Graphical timeline of the universe

Main page: Astronomy:Timeline of the early universe

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This more than 20-billion-year timeline of our universe shows the best estimates of major events from the universe's beginning to anticipated future events. Zero on the scale is the present day. A large step on the scale is one billion years; a small step, one hundred million years. The past is denoted by a minus sign: e.g., the oldest rock on Earth was formed about four billion years ago and this is marked at -4e+09 years, where 4e+09 represents 4 times 10 to the power of 9. The "Big Bang" event most likely happened 13.8 billion years ago; see age of the universe.

Timeline

<timeline> ImageSize = width:773 height:2000 PlotArea = left:60 right:60 bottom:45 top:45 AlignBars = early

Colors =

 id:period1  value:rgb(1,1,0.7) # light yellow
 id:period2  value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light blue
 id:events   value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purple
 id:time1     Value:yellowgreen
 id:time2     value:lightorange
 id:elapse1     Value:coral
 id:elapse2     Value:lavender
 id:grayKindOf     Value:gray(0.93)
 id:WhiteDwarf      Value:rgb(0.92,0.92,1)
 id:phanerozoic value:rgb(0.435,0.854,0.929)
 id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.964,0.925,0.223)
 id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.027,0.792,0.917)
 id:paleozoic value:rgb(0.572,0.764,0.627)
 id:precambrian value:rgb(0.996,0.356,0.443)
 id:proterozoic value:rgb(0.996,0.298,0.407)
 id:neoproterozoic value:rgb(0.996,0.717,0.341)
 id:mesoproterozoic value:rgb(0.996,0.721,0.446)
 id:paleoproterozoic value:rgb(0.996,0.356,0.443)
 id:archean value:rgb(0.996,0,0.486)
 id:neoarchean value:rgb(0.996,0.65,0.729)
 id:mesoarchean value:rgb(0.996,0.486,0.639)
 id:paleoarchean value:rgb(0.996,0.356,0.592)
 id:eoarchean value:rgb(0.933,0,0.490)
 id:hadean value:rgb(0.796,0.011,0.505)
 id:prenectarian   value:rgb(0.561,0.098,0.149)
 id:nectarian value:rgb(0.898,0.329,0.071)
 id:imbrian   value:rgb(0,0.481,0.811)
 id:earlyimbrian      value:rgb(0,0.404,0.741) 
 id:lateimbrian    value:rgb(0,0.557,0.882) 
 id:eratosthenian   value:rgb(0.655,0.839,0.027) 
 id:copernican     value:rgb(1,0.961,0)
 id:sidericol value:rgb(1,0.4,0.3)
 id:theiicol value:rgb(1,0.2,0.5)
 id:phyllocol value:rgb(0.7,0.4,1)

Period = from:-13700000000 till:8000000000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1000000000 start:-13000000000 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:100000000 start:-13700000000

TextData =

 fontsize:M

1. tabs:(210-left)

 pos:(10,1990)
 text:"Years from now"

LineData =

 layer:front
 at: 7500000000  frompos:60  tillpos:71  width:0.5  color:teal  # Helium flash
 points:(71,1910)(104,1832)  width:0.5  color:teal
 points:(104,1832)(115,1832)  width:0.5  color:teal
 at:          0  width:10  color:tan1  layer:back               # This present day
 at:-4670000000  frompos:60  tillpos:74  width:0.5  color:teal  # Giant planets formed
 points:(74,839)(104,811)  width:0.5  color:teal
 points:(104,811)(115,811)  width:0.5  color:teal
 at:-4730000000  frompos:60  tillpos:71  width:0.5  color:teal  # Ancient supernova
 points:(71,833)(104,795)  width:0.5  color:teal
 points:(104,795)(115,795)  width:0.5  color:teal

BarData =

 bar:Bar1
 bar:Dummy1
 bar:Dummy2
 bar:Dummy3
 bar:GalaxyBar
 bar:SunBar
 bar:LifeBar
 bar:SuperEonBar
 bar:EonBar
 bar:EraBar
 bar:LunarBar
 bar:MarsBar

PlotData=

 width:53  textcolor:black  fontsize:M

 bar:Bar1  mark:(line,teal)  color:events  align:left  shift:(40,-5)
 from:-13700000000 till:-13300000000 mark:(line,white)   text:"10-17 million years - Habitable epoch begins" shift:(290,2)
 at:-13700000000  text:"Origin of our universe, Big Bang theory"  shift:(240,4)
 from:-13600000000 till:-13300000000  mark:(line,white)  text:"Reionization, first stars began to shine"
 at:-13600000000  text: "Oldest stars in the Universe"
 at:-13100000000  text:"Formation of the first galaxies"  shift:(40,0)
 at:-10000000000  text:"Earliest Population I stars"
 at: -4730000000  text:"Ancient supernova possibly~triggers formation of the Sun"  shift:(40,-44)  mark:(line,white)
 at: -4670000000  text:"Giant planets formed"  shift:(40,-32)  mark:(line,white)
 at: -4630000000  text:"Sun ignites hydrogen fusion~4.63 billion years ago (or 4.57)"  shift:(40,-4)
 at: -4570000000  text:"Formation of the Earth, 4.57 billion~years ago (or 4.54)"  mark:(line,white)  shift:(357,-12)
 at: -4400000000  text:"Zircon, oldest mineral"  shift:(40,-5)
 at: -4030000000  text:"Oldest rock~formation on Earth"
 from:-600000000  till:-500000000  mark:(line,white)  text:"Evolution of multicellular life"
 at:  -220000000  text:"Evolution of mammals"
 at:           0  text:"The present day"  mark:(line,tan1)  fontsize:L
 at:  1000000000  text:"Sun becomes too hot for life~on Earth's surface"
 at:  1900000000  text:"Earth's oceans have evaporated"
 at:  3500000000  text:"Sun has increased~its emitted power by 40%"
 at:  3600000000  text:"Moon Triton crashes into~its planet Neptune"  shift:(40,15)
 at:  5000000000  text:"Collision risk~Earth - Mars - Mercury"
 at:  7500000000  text:"Sun ignites helium fusion,~starting with helium flash"  mark:(line,white)  shift:(40,-84)
 at:  7630000000  text:"Sun casts out its outer layers,~making a planetary nebula,~leaving the hot core in the~center, emitting 100 times~more power than Sun today"
 at:         end  text:"Sun has cooled down to the ~same power as today. It will ~continue cooling until it ~becomes a Black dwarf."  shift:(40,23)

 bar:GalaxyBar  mark:(line,white) align:center  shift:(0,0)  color:skyblue
 from:-10100000000  till:-6500000000  text:"Formation of the Milky Way galactic disk"
 from: -4670000000  till:-4570000000  text:"Formation of~Terrestrial planets"  shift:(-30,20)  align:left
 from: -4180000000  till:-4080000000  text:"Late Heavy~Bombardment, while~planet Neptune~migrates outwards~away from Sun"  shift:(-45,62) align:left
 from:  3000000000  till: 4000000000  text:"Milky Way and Andromeda~galaxies may collide and merge~to elliptical one"  shift:(0,10)  align:left

 bar:SunBar  mark:(line,white) align:center  shift:(0,0)
 from:-4680000000  till:-4630000000  text:"Sun as Protostar"  shift:(3,-14)  color:claret  mark:(line,claret)
 from:-4630000000  till: 5400000000  text:"Sun as Main-sequence star"  color:yellow  shift:(0,20)
 from: 5400000000  till: 7500000000  text:"Sun as Red giant, emitting~2,700 times more power than now.~Earth probably swallowed by Sun."  color:magenta  align:left  shift:(-70,0)
 from: 7500000000  till: 7600000000  text:"Sun as~Horizontal~branch star"  color:yelloworange  shift:(0,-18)
 from: 7600000000  till: 7630000000  text:"Sun as Asymptotic~giant"  color:red  shift:(0,3)
 from: 7630000000  till: 8000000000  text:"Sun as White dwarf"  color:whiteDwarf  shift:(0,5)

 bar:LifeBar  align:center  shift:(0,0)
 at:-4570000000   mark:(line,teal)  text:"Water~delivered~to Earth"  shift:(0,16)
 from:-4400000000  till:-2700000000  text:"Emergence of~Life on Earth"  color:time1  shift:(0,30)
 from:-2700000000  till: 1000000000  text:"Life on Earth"  color:drabgreen
 from: 1000000000  till: 5400000000  text:"Measures are taken~to cope with the~heating sun.~Otherwise only:~ ~Shielded~Life on Earth?"   color:time1  shift:(0,-35)
 from: 5400000000  till:        end  text:"Life on Titan?"  color:time2  shift:(0,5)

 bar:SuperEonBar  color:yellow  align:center  shift:(0,0)
 from:-4570000000  till: -542000000  color:precambrian  text:"Precambrian"
 from: 1000000000  till: 5400000000  color:time2  shift:(0,0)  text:"Life on Mars?"
 from: 7500000000  till:  end  color:time1  shift:(0,10)  align:left  text:"Very Shielded ~Life on Mars?~if planet still exists"

1. The click point of the links become misplaced (one inch to the left) when using align:right

 bar:EonBar  color:yellow  align:center  shift:(0,0)
 at: 350000000  shift:(30,0)  mark:(line,white)  fontsize:L  text:"Earth's geological time scale of"
 at: 150000000  mark:(line,white)  text:"Eons:"
 from: -542000000 till:      0  color:phanerozoic  text:"Phanerozoic"
 from:-2500000000 till: -542000000  color:proterozoic  text:"Proterozoic"
 from:-4000000000 till:-2500000000  color:archean  text:"Archean"
 from:-4570000000 till:-4000000000  color:hadean  text:"Hadean"  shift:(0,5)

 bar:EraBar  color:blue  mark:(line,grayKindOf) align:left  shift:(0,0)
 at:150000000  mark:(line,white)  text:"Eras:"
 from:  -65500000 till:0           color:cenozoic  text:"Cenozoic"
 from: -251000000 till:   -65500000  color:mesozoic  mark:(line,white)  text:"Mesozoic"
 from: -542000000 till:  -251000000  color:paleozoic  mark:(line,white)  text:"Paleozoic"
 from:-1000000000 till:  -542000000  text:Neoproterozoic color:neoproterozoic
 from:-1600000000 till: -1000000000  text:Mesoproterozoic color:mesoproterozoic
 from:-2500000000 till: -1600000000  text:Paleoproterozoic color:paleoproterozoic
 from:-2800000000 till: -2500000000  text:Neoarchean  color:neoarchean
 from:-3200000000 till: -2800000000  text:Mesoarchean  color:mesoarchean
 from:-3600000000 till: -3200000000  text:Paleoarchean  color:paleoarchean
 from:-4000000000 till: -3600000000  text:Eoarchean shift:(0,0)  color:eoarchean
 from:-4570000000 till: -4000000000  text:Hadean color:hadean

 bar:LunarBar  color:yellow  mark:(line,grayKindOf)  align:left  shift:(0,0)
 at:225000000  mark:(line,white)  text:"Moon's:"
 from: -1100000000  till:   0  text:Copernican  color:copernican   
 from: -3200000000  till: -1100000000  shift:(0,-18)  text:Eratosthenian  color:eratosthenian   

1. from:-3850000000 till: -3200000000 text:Imbrian color:imbrian

 from: -3800000000  till: -3200000000  shift:(0,-5)   text:"Upper Imbrian"  color:lateimbrian
 from: -3850000000  till: -3800000000  text:"Lower Imbrian" shift:(0,0)   color:earlyimbrian
 from:-3920000000   till: -3850000000  shift:(0,-5)  text:Nectarian  color:nectarian
 from: -4570000000  till: -3920000000  text:Pre-Nectarian      color:prenectarian

 bar:MarsBar  color:yellow  mark:(line,grayKindOf)  align:left  shift:(0,0)
 at: 6000000000  align:center text:"ZOOM  OUT~The Stelliferous Era"  mark:(line,white)
 at:225000000  mark:(line,white)  text:"Mars':"
 from: -3500000000  till:           0  text:Siderikan shift:(0,0)   color:sidericol
 from: -4000000000  till: -3500000000  text:Theiikian  color:theiicol  shift:(0,5)
 from: -4570000000  till: -4000000000  text:Phyllocian    color:phyllocol  shift:(0,-9)
 at:-13700000000  align:center color:time1  mark:(line,white) shift:(0,2) text:"The Primordial Era~PREVIOUS"

</timeline>

See also

• Cosmic Calendar (age of the universe scaled to a single year)
• Formation and evolution of the Solar System
• Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death
• Graphical timeline of the Big Bang
• Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era
• Timeline of the early universe

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