Generic object of dark energy

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Generic object of dark energy (also known as GEODE and GEODEs) refers to a class of non-singular theoretical objects that mimic black holes, but with dark energy interiors instead. They have been hypothesized to result from the collapse of very large stars by Leningrad physicist Erast Gliner at the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in 1966.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]} Such GEODEs appear to be black holes when viewed from afar but, different from black holes, these objects contain dark energy instead of a gravitational singularity.^[4][5]

Contrary to classical black holes, GEODEs may intrinsically gain mass via the same relativistic effect responsible for the photon redshift. This results in a blueshift, which supplements and amplifies any mass gained through typical accretion processes.^[9]

If the theorized GEODEs exist, then the expansion effect we attribute to dark energy could instead be an effect that we'd be able to attribute to this hypothetical species of black holes.^{[lower-alpha 1]} As of now, they remain speculative with no supporting evidence. The widely accepted, standard model of cosmology, postulates that dark energy is an inherent and constant property of spacetime, that would result in an eventual cold death of the universe.^{[lower-alpha 2]}

The following are a few hypothesized objects that are examples of GEODEs:

• Cosmologically embedded point-mass – proposed by George C. McVittie in 1933, this solution is one of the few known spherically symmetric strong solutions with realistic asymptotic behavior.
• Dark-energy star – proposed in 1980 by Robert B. Laughlin and George Chapline Jr. that the surface of a dark energy star actually represents a quantum critical transition of a superfluid vacuum.^{[citation needed]}
• De-Sitter sphere – The simplest example of a GEODE is the De-Sitter sphere, first proposed by E.B. Gliner in 1966, as a non-singular end stage of stellar gravitational collapse.^[12]
  • Dymnikova's Vacuum non-singular black hole^[13] – spherically symmetric vacuum stress–energy tensor.
  • Gravastar – formed in the limit of a radially decreasing sequence of Schwarzschild constant density spheres, such thin-shell GEODEs are stable to rotations and perturbations.
• Vacuum bubble – This is an example of a GEODE that is not formed from a gravitational collapse, and describes an isolated region of energized vacuum.

Dark energy objects are counter-intuitive and are not suspected to exist by mainstream scientists.^{[lower-alpha 3]} Some researchers have proposed models of stable configurations of dark energy stars. However, more research needs to be done to understand the nature and general properties of such compact objects.^[15]

Despite theoretical basis for dark energy objects there has been no observational support of a GEODE scenario.^[16] A few scientists suggest that the ringdown from the merger of a binary black hole can be analysed to differentiate between a conventional black hole and a GEODE.^{[lower-alpha 4]}

The GEODE blueshift naturally produces the large masses observed in binary black hole mergers. Further, blueshift induces an adiabatic inspiral of Keplerian orbits that allows capture of wider binaries.

Additionally, some classes of GEODEs can grow by factors of ∼100× by redshift z ∼ 7 . This can relieve tension between the observed masses of supermassive black holes in quasars at high redshift and their modeled formation timescales.

According to researchers, if a small number of the oldest stars (Population III stars) collapsed into GEODEs, rather than black holes, their contribution, on average, would result in the uniform dark energy that is observed today.^[4] According to the researchers, "What we have shown is that if GEODEs do exist, then they can easily give rise to observed phenomena that presently lack convincing explanations. We anticipate numerous other observational consequences of a GEODE scenario, including many ways to exclude it. We’ve barely begun to scratch the surface.”^[7][8] GEODEs would repel each other and could be spread throughout the intergalactic medium.^[18][19]

• Black star (semiclassical gravity)
• Fuzzball (string theory)
• Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
• Gravastar
• Planck star

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