkey and Northern Cyprus)

Indo-Iranian languages[edit]

Iranian languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status))	vitality
Ossetic	Russia, South Ossetia	South Ossetia	endangered
Zaza	Turkey		endangered
Kurdish	Turkey		endangered

Indo-Aryan languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Romany (Romani, Gypsy, Gipsy)	scattered across Europe		endangered

Armenian[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Armenian	Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey	Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh	(endangered in Turkey)

Afro-Asiatic languages[edit]

Semitic languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Maltese	Malta	Malta
Arabic	Turkey		(endangered in Turkey)
Aramaic	Turkey		endangered

Uralic languages[edit]

Finno-Ugric languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Sami (Lappish)	Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia		endangered
Finnish (including Karelian)	Finland, Russia, Sweden	Finland	(endangered in Russia and Sweden)
Estonian	Estonia	Estonia
Livonian	Latvia		endangered
Veps	Russia		endangered
Komi	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Udmurt	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Mari	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Erza	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Moksha	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Hungarian (Magyar)	Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia	Hungary	(endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)

Samoyedic languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Nenets	Russia		endangered

Altaic languages[edit]

Turkic languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Turkish	Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria	Turkey, Cyprus	(endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
Gagauz	Moldova, Ukraine	Moldova (R)	endangered
Chuvash	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Crimean Tatar	Ukraine		endangered
Volga Tatar (Kazan Tatar)	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Bashkort (Bashkir)	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Kumyk	Russia		endangered
Karachay-Balkar	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Nogay	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Azeri (Azerbaijani)	Azerbaijan, Iran	Azerbaijan

Mongolian[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Mongolian (including Kalmyk)	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered

North Caucasian languages[edit]

The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.

Northwest Caucasian languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Abkhaz-Abaza	Abkhazia, Russia	Abkhazia	endangered
Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian)	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered

Northeast Caucasian languages[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Chechen	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Ingush	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
many languages of Daghestan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc.	Russia, Azerbaijan	(R) (for some of them)	endangered

Kartvelian languages (South Caucasian languages)[edit]

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Georgian	Georgia	Georgia
Svan	Georgia		endangered
Mingrelian	Georgia		endangered
Laz	Turkey, Georgia		endangered

Footnotes[edit]

↑ Estimation in 2010 according to The World Factbook (CIA)
↑ At purchasing power parity rates[1]
↑ Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), World Bank, 2010
↑ A = advanced, E = developing and emerging
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Has a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the EU
↑ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 ^6.16 ^6.17 ^6.18 ^6.19 ^6.20 ^6.21 ^6.22 ^6.23 ^6.24 Schengen agreement member
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ^7.6 Non-member with currency pegged to the euro
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Without overseas regions.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 With overseas regions.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Member of the European Economic Area
↑ The published GDP/head figure for Luxembourg is misleading because much of its output if produced by foreign commutors
↑ Without Kosovo.
↑ Member of the European Free Trade Association (with Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway)
↑ See, for example: BADIA I CAPDEVILA Ignasi (2002) Diccionari de les llengües d’Europa, coll. Diccionaris temàtics, Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana.

[1] Estimation in 2010 according to The World Factbook (CIA)

[2] At purchasing power parity rates[1]

[3] Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), World Bank, 2010

[4] A = advanced, E = developing and emerging

[PCA-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 Has a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the EU

[S-6] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 ^6.12 ^6.13 ^6.14 ^6.15 ^6.16 ^6.17 ^6.18 ^6.19 ^6.20 ^6.21 ^6.22 ^6.23 ^6.24 Schengen agreement member

[peg-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ^7.6 Non-member with currency pegged to the euro

[withoutov-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Without overseas regions.

[withov-9] 9.0 ^9.1 With overseas regions.

[EEA-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Member of the European Economic Area

[11] The published GDP/head figure for Luxembourg is misleading because much of its output if produced by foreign commutors

[12] Without Kosovo.

[13] Member of the European Free Trade Association (with Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway)

[14] See, for example: BADIA I CAPDEVILA Ignasi (2002) Diccionari de les llengües d’Europa, coll. Diccionaris temàtics, Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana.

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