Johann Sebastian Bach

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Johann Sebastian Bach (March 21, 1685 - July 28, 1750) was a German composer and organist active in the late Baroque era who has been recognized as one of greatest composers of the Western classical music tradition, often called the "master of masters."

By age 18, Bach was a church organist, and he stated his goal as composer and performer of music as follows:^[1]

"The aim and final end of all music should be none other than the glory of God and the refreshment of the soul. If heed is not paid to this, it is not true music but a diabolical bawling and twanging."

Biography[edit]

Bach came from an extremely musical family, which had been supported by local governments and churches throughout Germany for many years. After graduating from the St. Michael's School in Lüneburg, he became a court musician in Weimar, where his fame as a keyboardist began to spread. In this time, he also began a career as organ inspector, which he kept up in some form for the remainder of his life. Later in the year, Bach became the organist at St. Boniface's Church in Arnstadt with help from some family connections, where he often clashed with authorities over the quality of the choir and a long, unauthorized leave of absence where he visited the great composer Buxtehude, who became an important musical influence. After leaving the church and serving as the Kapellmeister and court organist in various cities, Bach ended up in Leipzig in 1723, where he spent the rest of his life.

As Cantor of the Thomasschule in Leipzig, Bach took on a greater variety of responsibilities, including teaching Latin and supervising the dormitories, and was never entirely respected by the authorities. Indeed, when he was hired, the council remarked "because the best men for the job could not be procured, we have been forced to accept a mediocre one instead."^[2] Bach also simultaneously took the job of Director of Music in all of Leipzig's churches. In this capacity, he produced a stunning output of cantatas: between 1723 and 1729, he had produced close to three whole yearly cycles, or 300 cantatas.^[3]

After 1729, Bach also wrote much of his chamber music, orchestral music, and keyboard works. He published many of the latter in his lifetime at his own expense,^[4] though most of his compositional output remained unpublished after his death.

From his early years as a composer, Bach often adopted the practice of heading his manuscripts with the words ‘Jesu, Juva’ -- ‘Jesus, help me’ -- and concluding them with the initials S. D. G. -- ‘Soli Deo Gloria,’ . . ..”^[5]

Although Bach was always famous as an organist and his music remained well-loved in Leipzig, his music was mostly forgotten in Europe until several of his works were revived by the composer Felix Mendelssohn, most importantly an 1829 performance of the St. Matthew Passion.

Bach had several children who became famous composers in their own right, such as Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Johann Christian Bach.

Music[edit]

Bach was a devout Lutheran, and much of his music was religious in nature. Bach attributed the beauty of his music to God, by writing the letters "S.D.G." or "Soli Deo Gloria" in many of his scores and has been quoted as saying, "The purpose of all music is to give glory to God and bring rest to the soul". He is well known for his complete mastery of counterpoint, as well as his use of styles from many different regions of Europe. His music is filled with melodic harmonies and overlaping melodies, giving the impression that every instrument has the melody. He also used the cruciform B-A-C-H motif in his work as a sign of devotion to Christ, although future composers used it to pay homage to their great predecessor.

Works[edit]

Over one thousand compositions by Bach survive. They have been catalogued in a commonly accepted directory of Bach's works called the "Bach Werke Verzeichnis"^[6] (literally, "Bach Works Directory"). It is generally abbreviated BWV, and his works are often referred to by their BWV number. For example, BWV 1066 is Bach's Orchestral Suite Number 1.^[7]

Important works include:

• The Mass in B Minor (BWV 232)
• The St. Matthew Passion (BWV 244)
• The St. John Passion (BWV 245)
• The Christmas Oratorio (BWV 248) (6 related cantatas), Written in 1734
• The 6 Brandenburg Concerti (BWV 1046–1051)
• The Musical Offering (BWV 1079)
• The Art of Fugue (BWV 1080)
• The Well-Tempered Clavier (BWV 846–893) (2 collections, each containing 24 preludes and fugues in all the major and minor keys)
• The 6 English Suites for keyboard (BWV 806–811)
• The 6 French Suites for keyboard (BWV 812–817)
• The 6 Partitas for keyboard
• many choral preludes, toccatas, toccatas and fugues, fugues, and other works for organ, including the famous Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor and the Toccata and Fugue in D Minor
• The 4 Orchestral Suites
• The Goldberg Variations for keyboard
• The 12 2-part Inventions and 12 3-part Sinfonias for keyboard
• several hundred sacred and secular cantatas
• The 6 suites for unaccompanied cello

Some of his most famous pieces are drawn from the cantatas, including:

• Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
• Sheep may Safely Graze

Influence[edit]

Bach had a great influence on composers who followed him. Composers such as Mozart, Beethoven, Schumann, and Mendelssohn began using more contrapuntal elements in their works as a result of his influence. In addition, Chopin's Preludes Op. 28 and Shostakovich's Preludes and Fugues Op. 87 are based explicitly on the Well-Tempered Clavier. Other works that play explicit homage to Bach include Beethoven's Diabelli Variations and Franz Liszt's Prelude and Fugue on B-A-C-H.

Important interpreters of Bach's works include:

• Glenn Gould, pianist
• Wanda Landowska, harpischordist
• Rosalyn Tureck, pianist
• Angela Hewitt, pianist
• Pablo Casals, cellist
• Mark Steinbach, organist
• Otto Klemperer, conductor
• Karl Richter, conductor, organist
• Phillippe Herreweghe, conductor

There have also been many "modernizations" of Bach's music by artists as varied as Wendy Carlos and Jethro Tull.

Trivia[edit]

• Bach was an avid coffee-drinker, so much so that he wrote an ode to the drink in one of his secular cantatas (BMV 211), which was performed at Zimmerman's coffeehouse between 1732 and 1734.^[8]
• Since Bach's music was virtually unknown outside of a small circle of Leipzig-based connoiseurs after his death, it was something of a miracle that composers Mozart and Beethoven learned of it.
• Beethoven's teacher as a boy, Christian-Gottlob Neefe (who came from Leipzig), made sure that Beethoven played Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; the young genius had memorized all 48 by the age of 12!
• Mozart learned of Bach's music relatively late in life, in the 1780s, from Baron Gottfried van Swieten, an ambassador and connoisseur who brought Bach's music with him to Vienna (after he also had learned of it in Berlin). Swieten would hold all-night music sessions where only Bach and Handel was played; a few decades later, Beethoven would also be invited to Swieten's palace.
• “Bach” is the German word for “brook” or “stream.”^[9] Beethoven, by way of praising Bach, once wrote that Bach should not be called Bach, but Meer; that is, not a stream, but the sea.^[10] “Nicht Bach, Meer sollte er heissen”^[11] – “Not Bach, the Sea he should rather be called.” It’s a nice double pun because in German “Meer” also sounds like “mehr,” which means “more.”^[12]

External links[edit]

• Biography
• Glory to God Alone: The Life of J.S. Bach
• Toccata and Fugue in D Minor - an animation that's a cross between riding a roller coaster and playing Lode Runner
• List of works by Johann Sebastian Bach
• Bach's works arranged by genre

References[edit]

1. ↑ American Minute, Mar 21, 2004
2. ↑ New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "J.S. Bach."
3. ↑ ibid.
4. ↑ ibid.
5. ↑ Kupferberg, Herbert, Basically Bach, McGraw-Hill, NY (1985), p. 79.
6. ↑ https://imslp.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach
7. ↑ https://www.klassika.info/Komponisten/Bach/wv_thematisch.html
8. ↑ http://afactor.net/kitchen/coffee/kaffeeKantate.html
9. ↑ https://www.dict.cc/?s=Bach
10. ↑ https://www.dict.cc/?s=Meer
11. ↑ https://www.pianostreet.com/blog/articles/talking-bach-with-pianist-ramin-bahrami-10361/
12. ↑ https://www.dict.cc/?s=mehr