Power (physics)

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In physics, power is the rate of producing or consuming energy. It is also the rate of doing work. The watt (W), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt), is the SI unit for power and is defined as 1 Joule/second. Many products are rated by their ability to generate or use power. Household lightbulbs are usually rated in the 40-120 W range, as are many stereo systems. In the automotive industry, power is often expressed in units of horsepower, which is equivalent to 746 W or 550 ft•lbf/sec.

Mechanical power[edit]

Mechanical power is the rate at which work is done on an object. By the work-energy theorem, this is equivalent to the rate at which the object's kinetic energy changes. (The work-energy theorem states that the change in an object's kinetic energy is equal to the net work done on the object.)

Electrical power[edit]

In direct current (DC) electronic circuits, in which a current I is flowing through a resistor R, and experiencing a voltage drop V, the power consumption can be expressed as I²R, VI or V²/R.

Calculating the power of AC circuits is more complex because both the voltage and the current are a function of time.

Given a sinusoidal time-dependent voltage, v(t) = V₀sin(wt), or current i(t)= V₀sin(wt)/R = I₀sin(wt), the instaneous power p(t) at any time is given by:

Instantaneous AC power: p(t) = I₀²Rsin²(wt).

The instantaneous power is of little use in most applications, so AC power is usually represented as a power averaged over time.

${\displaystyle P_{av}={\frac {1}{T}}\int {p(t)}dt={\frac {1}{T}}\int {v(t)i(t)dt}}$

  ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{T}}\int {(V_{0}sin(wt))({\frac {V_{0}sin(wt)}{R}})}dt}$

  ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{T}}{\frac {V_{\mathrm {0} }^{2}}{R}}\int {sin(wt)sin(wt)}dt={\frac {V_{\mathrm {0} }^{2}}{2R}}}$

Since for a sinusoidal voltage, the rooot-mean-square power, V_rms is defined as

${\displaystyle V_{rms}=[{\frac {1}{T}}\int {v(t)v(t)dt}]^{1/2}={\frac {V_{0}}{\sqrt {2}}}}$, the average power can be rewritten as

${\displaystyle P_{av}={\frac {V_{\mathrm {rms} }^{2}}{R}}=I_{\mathrm {rms} }^{2}R}$

The root-mean-squared voltage is the value typically thought of in regular usage. Thus, in the U.S., standard 110 voltage lines refer to the ${\displaystyle V_{rms}}$ value. The actual peak voltage is around 156 volts but it, and the ${\displaystyle V_{rms}}$ actually vary throughout the day depending on electrical demand and sometime they fall low enough to cause a brownout.