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List of missions to Mars

Topic: Astronomy

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 25 min

Short description: None

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This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planet Mars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers. Mission time is often measured in Mars sols, solar days on Mars.

Missions

Mission Type Legend
  Mission to Mars
  Gravity assist, destination elsewhere

Template:Table TOC

Mission Launch date Operator Carrier rocket[1] Spacecraft Mission type[2] Outcome
1 1M No.1 10 October 1960 Soviet Union OKB-1 Molniya 1M No.1 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.
2 1M No.2 14 October 1960 Soviet Union OKB-1 Molniya 1M No.2 Flyby Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.
3 2MV-4 No.1 24 October 1962 Soviet Union Soviet Union Molniya 2MV-4 No.1 Flyby Launch failure
Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated in LEO.
4 Mars 1 1 November 1962 Soviet Union Soviet Union Molniya 2MV-4 No.2 Flyby Spacecraft failure
Communications lost before first flyby.
5 2MV-3 No.1 4 November 1962 Soviet Union Soviet Union Molniya 2MV-3 No.1 Lander Launch failure
Never left Low Earth orbit.
6 Mariner 3 5 November 1964 United States NASA Atlas LV-3 Agena-D Mariner 3 Flyby Launch failure
Payload fairing failed to separate.
7 Mariner 4 28 November 1964 United States NASA Atlas LV-3 Agena-D Mariner 4 Flyby Success
First successful flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965.
8 Zond 2 30 November 1964 Soviet Union Soviet Union Molniya 3MV-4A No.2 Flyby Spacecraft failure
Communications lost before flyby.
9 Mariner 6 25 February 1969 United States NASA Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Mariner 6 Flyby Success
Part of a dual mission to Mars along with Mariner 7.[3]
10 2M No.521 27 March 1969 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 1969A[4] Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.
11 Mariner 7 27 March 1969 United States NASA Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Mariner 7 Flyby Success
Part of a dual mission to Mars along with Mariner 7. Closest approach to Mars was five days after Mariner 6.[5]
12 2M No.522 2 April 1969 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 1969B[4] Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.
13 Mariner 8 9 May 1971 United States NASA Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Mariner 8 Orbiter Launch failure
Failed to achieve Earth orbit.
14 Kosmos 419 10 May 1971 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MS No.170 Orbiter Launch failure
Never left Low Earth orbit; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly.
15 Mars 2 19 May 1971 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 4M No.171 Orbiter Success
SA 4M No.171 Lander Spacecraft failure
PrOP-M Rover Precluded
On November 27, the Mars 2 Orbiter became in short sequence the second spacecraft to orbit another planet.[6] The lander became the first human-made object to impact Mars. Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971.[7] Operated for 362 orbits[8] PrOP-M was the first rover launched to Mars. Lost when the Mars 2 lander crashed into the surface of Mars.
16 Mars 3 28 May 1971 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 4M No.172 Orbiter Success
SA 4M No.172 Lander Partial failure[9][10]
PrOP-M Rover Precluded
On December 2, it became in short sequence the third spacecraft to orbit another planet.[6] Operated for 20 orbits.[11][12] Mars 3 Lander was the first lander to make a soft landing on Mars on 2 December 1971. First partial image (70 lines) transmitted showing "gray background with no details".[11] Contact lost 20 seconds after transmission started, 110 seconds after landing.[13][14] PrOP-M was the first rover to make a soft landing on another planet. 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) rover connected to the Mars 3 lander by a tether. Deployment status unknown due to loss of communications with the Mars 3 lander.[13]
17 Mariner 9 30 May 1971 United States NASA Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Mariner 9 Orbiter Success
First spacecraft to orbit another planet, two weeks ahead of Mars 2 on November 14.[6] Deactivated 516 days after entering orbit.[15]
18 Mars 4 21 July 1973 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MS No.52S Orbiter Partial failure
Failed to perform orbital insertion burn. Returned photographs of Mars during flyby.[16]
19 Mars 5 25 July 1973 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MS No.52S Orbiter Success
Contact lost after 9 days in Mars orbit. Returned 180 frames.
20 Mars 6 5 August 1973 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MS No.50P Orbiter Success
Mars 6 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Flyby bus collected data.[17] Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unusable.
21 Mars 7 9 August 1973 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D 3MP No.51P Flyby Success
Mars 7 lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Flyby bus collected data. Lander separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere.{{citation needed|date=March 2026} |- 22 Viking 1 20 August 1975 United States NASA Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T Viking 1 orbiter Orbiter Success
Viking 1 lander Lander Success
Entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976 and operated until 1385 orbits. Viking 1 lander was the First successful Mars lander. Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter. Landed on Mars on 20 July 1976. Operated for 2245 sols.{{citation needed|date=March 2026} |- 23 Viking 2 9 September 1975 United States NASA Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T Viking 2 orbiter Orbiter Success
Viking 2 lander Lander Success
Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 7 August 1976. Viking 2 lander was deployed from Viking 2 orbiter. Landed on Mars in September 1976. Operated for 1281 sols (11 April 1980).{{citation needed|date=March 2026} |- id="1980" 24 Phobos 1 7 July 1988 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D-2 1F No.101 Orbiter Spacecraft failure
DAS Lander (Phobos) Precluded
Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit. Phobos lander was to have been deployed by the spacecraft.
25 Phobos 2 12 July 1988 Soviet Union Soviet Union Proton-K / D-2 1F No.102 Orbiter Mostly successful
DAS Lander (Phobos) Precluded
Prop-F Rover (Phobos) Precluded
Orbital observations successful, communications lost before lander and rover deployment.
26 Mars Observer 25 September 1992 United States NASA Commercial Titan III Mars Observer Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Lost communications before orbital insertion.
27 Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter Success
Operated for ten years.
28 Mars 96 16 November 1996 Russia Roscosmos Proton-K / D-2 M1 No.520(Mars-8)[4] Orbiter Launch failure
Mars 96 lander (A) Lander Precluded
Mars 96 lander (B) Lander Precluded
Mars 96 penetrator (A) Penetrator Precluded
Mars 96 penetrator (B) Penetrator Precluded
Never left Low Earth orbit. Two small landers and penetrators were to have been deployed by the Mars 96 orbiter.[18]
29 Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Mars Pathfinder Orbiter Success
Sojourner Rover Success
Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997,[19] last contact on 27 September 1997.[20] Sojourner was the first rover to operate on another planet. Operated for 84 days[21]
30 Nozomi 3 July 1998 Japan ISAS M-V PLANET-B Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Performed a Mars flyby. Later contact lost due to loss of fuel. However provided crucial information about the deep space environment.[22]
31 Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter 11 December 1998 United States NASA Delta II 7425 Mars Climate Orbiter Orbiter Spacecraft failure
Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to a software interface bug involving different units for impulse and either burned up in the atmosphere or entered solar orbit.
32 Mars Surveyor '98 Lander 3 January 1999 United States NASA Delta II 7425 Mars Polar Lander Lander Spacecraft failure
Deep Space 2 (A) Penetrator Spacecraft failure
Deep Space 2 (B) Penetrator Spacecraft failure
Failed to function after landing. No data transmitted from Deep Space 2 after deployment from MPL.
33 2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Mars Odyssey Orbiter Operational
Was expected to remain operational until 2025. Operational as of Template:Today.[23]
34 Mars Express 2 June 2003 23px ESA
 Soyuz-FG / Fregat Mars Express Orbiter Orbiter Operational
Beagle 2 Lander Spacecraft failure
Enough fuel to remain operational until 2035. No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications.{{citation needed|date=March 2026} |- 35 Spirit 10 June 2003 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Spirit (MER-A) Rover Success
Landed on 4 January 2004. Operated for 2208 sols.
36 Opportunity 8 July 2003 United States NASA Delta II 7925H Opportunity (MER-B) Rover Success
Landed on 25 January 2004. Operated for 5351 sols.
– Cornerstone 9 2 March 2004 23px ESA
 Ariane 5G+ Rosetta Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Philae Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.[24]
37 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 United States NASA Atlas V 401 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Orbiter Operational
Entered orbit on 10 March 2006.
38 Phoenix 4 August 2007 United States NASA Delta II 7925 Phoenix Lander Success
Landed on 25 May 2008. End of mission 2 November 2008.
– Dawn 27 September 2007 United States NASA Delta II 7925H Dawn Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres.
39 China-Russia joint Mars mission 8 November 2011 Russia Roscosmos Zenit-2M Fobos-Grunt Sample return (Phobos) Launch failure
China CNSA Yinghuo-1 Orbiter Precluded
Never left Low Earth orbit (intended to depart under own power). Yinghuo-1 was to have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt.
40 Mars Science Laboratory 26 November 2011 United States NASA Atlas V 541 Curiosity Rover Operational
Landed on 6 August 2012.
41 Mars Orbiter Mission 5 November 2013 India ISRO PSLV-XL MOM Orbiter Success
Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended to 2022, where the mission concluded on September 27, 2022, after contact was lost.[25]
42 MAVEN 18 November 2013 United States NASA Atlas V 401 MAVEN Orbiter Operational
Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014[26] Contact lost on 6 December 2025.
43 ExoMars 14 March 2016 Russia Roscosmos / 23px ESA Proton-M / Briz-M Trace Gas Orbiter Sample return (Phobos) Launch failure
23px ESA Schiaparelli EDM Lander Spacecraft failure
Entered orbit on 19 October 2016. Schiaparelli EDM lander was Carried by the Orbiter. Although the lander crashed,[27][28] engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved.[29][30]
44 Discovery 12 5 May 2018 United States NASA Atlas V 401 InSight Lander Success
MarCO-A Flyby Success
MarCO-B Flyby Success
InSight landed on 26 November 2018. Last contact 15 December 2022. MarCO A and B relay cubesats which were used to test communications, flewby Mars on 26 November 2018 with last contact contact on 4 January 2019.[31][32][33]
45 Emirates Mars Mission 19 July 2020 United Arab Emirates MBRSC Long March 5 Hope Orbiter Operational
Entered orbit on 9 February 2021.[34][35][36][37]
46 Tianwen-1 23 July 2020 China CNSA Long March 5 Tianwen-1 orbiter Orbiter Operational
Tianwen-1 lander Lander Success
Zhurong Rover Success
Tianwen-1 Remote Camera Camera Success
Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2 Camera Success
Entered orbit on 10 February 2021.[38][39] Tianwen-1 lander landed on 14 May 2021 and deployed Zhurong rover. Rover became inactive on 20 May 2022.[40] Remote Camera was deployed by the Tianwen-1 lander on 22 May 2021.[41] Deployable Camera 2 entered orbit on 10 February 2021, deployed 31 December 2021.[42]
47 Mars 2020 30 July 2020 United States NASA Atlas V 541 Perseverance Rover Operational
Ingenuity Helicopter Success
Landed on 18 February 2021.[43][44] Ingenuity took the first aerodynamic flight on another planet. Landed with Perseverance rover on 18 February 2021.[45] Deployed from rover on 3 April 2021. First flight achieved on April 19, 2021.[46] Retired on 25 January 2024 due to sustained rotor blade damage.
– Discovery 14 13 October 2023 United States NASA Falcon Heavy Psyche Flyby (Gravity assist) Enroute
Gravity assist en route to 16 Psyche in May 2026[47]
– S2P-1 7 October 2024 23px ESA Falcon 9 Hera Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Flyby in March 2025 en route to 65803 Didymos.
– Europa Clipper 14 October 2024 United States NASA Falcon Heavy Europa Clipper Flyby (Gravity assist) Success
Flyby in March 2025 en route to Jupiter and Europa.
48 ESCAPADE 13 November 2025 United States NASA / UC Berkeley New Glenn ESCAPADE Blue Orbiter Enroute
ESCAPADE Gold Orbiter Enroute
Twin spacecraft; Mars orbit insertion expected in September 2027.[48]

Landing locations

Mars landing sites (16 December 2020)


There are a number of derelict spacecraft orbiting Mars whose location is not known precisely. There is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings and old orbiters.[49] As of 2016, there were believed to be eight derelict spacecraft in orbit around Mars (barring unforeseen event).[50] The Viking 1 orbiter was not expected to decay until at least 2019.[51] Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, was expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when it was projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up, or crash into the planet's surface.[52]

See also: Astronomy:List of Mars orbiters

Timeline

Template:Timeline of Mars landers and rovers

Missions to the moons of Mars

Phobos' Stickney Crater
Deimos (lower left) and Phobos (lower right) compared with the asteroid 951 Gaspra
Phobos by Mars Global Surveyor in 1998[53]

There have also been proposed missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

Past missions

Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Soviet Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Phobos 1 and Phobos 2, while the Russian Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Phobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Phobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.

Mission Target Outcome Reference
Phobos 1 Phobos Spacecraft failure
Phobos 2 Phobos Spacecraft failure
Fobos-Grunt Phobos Launch failure
Planned missions

In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos.[54][55] This mission is called Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)[56] and is a flagship Strategic Large Mission.[57] MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions.[58] As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to launch in 2026.[59]

Planned mission Target Reference
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) Phobos and Deimos [56]
Past proposals

There have been at least three proposals in NASA's Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN.[60] The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, like Martian Moon Sample Return (MMSR).[61]

Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons.[62] In 2012, it was considered the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons.[63]

The "Red Rocks Project", a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping Stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.[64][65]

Proposal Target Reference
Aladdin Phobos and Deimos [66]
DePhine Phobos and Deimos [67]
DSR Deimos [68]
Gulliver Deimos [69]
Hall Phobos and Deimos [70]
M-PADS Phobos and Deimos [71]
Merlin Phobos and Deimos [72]
MMSR Phobos or Deimos [61]
OSIRIS-REx 2 Phobos or Deimos [63]
Pandora Phobos and Deimos [60]
PCROSS Phobos [73]
Phobos Surveyor Phobos [74]
PRIME Phobos [75]
Fobos-Grunt 2 Phobos [76]
Phootprint Phobos [77][78]
PADME Phobos and Deimos [79][80]

Statistics

Summary

NASA missions to Mars (as of 2021): Perseverance rover/Ingenuity Mars Helicopter; InSight lander; Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; Mars Odyssey orbiter; Curiosity rover; MAVEN orbiter
Launches to Mars
Decade
1960s
12
1970s
11
1980s
2
1990s
7
2000s
6
2010s
6
2020s
4

Mission milestone by country

Legend

  Achieved
  Failed attempt
† First to achieve

Mars missions
Country/Agency Flyby Orbit Impact Lander Rover Drone Sample return Crewed Landing
United States United States Mariner 4, 1965 † Mariner 9, 1971 † Mars Polar Lander, 1999 Viking 1, 1976 Sojourner, 1997 † Ingenuity, 2021 † — —
China China Tianwen-1, 2021 Tianwen-1, 2021 — Tianwen-1, 2021 Zhurong, 2021 — — —
Soviet Union Soviet Union Mars 2, 1971 Mars 2, 1971 Mars 2 Lander, 1971 † Mars 3, 1971 † PrOP-M, 1971 — — —
23px ESA Mars Express, 2003 Mars Express, 2003 Schiaparelli EDM, 2016 Schiaparelli EDM, 2016 — — — —
United Kingdom United Kingdom Beagle 2, 2003 — Beagle 2, 2003 Beagle 2, 2003[lower-alpha 1] — — — —
Russia Russia TGO, 2016 TGO, 2016 Mars 96, 1996 Mars 96, 1996 — — — —
India India MOM, 2014 MOM, 2014 — — — — — —
United Arab Emirates UAE Hope, 2021 Hope, 2021 — — — — — —
Japan Japan Nozomi, 1998 Nozomi, 1998 — — — — — —
Phobos missions
Country/Agency Impact Lander Rover Sample return
Soviet Union Soviet Union Phobos 1, 1988 Phobos 1, 1988 Phobos 1, 1988 —
Russia Russia Fobos-Grunt, 2011 Fobos-Grunt, 2011 — Fobos-Grunt, 2011

Missions by organization/company

Country Agency or company Successful Partial failure Failure Operational Gravity assist Total
 United States NASA 13 - 5 5 1 24
Soviet Union Soviet Union Energia 1 6 10 - - 17
Russia Russia Roscosmos - 1 2 - - 3
ESA - 2 - - 1 3
 China CNSA 1 - 1 1 - 2
 India ISRO 1 - - - - 1
 United Arab Emirates UAESA 1 - - 1 - 1
 Japan ISAS - - 1 - - 1
 United Kingdom NSC - - 1 - - 1

Future missions

Under development

Name Proposed
launch date 		Type Status Reference
JapanGermanyFrance Martian Moons eXploration and Idefix rover 2026 Phobos sample return mission under development [59]
China Tianwen-3 2028 Mars sample return mission under development [81]
23px Rosalind Franklin 2028 Rover under development
India Mars Lander Mission 2031 Orbiter, lander, rover, aircraft under development [82]

Proposed missions

Mission Organisation Proposed
launch 		Type
Mars Telecommunications Orbiter United States NASA TBA Orbiter
Space Reactor‑1 Freedom / Skyfall United States NASA NET 2028 The "first nuclear powered interplanetary spacecraft" and several Ingenuity-class helicopters[83]
TEREX Japan NICT Mid 2020s Orbiter[84]
Fobos-Grunt 2 and Mars-Grunt Russia Roscosmos 2030s[85] Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle, sample-return
M-MATISSE 23px ESA 2037[86] Two orbiters[87]

Unrealized concepts

1970s

  • Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.[88]
  • Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
  • Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

1990s

  • Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
  • Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission,[89] originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.[90]
  • Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molniya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.[91][92]
  • Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
  • Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failed Mars 96 mission; cancelled due to lack of funding.[93]

2000s

  • Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – 2001 lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
  • Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed in 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight.[94] Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project.[95]
  • NetLander – 2007 Mars landers
  • Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present
  • Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – 2009 orbiter for telecommunications

2010s–2020s

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ While Beagle 2 had landed intact, it failed to establish communication.

References

  1. ↑ "Russia's unmanned missions to Mars". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_mars.html. 
  2. ↑ Chronology of Mars Exploration. NASA. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
  3. ↑ "Mariner 6". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-014A. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 (in en) Chronology of Mars Missions. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.29797.65768. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328715311. 
  5. ↑ "Mariner 7". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-030A. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Smith, Kiona N. (2017-05-30). "The Mariner 9 Spacecraft And The Race To Orbit Mars". https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2017/05/30/the-mariner-9-spacecraft-and-the-race-to-mars/. 
  7. ↑ "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Status - NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/nssdc/. 
  8. ↑ "Missions to Mars". The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/missions-to-mars.html#mars2. 
  9. ↑ "Mars 3 Lander". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049F. "Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to make a successful soft landing on Mars." 
  10. ↑ "The First Rover on Mars - The Soviets Did It in 1971". Planetary Society. https://www.planetary.org/articles/tpr_1990_4_anderson. "The Mars 2 and 3 rover, which landed on Mars in 1971." 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Perminov, V.G. (July 1999). The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union. NASA Headquarters History Division. pp. 34–60. ISBN 0-16-058859-6. https://archive.org/details/difficultroadtom00perm/page/34. 
  12. ↑ Webster, Guy (11 April 2013). "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro2013411.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Mars 3 Spacecraft and Subsystems, NSSDCA cat". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049F. 
  14. ↑ NASA Space Science Data Center, Mars 3 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.
  15. ↑ Pyle, Rod (2012). Destination Mars. Prometheus Books. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-1-61614-589-7. "It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world." 
  16. ↑ "Soviet Mars Images". http://mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogMars.htm. 
  17. ↑ "NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Status - NASA". https://www.nasa.gov/nssdc/. 
  18. ↑ "Mars-96". https://www.russianspaceweb.com/mars96.html. 
  19. ↑ "Pathfinder Rover Gets Its Name". 20 December 2017. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/rover/name.html. 
  20. ↑ "Mars Pathfinder Science Results". NASA. http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/science/geology.html. 
  21. ↑ "Mars Pathfinder Welcome to Mars Sol 86 (1 October 1997) Images". 1 October 1997. https://mars.nasa.gov/MPF/ops/sol86.html. 
  22. ↑ "Nozomi - NASA Science" (in en). 5 December 2017. https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nozomi/. 
  23. ↑ "Mars Odyssey - NASA Science" (in en-US). 2017-12-04. https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/. 
  24. ↑ "ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta's approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE". Esa.int. 24 February 2007. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMUDT70LYE_0.html. 
  25. ↑ Ray, Kalyan (8 February 2017). "Isro-Mars orbiter mission life extended up to 2020". Deccan Herald. https://www.deccanherald.com/content/595344/isro-mars-orbiter-mission-life.html. 
  26. ↑ Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth (21 September 2014). "NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet". NASA. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-318. 
  27. ↑ Clark, Stephen (24 May 2017). "Probe into crash of ESA lander recommends more checks on ExoMars descent craft". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/05/24/probe-into-crash-of-esa-mars-lander-recommends-more-checks-on-exomars-descent-craft/. 
  28. ↑ "Weak Simulations, Inadequate Software & Mismanagement caused Schiaparelli Crash Landing". Spaceflight101. 24 May 2017. http://spaceflight101.com/exomars/esa-completes-schiaparelli-failure-investigation/. 
  29. ↑ Chan, Sewell (20 October 2016). "No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/21/science/space/no-signal-from-mars-lander-but-european-officials-declare-mission-a-success.html. 
  30. ↑ Wall, Mike (21 October 2016). "ExoMars '96 Percent' Successful Despite Lander Crash: ESA". Space.com. http://www.space.com/34471-exomars-mission-96-percent-successful-esa.html. 
  31. ↑ "NASA InSight – Dec. 19, 2022 – Mars InSight" (in en-US). 19 December 2022. https://blogs.nasa.gov/insight/2022/12/19/nasa-insight-dec-19-2022/. 
  32. ↑ Clark, Stephen (9 March 2016). "InSight Mars lander escapes cancellation, aims for 2018 launch". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/03/09/insight-mars-lander-escapes-cancellation-aims-for-2018-launch/. 
  33. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (9 March 2016). "NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/10/science/nasa-reschedules-mars-insight-mission-for-may-2018.html. 
  34. ↑ "UAE's 'Hope' probe to be first in trio of Mars missions". Phys.Org. 7 February 2021. https://phys.org/news/2021-02-uae-probe-trio-mars-missions.html. 
  35. ↑ "UAE's Hope Probe on its Way to Glory" (in en-US). 2021-02-09. https://crosslink.ae/uaes-hope-probe-on-its-way-to-glory/. 
  36. ↑ "The UAE's Hope Probe has successfully entered orbit around Mars". cnn.com. 9 February 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/09/world/uae-hope-probe-mars-mission-orbit-scn-trnd/index.html. 
  37. ↑ "Live coverage: Launch of Emirates Mars Mission rescheduled for Sunday". Spaceflight Now. 14 July 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/07/14/h-2a-emirates-mars-mission-mission-status-center/. 
  38. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (23 July 2020). "China's Mars rover rockets away from Earth" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53504797. 
  39. ↑ "天外送祝福，月圆迎华诞——天问一号以"自拍国旗"祝福祖国71华诞". http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3OTA2ODgxMQ==&mid=2649795427&idx=1&sn=7ef1ec1c2beb3e5a383e0f509cdf34d8&chksm=87bd2087b0caa9910166cd41bf8af32d88628c0cbaa232cb5aa93e5a4fee9913c0765b18a916#rd. 
  40. ↑ "CGNT on twitter". 14 May 2021. https://twitter.com/CGTNOfficial/status/1393365096609435648. "China's Tianwen-1 probe lands on" 
  41. ↑ "The scientific image map was unveiled, and it was a one-time tour! my country's first Mars exploration mission was a complete success". https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/w_3t4yp7pGjSMl7CTJ1-Gw. "The picture of the "touring group photo" shows the rover traveling about 10 meters south of the landing platform, releasing the separate camera installed at the bottom of the vehicle, and then retreating to the vicinity of the landing platform." 
  42. ↑ "New Year's Day greetings-China National Space Administration releases the images returned by the Tianwen-1 probe". 1 January 2022. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/hUJHZD10VONAulzIXnfFtA. 
  43. ↑ "Nasa Mars rover: Perseverance launches from Florida" (in en-gb). 30 July 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/science-environment-53567859. 
  44. ↑ mars.nasa.gov (5 December 2017). "Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/. 
  45. ↑ "Mars Helicopter". https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/. "A technology demonstration to test the first powered flight on Mars." 
  46. ↑ First Flight of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: Live from Mission Control. NASA. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021 – via YouTube.
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  48. ↑ "Mission Design". https://escapade.ssl.berkeley.edu/mission-design/. 
  49. ↑ Adler, Mark; Owen, W.; Riedel, J.. "Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012)". https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4337.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "A Chronology of Mars Exploration". https://history.nasa.gov/marschro.htm. 
  51. ↑ "Viking 1 Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075A. 
  52. ↑ NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9, 29 November 2011 – Vol. 4, Issue 9
  53. ↑ "JPL". http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/98/mgsphobos.html. 
  54. ↑ "Introduction to JAXA's Exploration of the Two Moons of Mars, with Sample Return from Phobos" (PDF). Phobos/Deimos Sample Return Mission Study Team. 26 October 2015. http://www.elsi.jp/ja/research/docs/Introduction-PDSR-IntlRv-151102.pdf#page=22. 
  55. ↑ "JAXA、火星衛星「フォボス」探査…２２年に" (in ja). The Yomiuri Shimbun. 4 January 2016. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/20160104-OYT1T50063.html. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "ISASニュース 2016.1 No.418" (in ja) (PDF). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2016. http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/j/isasnews/backnumber/2016/ISASnews418.pdf#page=3. 
  57. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja) (PDF). Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency. 13 October 2015. http://www8.cao.go.jp/space/comittee/27-kagaku/kagaku-dai3/siryou4-3.pdf#page=2. 
  58. ↑ Torishima, Shinya (19 June 2015). "JAXAの「火星の衛星からのサンプル・リターン」計画とは" (in ja). Mynavi News. http://news.mynavi.jp/series/jaxa_mars/001/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Japan to Delay Mars Moon Exploration by 2 Years to 2026". Yomiuri Shimbun. 6 December 2023. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/science-nature/science/20231206-154061/. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 MERLIN: The Creative Choices Behind a Proposal to Explore the Martian Moons (Merlin and PADME info also)
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Michel, P.; Agnolon, D.; Brucato, J.; Gondet, B.; Korablev, O.; Koschny, D.; Schmitz, N.; Willner, K. et al. (2 October 2011). "MMSR - a study for a Martian Moon Sample Return mission". Astrophysics Data System 2011: 849. Bibcode: 2011epsc.conf..849M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011epsc.conf..849M/abstract. Retrieved 12 February 2021. 
  62. ↑ Elifritz, T.L. "OSIRIS-REx II to Mars - Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos - A Mars Mission Proposal". https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4017.pdf. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Elifritz, T.L (2012). "OSIRIS-REx II to Mars — Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos". Astrophysics Data System 1679: 4017. Bibcode: 2012LPICo1679.4017E. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LPICo1679.4017E/abstract. Retrieved 12 February 2021. 
  64. ↑ Larry Page Deep Space Exploration - Stepping Stones builds up to "Red Rocks : Explore Mars from Deimos"
  65. ↑ David, Leonard (20 April 2011). "One Possible Small Step Toward Mars Landing: A Martian Moon". https://www.space.com/11437-mars-moons-exploration-astronauts-red-rocks.html. 
  66. ↑ "ALADDIN: PHOBOS-DEIMOS SAMPLE RETURN". https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc97/pdf/1113.PDF. 
  67. ↑ DePhine: The Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer. (PDF) Jurgen Oberst, Kai Wickhusen, Konrad Willner, Klaus Gwinner, Sofya Spiridonova, Ralph Kahle, Andrew Coates, Alain Herique, Dirk Plettemeier, Marina Dıaz-Michelena, Alexander Zakharo, Yoshifumi Futaana, Martin Patzold, Pascal Rosenblatt, David J. Lawrence, Valery Lainey, Alison Gibbings, Ingo Gerth. Advances in Space Research. Volume 62, Issue 8. pp: 2220-2238. 15 October 2018. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.12.028
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  69. ↑ Britt, D.. "The Gulliver Mission: Sample Return from Deimos". https://meetings.copernicus.org/epsc2010/abstracts/EPSC2010-463.pdf. 
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  71. ↑ Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander (Ball, Andrew J.; Price, Michael E.; Walker, Roger J.; Dando, Glyn C.; Wells, Nigel S. and Zarnecki, John C. (2009). Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander. Advances in Space Research, 43(1), pp. 120–127.)
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  73. ↑ PCROSS, Phobos Close Rendevous [sic] Observation Sensing Satellite, Colaprete, A, et al.
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  75. ↑ "PRIME". Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080510140554/http://www.marsinstitute.info/docs/PRIME.Poster.061018.pdf. 
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