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List of nearest supergiants

Topic: Astronomy

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This is a list of the nearest supergiant stars (luminosity class Ia, Iab or Ib) to Earth, located at a distance of up to 1,100 light-years (340 parsecs) from Earth.

Some of the brightest stars in the night sky, such as Rigel and Antares, are on the list.

List

Name Distance (ly) Spectral type Stellar radius (R☉) Stellar mass (M☉) Apparent magnitude (V) Notes
Polaris 323 – 433[1] F7Ib-F8Ib[2][3] 003750 37.5

[4]

0540 5.4

[4]

198 1.98

[5] (1.86 – 2.13)[2]

The nearest supergiant, assuming the distance of 323 ly. It is a yellow supergiant.
Alpha Herculis Aa (Rasalgethi) 360[6] M5 Ib-II[7] 028400 284 ± 60

[7]

2.500 2.5

[7]

335 3.35

[8]

Possibly a bright giant
Beta Draconis (Rastaban) 380±4[6] G2Ib-IIa[9] 004000 40

[10]

0540 6 ± 0.2

[11]

279 2.79

[11]

Zeta Capricorni 386±10[6] G4Ib: Ba2[12] 002900 29

[13]

0450 4.5+0.3
−0.2

[14]

377 3.77

[15]

Betelgeuse 408[16]–548+90
−49[17] 		M1-M2Ia-ab[12] 064000 640[18]–764+116
−62

[17]
(1021)[19]

1400 14

[16] – 19[17]

050 0.5

[20] (0.0 – 1.6)[21]

The nearest bona fide red supergiant, and the 10th brightest star in the night sky.
Alpha Persei (Mirfak) 510±10[6] F5Ib[11] 006800 68 ± 3

[22]

0850 8.5 ± 0.3

[11]

180 1.806

[11]

35th brightest star in the night sky.
Alpha Aquarii (Sadalmelik) 520±20[6] G2Ib[11] 005289 52.89+1.68
−1.78

[11]

0513 5.13 ± 0.06

[11]

294 2.942

[23]

Beta Aquarii (Sadalsuud) 540[6] G0Ib[10] 004788 47.88+1.68
−1.81

[11]

0497 4.97 ± 0.1

[24]

287 2.87

[25]

Lambda Velorum (Suhail) 545±10[6] K4Ib[12] 021000 210

[26]

0700 7 ± 1

[26]

221 2.21

[25] (2.14 – 2.30)[27]

Alpha Scorpii A (Antares) 553.5[28][lower-alpha 1] M1.5Iab-Ib[12] 068000 680

[29]

1100 11

[29] – 16[16]

060 0.6 – 1.6

[30]

15th brightest star in the night sky.
Kappa Pavonis F5-G5 I-II[31] 001900 19-25

[32]

435 4.35

[33] (3.91 - 4.78)[34]

Beta Arae 650[6] K3Ib-II[35] 014200 142

[36][lower-alpha 2]

0821 8.21

[36]

284 2.84

[37]

Saiph 650±30[6] B0.5Ia[38] 002220 22.2

[39]

1550 15.5 ± 1.25

[40]

209 2.09

[41]

The closest blue supergiant.
Epsilon Pegasi (Enif) 690±20[6] K2Ib-II[12] 021100 211

[42]

0707 7.07 – 12

[42][16]

240 2.399

[6] (2.37 – 2.45)[43]

Iota Carinae (Aspidiske) 690±70[6] A9Ib[44] 004300 43

[45]

0740 7.4

[46]

221 2.21

[37]

HD 115337 A 698±2[47] K0Ib[48] 001640 16.4

[47]

0340 3.4

[42][16]

633 6.33

[49]

Likely a giant star[50][51]
Zeta Persei 750±30[6] B1Ib[52] 002600 26 – 27

[6]

1450 14.5 ± 1.9

[40]

286 2.86

[53]

Zeta Aurigae A 790[6] K4Ib-K5II[54][55] 014800 148 ± 3

[56]

0494 4.94

[40]

375 3.751

[57] (3.70 - 3.97)[34]

Sometimes considered a red supergiant;[54] possible bright giant[55]
Pi Puppis (Ahadi) 807[58][lower-alpha 3] K3Ib[59] 023500 235

[38]

1170 11.7

[60]

273 2.733

[61]

Epsilon Geminorum (Mebsuta) 840±40[6] G8Ib[22] 014000 140 ± 35

[22]

1920 19.2 ± 0.1

[60]

306 3.06

[62]

Zeta Cephei 840[6] K1.5Ib[38] 009400 94

[63]

335 3.35

[64]

Rigel 863[65] B8Ia[66] 007890 78.9 ± 7.4

[67]

2100 21 ± 3

[68]

013 0.13

[69] (0.05 – 0.18)[70]

7th brightest star in the night sky, and the brightest supergiant.
Delta Cephei A 887±26[71][72] F5Ib-G1Ib[73][74] 004500 44.5

[75]

0450 4.5 ± 0.3

[75]

348 3.48 – 4.37

[73]

Protoype of the Classical Cepheid variable stars.
Chi Aquilae 900[6] G8Ib[76] 002220 22.2

[77]

580 5.8

[76]

Beta Doradus 1040[78] F4-G4Ia-II[79][80] 006780 67.8 ± 0.7

[81]

0770 7.7 ± 0.2

[60]

346 3.46 
– 4.08[79]
Zeta Puppis (Naos) 1080±40[6] O4If(n)p[82] 001400 14 – 26

[83]

5610 56.1

[84]

224 2.24 
– 2.26[85]
One of the most massive stars visible to the naked eye.

External links

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 5.89 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
  2. ↑ Radius calculated with temperature and luminosity
  3. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 4.04 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
  1. ↑ Turner, David G.; Kovtyukh, V. V.; Usenko, Igor; Gorlova, N. (2013-01-01). "The Pulsation Mode of the Cepheid Polaris". The Astrophysical Journal 762 (1): L8. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/762/1/L8. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...762L...8T. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Query= alf UMi". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1. Lomonosov Moscow State University & Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=alf+UMi. 
  3. ↑ Lee, Byeong-Cheol; Mkrtichian, David E.; Han, Inwoo; Park, Myeong-Gu; Kim, Kang-Min (2008-06-01). "Precise Radial Velocities of Polaris: Detection of Amplitude Growth". The Astronomical Journal 135 (6): 2240–2244. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/6/2240. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135.2240L. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fadeyev, Yu A. (2015-05-01). "Evolutionary status of Polaris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 449 (1): 1011–1017. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv412. ISSN 1365-2966. 
  5. ↑ Evans, Nancy Remage; Schaefer, Gail H.; Bond, Howard E.; Bono, Giuseppe; Karovska, Margarita; Nelan, Edmund; Sasselov, Dimitar; Mason, Brian D. (2008-09-01). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal 136 (3): 1137–1146. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136.1137E. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy & Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Khosroshahi, Habib; Wasatonic, Rick (2013). "THE AGE AND MASS OF THE α HERCULIS TRIPLE-STAR SYSTEM FROM a MESA GRID OF ROTATING STARS WITH 1.3 ⩽ M / M ☉⩽ 8.0". The Astronomical Journal 146 (6): 148. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/6/148. 
  8. ↑ häg, Erik (2001). "Tycho Star Catalogs: The 2.5 Million Brightest Stars". The Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. ISBN 0-333-75088-8. https://doi.org/10.1888%2F0333750888%2F2862. 
  9. ↑ Keenan, P. C.; Pitts, R. E. (1980-04-01). "Revised MK spectral types for G, K ANS M stars.". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 42: 541–563. doi:10.1086/190662. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1980ApJS...42..541K. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 McDonald, I.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Watson, R. A. (2017-10-01). "Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Tycho-Gaia stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 471 (1): 770–791. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1433. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2017MNRAS.471..770M. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; Lambert, David L.; Rostopchin, Sergey I.; Rachkovskaya, Tamara M.; Poklad, Dmitry B. (2010-02-21). "Accurate Fundamental Parameters or A-, F-, and G-type Supergiants in the Solar Neighbourhood". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 402 (2): 1369–1379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x. Bibcode: 2010MNRAS.402.1369L. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989-10-01). "The Perkins Catalog of Revised MK Types for the Cooler Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 71: 245. doi:10.1086/191373. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1989ApJS...71..245K. 
  13. ↑ "Zeta Cap". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/zetacap.html. 
  14. ↑ Jorissen, A.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Karinkuzhi, D.; Van Eck, S.; Escorza, A.; Shetye, S.; Van Winckel, H. (2019-06-01). "Barium and related stars, and their white-dwarf companions I. Giant stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 626: A127. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834630. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...626A.127J. 
  15. ↑ Anderson, Erik; Francis, Charles (2012-05-01). "XHIP: An Extended Hipparcos Compilation". Astronomy Letters 38 (5): 331–346. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. ISSN 1063-7737. Bibcode: 2012AstL...38..331A. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Neuhäuser, R; Torres, G; Mugrauer, M; Neuhäuser, D L; Chapman, J; Luge, D; Cosci, M (2022-07-29). "Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 516 (1): 693–719. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1969. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael J.; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (2020-10-13). "Standing on the shoulders of giants: New mass and distance estimates for Betelgeuse through combined evolutionary, asteroseismic, and hydrodynamical simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal 902 (1): 63. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...902...63J. 
  18. ↑ Mittag, M.; Schröder, K.-P.; Perdelwitz, V.; Jack, D.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2023). "Chromospheric activity and photospheric variation of α Ori during the great dimming event in 2020". Astronomy & Astrophysics 669: A9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244924. 
  19. ↑ Kravchenko, K.; Jorissen, A.; Van Eck, S.; Merle, T.; Chiavassa, A.; Paladini, C.; Freytag, B.; Plez, B. et al. (2021-06-01). "Atmosphere of Betelgeuse before and during the Great Dimming event revealed by tomography". Astronomy & Astrophysics 650: L17. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039801. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2021A&A...650L..17K. 
  20. ↑ Nicolet, B. (1978-10-01). "Catalogue of homogeneous data in the UBV photoelectric photometric system.". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 34: 1–49. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1978A&AS...34....1N. 
  21. ↑ "Detail for alf Ori". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=24710. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Nordgren, Tyler E.; Germain, M. E.; Benson, J. A.; Mozurkewich, D.; Sudol, J. J.; Elias, N. M. II; Hajian, Arsen R.; White, N. M. et al. (1999-12-01). "Stellar Angular Diameters of Late-Type Giants and Supergiants Measured with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal 118 (6): 3032–3038. doi:10.1086/301114. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1999AJ....118.3032N. 
  23. ↑ Cousins, A. W. J. (1984-01-01). "Standardisation of broad band photometry of equatorial standards.". South African Astronomical Observatory Circular 8: 59–67. Bibcode: 1984SAAOC...8...59C. 
  24. ↑ Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; van Belle, Gerard T. (2017-12-20). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal 155 (1): 30. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b. ISSN 1538-3881. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Johnson, H. L.; Mitchell, R. I.; Iriarte, B.; Wisniewski, W. Z. (1966-01-01). "UBVRIJKL Photometry of the Bright Stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 4: 99–110. Bibcode: 1966CoLPL...4...99J. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Carpenter, Kenneth G.; Robinson, Richard D.; Harper, Graham M.; Bennett, Philip D.; Brown, Alexander; Mullan, Dermott J. (1999-08-10). "GHRS Observations of Cool, Low-Gravity Stars. V. The Outer Atmosphere and Wind of the Nearby K Supergiant λ Velorum*" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 521 (1): 382. doi:10.1086/307520. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1999ApJ...521..382C. 
  27. ↑ Ruban, E. V.; Alekseeva, G. A.; Arkharov, A. A.; Hagen-Thorn, E. I.; Galkin, V. D.; Nikanorova, I. N.; Novikov, V. V.; Pakhomov, V. P. et al. (2006-09-01). "Spectrophotometric observations of variable stars". Astronomy Letters 32 (9): 604–607. doi:10.1134/S1063773706090052. ISSN 1063-7737. Bibcode: 2006AstL...32..604R. 
  28. ↑ "alf Sco". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=Antares. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Ohnaka, Keiichi; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz; Schertl, Dieter; Weigelt, Gerd; Baffa, Carlo; Chelli, Alain; Petrov, Romain; Robbe-Dubois, Sylvie (July 2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics 555: A24. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2013A&A...555A..24O. 
  30. ↑ Kiss, L. L.; Szabo, Gy M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006-11-11). "Variability in red supergiant stars: pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 372 (4): 1721–1734. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2006MNRAS.372.1721K. 
  31. ↑ Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". Vizier Online Data Catalog. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S. 
  32. ↑ Breitfelder, Joanne; Kervella, Pierre; Mérand, Antoine; Gallenne, Alexandre; Szabados, Laszlo; Anderson, Richard; Willson, Matthew; Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le (April 2015). "Observational calibration of the projection factor of Cepheids I. The Type II Cepheid kappa Pavonis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 576: A64. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425171. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...576A..64B. 
  33. ↑ Feast, Michael W.; Laney, Cliford D.; Kinman, Thomas D.; van Leeuwen, Floor; Whitelock, Patricia A. (June 2008). "The Luminosities and Distance Scales of Type II Cepheid and RR Lyrae variables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (4): 2115–2134. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13181.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.386.2115F. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S. 
  35. ↑ De Medeiros, J. R.; Alves, S.; Udry, S.; Andersen, J.; Nordström, B.; Mayor, M. (January 2014). "A catalog of rotational and radial velocities for evolved stars V. Southern stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 561: A126. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220762. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2014A&A...561A.126D. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Heiter, U.; Jofré, P.; Gustafsson, B.; Korn, A. J.; Soubiran, C.; Thévenin, F. (October 2015). "Gaia FGK Benchmark Stars: Effective temperatures and surface gravities". Astronomy & Astrophysics 582: A49. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526319. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...582A..49H. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Wielen, R.; Schwan, H.; Dettbarn, C.; Lenhardt, H.; Jahreiß, H.; Jährling, R. (1999-01-01). "Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions.". Veroeffentlichungen des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts Heidelberg 35: 1. Bibcode: 1999VeARI..35....1W. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973-01-01). "Spectral Classification". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11: 29–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333. ISSN 0066-4146. Bibcode: 1973ARA&A..11...29M. 
  39. ↑ Crowther, Paul; Lennon, Daniel; Walborn, Nolan (2006-01-01). "Physical Parameters and Wind Properties of Galactic Early B Supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics 446 (1): 279–293. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053685. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2006A&A...446..279C. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Hohle, Markus M.; Neuhaeuser, Ralph; Schutz, Bernard F. (2010-04-01). "Masses and Luminosities of O- and B-type stars and red super giants". Astronomische Nachrichten 331 (4): 349–360. doi:10.1002/asna.200911355. ISSN 0004-6337. Bibcode: 2010AN....331..349H. 
  41. ↑ Crawford, D. L.; Barnes, J. V.; Golson, J. C. (1971-12-01). "Four-color, H-beta and UBV photometry for bright B-type stars in the northern hemisphere.". The Astronomical Journal 76: 1058–1071. doi:10.1086/111220. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1971AJ.....76.1058C. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Stock, S.; Reffert, S.; Quirrenbach, A. (2018-05-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Stellar parameters of 372 giant stars (Stock+, 2018)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: J/A+A/616/A33. doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36160033. Bibcode: 2018yCat..36160033S. 
  43. ↑ "Detail for eps Peg". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=25522. 
  44. ↑ Houk, N.; Cowley, A. P. (1975-01-01). University of Michigan Catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars. Volume I. Declinations -90_ to -53_ƒ0.. Bibcode: 1975mcts.book.....H. 
  45. ↑ Kaler, James B.. "ASPIDISKE (Iota Carinae)". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/aspidiske.html. 
  46. ↑ Smiljanic, R.; Barbuy, B.; De Medeiros, J. R.; Maeder, A. (April 2006). "CNO in evolved intermediate mass stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 449 (2): 655–671. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054377. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2006A&A...449..655S. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Gaia Collaboration; Vallenari, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Arenou, F.; Babusiaux, C.; Biermann, M. et al. (2022-07-30), Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 
  48. ↑ Cowley, A. P.; Bidelman, W. P. (1979). "MK spectral types for some F and G stars". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 91: 83. doi:10.1086/130446. Bibcode: 1979PASP...91...83C. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F130446. 
  49. ↑ Fabricius, C.; Høg, E.; Makarov, V. V.; Mason, B. D.; Wycoff, G. L.; Urban, S. E. (2002-03-01). "The Tycho double star catalogue" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 384 (1): 180–189. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011822. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2002A&A...384..180F. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2002/10/aah3310/aah3310.html. 
  50. ↑ Adams, Walter S.; Joy, Alfred H.; Humason, Milton L.; Brayton, Ada Margaret (1935-04-01). "The Spectroscopic Absolute Magnitudes and Parallaxes of 4179 Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 81: 187. doi:10.1086/143628. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1935ApJ....81..187A. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935ApJ....81..187A. 
  51. ↑ Stephenson, C. B.; Sanwal, N. B. (1969-06-01). "The masses of stars above the main sequence.". The Astronomical Journal 74: 689–704. doi:10.1086/110845. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1969AJ.....74..689S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969AJ.....74..689S. 
  52. ↑ Abt, Helmut A.; Levato, Hugo; Grosso, Monica (2002-07-01). "Rotational Velocities of B Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 573 (1): 359–365. doi:10.1086/340590. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...573..359A. 
  53. ↑ Lutz, T. E.; Lutz, J. H. (1977-06-01). "Spectral classification and UBV photometry of bright visual double stars.". The Astronomical Journal 82: 431–434. doi:10.1086/112066. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1977AJ.....82..431L. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Levesque, Emily M. (2017). Astrophysics of red supergiants. AAS-IOP astronomy. Bristol: IOP Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7503-1330-8. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Shenavrin, V. I.; Taranova, O. G.; Nadzhip, A. E. (2011-01-01). "Search for and study of hot circumstellar dust envelopes" (in en). Astronomy Reports 55 (1): 31–81. doi:10.1134/S1063772911010070. ISSN 1562-6881. Bibcode: 2011ARep...55...31S. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063772911010070. 
  56. ↑ Harper, Graham M.; Bennett, Philip D.; Brown, Alexander; Ayres, Thomas R.; Ohnaka, Keiichi; Griffin, Elizabeth (2022-06-27). "HST STIS Observations of ζ Aurigae A's Irradiated Atmosphere". The Astronomical Journal 164 (1): 16. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac6feb. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2022AJ....164...16H. 
  57. ↑ Kiyokawa, M. (1967-01-01). "Photoelectric observations of ZET AUR during the 1963-64 eclipse.". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 19: 209. ISSN 0004-6264. Bibcode: 1967PASJ...19..209K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967PASJ...19..209K. 
  58. ↑ "pi. Pup". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=pi+Pup. 
  59. ↑ Houk, N. (1982-01-01). Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD stars. Volume_3. Declinations -40_ƒ0 to -26_ƒ0.. Bibcode: 1982mcts.book.....H. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (2011-01-01). "A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3kpc from the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 410 (1): 190–200. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x. Bibcode: 2011MNRAS.410..190T. 
  61. ↑ Gutierrez-Moreno, A. (1966). "A system of photometric standards". Publications of the Department of Astronomy University of Chile 1. Bibcode: 1966PDAUC...1....1G. 
  62. ↑ Mallik, Sushma V. (1999-12-01). "Lithium abundance and mass". Astronomy and Astrophysics 352: 495–507. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1999A&A...352..495M. 
  63. ↑ Messineo, Maria; Brown, Anthony G. A. (2019-06-18). "A catalog of known Galactic K-M stars of class I, candidate RSGs, in Gaia DR2". The Astronomical Journal 158 (1): 20. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab1cbd. ISSN 1538-3881. 
  64. ↑ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (August 2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, But Not As Cool As We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal 628 (2): 973–985. doi:10.1086/430901. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2005ApJ...628..973L. 
  65. ↑ Sessions, Larry (2022-01-19). "Blue-white Rigel is Orion's brightest star" (in en-US). https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/blue-white-rigel-is-orions-brightest-star/. 
  66. ↑ Przybilla, N.; Butler, K.; Becker, S. R.; Kudritzki, R. P. (2006-01-01). "Quantitative Spectroscopy of BA-type Supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics 445 (3): 1099–1126. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053832. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2006A&A...445.1099P. 
  67. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (2012-03-10). "Asteroseismology of the Nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel Part I. The MOST High Precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring". The Astrophysical Journal 747 (2): 108. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108. ISSN 0004-637X. 
  68. ↑ Shultz, M.; Wade, G. A.; Petit, V.; Grunhut, J.; Neiner, C.; Hanes, D.; Collaboration, the MiMeS (2014-02-21). "An Observational Evaluation of Magnetic Confinement in the Winds of BA Supergiants". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 438 (2): 1114–1126. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2260. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  69. ↑ Ducati, J. R. (2002-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system.". VizieR Online Data Catalog. Bibcode: 2002yCat.2237....0D. 
  70. ↑ Guinan, Edward F.; Eaton, J. A.; Wasatonic, R.; Stewart, H.; Engle, S. G.; McCook, G. P. (2009-11-01). "Times-Series Photometry & Spectroscopy of the Bright Blue Supergiant Rigel: Probing the Atmosphere and Interior of a SN II Progenitor" (in en). Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5 (H15): 359. doi:10.1017/S1743921310009798. ISSN 1743-9221. 
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  72. ↑ Majaess, Daniel J.; Turner, David G.; Gieren, Wolfgang (2012-03-10). "New Evidence Supporting Cluster Membership for the Keystone Calibrator Delta Cephei". The Astrophysical Journal 747 (2): 145. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/145. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...747..145M. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Query= del cep". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1. Lomonosov Moscow State University & Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=del+cep. 
  74. ↑ Engle, Scott G.; Guinan, Edward F.; Harper, Graham M.; Neilson, Hilding R.; Evans, Nancy Remage (2014-09-25). "The Secret Lives of Cepheids: Evolutionary Changes and Pulsation-Induced Shock Heating in the Prototype Classical Cepheid {\delta} Cep". The Astrophysical Journal 794 (1): 80. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/80. ISSN 1538-4357. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Matthews, L. D.; Marengo, M.; Evans, N. R.; Bono, G. (2012-01-01). "New Evidence for Mass Loss from delta Cephei from HI 21-cm Line Observations". The Astrophysical Journal 744 (1): 53. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/53. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...744...53M. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 389 (2): 869–879. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.389..869E. 
  77. ↑ McDonald, Iain; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Boyer, Martha L. (2012-11-21). "Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Hipparcos stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 427 (1): 343–357. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x. Bibcode: 2012MNRAS.427..343M. 
  78. ↑ McArthur, Barbara E.; Benedict, G. Fritz; Harrison, Thomas E.; van Altena, William (2011-05-01). "Astrometry with the Hubble Space Telescope: Trigonometric Parallaxes of Selected Hyads". The Astronomical Journal 141 (5): 172. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/172. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2011AJ....141..172M. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 "Query= bet dor". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1. Lomonosov Moscow State University & Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=bet+dor. 
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  81. ↑ Taylor, Melinda M.; Booth, Andrew J. (1998-08-01). "The bright southern Cepheid beta Doradus: the radial velocity curve, distance and size". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 298 (2): 594–600. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01670.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1998MNRAS.298..594T. 
  82. ↑ Sota, A.; Apellániz, J. Maíz; Walborn, N. R.; Alfaro, E. J.; Barbá, R. H.; Morrell, N. I.; Gamen, R. C.; Arias, J. I. (2011-04-01). "The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey. I. Classification System and Bright Northern Stars in the Blue-Violet at R~2500". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 193 (2): 24. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/193/2/24. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2011ApJS..193...24S. 
  83. ↑ Schilbach, E.; Roeser, S. (2008-10-01). "On the origin of field O-type stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 489 (1): 105–114. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809936. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2008A&A...489..105S. 
  84. ↑ Bouret, J.-C.; Hillier, D. J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A. W. (2012-08-01). "Properties of Galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 544: A67. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2012A&A...544A..67B. 
  85. ↑ "Detail for zet Pup". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=27176. 



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