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List of open clusters

Topic: Astronomy

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 9 min

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The open cluster Messier 6 in the constellation Scorpius is also known as the Butterfly Cluster or NGC 6405

This is a list of open clusters located in the Milky Way. An open cluster is a gravitationally bound association of up to a few thousand stars that all formed from the same giant molecular cloud. There are over 1,000 known open clusters in the Milky Way galaxy, but the actual total may be up to ten times higher.[1] The estimated half-lives of clusters, after which half the original cluster members will have been lost, range from 150 million to 800 million years, depending on the original density.[2]

Cluster
identifier 		Constellation Distance
(parsecs) 		Age
(Myr) 		Diameter Apparent
magnitude 		Notes
Epoch J2000
R. A. Dec.
Hyades  04h 26.9m +15° 52′ Taurus 47 625 330' 0.5 [3]
Coma Star Cluster  12h 22.5m +25° 51′ Coma Berenices 86 400-500 120' 1.8 [4]
Trapezium Cluster  5h 35.4m −05° 27′ Orion 412 0.3 0.783' 4.0 [5]
Messier 6, Butterfly Cluster  17h 40.1m −32° 13′ Scorpius 487 94 20' 4.2 [1]
Messier 7  17h 53.8m −34° 47′ Scorpius 280 224 80' 3.3 [6][7]
Messier 11, Wild Duck Cluster  18h 51.1m −06° 16′ Scutum 1,900 250 13' 5.8 [1][7][8]
Messier 16, Eagle Nebula  18h 18.8m −13° 49′ Serpens 1,800 1.3 6' 6.0 [1]
Messier 18  18h 20.0m −17° 06′ Sagittarius 1,296 17 5' 6.9 [1]
Messier 21  18h 04.2m −22° 29′ Sagittarius 1,205 12 14' 5.9 [1]
Messier 23  17h 57.0m −18° 59′ Sagittarius 628 300 30' 5.5 [1][7]
Messier 24  18h 17.0m −18° 29′ Sagittarius 3,070 220 90' 2.5 [1][7]
Messier 25  18h 31.7m −19° 07′ Sagittarius 620 92 30' 4.6 [1]
Messier 26  18h 45.3m −09° 23′ Scutum 1,600 85 7' 8.0 [1]
Messier 34  02h 42.1m +42° 46′ Perseus 499 180 36' 5.2 [1][7]
Messier 35  06h 09.1m +24° 21′ Gemini 912 180 25' 5.0 [9]
Messier 36  05h 36.2m +34° 08′ Auriga 1,330 25 10' 6.0 [1]
Messier 37  05h 52.3m +32° 33′ Auriga 1,400 347 14' 5.6 [1]
Messier 38  05h 28.7m +35° 51′ Auriga 1,400 316 20' 6.4 [1]
Messier 39  21h 31.8m +48° 27′ Cygnus 311 280 30' 4.6 [1][6]
Messier 41  06h 46.0m −20° 46′ Canis Major 710 240 40' 4.5 [1][7]
Messier 44, Beehive Cluster  08h 40.4m +19° 41′ Cancer 187 830 70' 3.1 [10][11]
Messier 45, Pleiades  03h 47.4m +24° 07′ Taurus 136 125 120' 1.2 [12]
Messier 46  07h 41.7m −14° 49′ Puppis 1,510 250 20' 6.1 [1]
Messier 47  07h 36.6m −14° 30′ Puppis 490 73 25' 4.4 [1]
Messier 48  08h 13.7m −05° 45′ Hydra 770 400 30' 5.8 [1]
Messier 50  07h 02.6m −08° 23′ Monoceros 1,000 130 14' 5.9 [9]
Messier 52  23h 24.8m +61° 35′ Cassiopeia 1,400 160 15 6.9 [1]
Messier 67  08h 51.3m +11° 48′ Cancer 908 4,000 25' 6.9 [1][7]
Messier 93  07h 44.6m −23° 52′ Puppis 1037 390 10' 6.2 [1]
Messier 103  01h 33.4m +60° 39′ Cassiopeia 3,000 16 5' 7.4 [13]
IC 2602, Southern Pleiades  10h 43.2m −64° 24′ Carina 167 30 100' 1.9 [14]
IC 2391, Omicron Velorum Cluster  08h 40.6m −53° 02′ Vela 176 30 60' 2.5 [14]
NGC 2451 A  07h 45.4m −37° 58′ Puppis 189 50 45' 2.8 [6][15]
Alpha Persei Cluster  03h 26.0m +49° 07′ Perseus 172 50 300' 1.2 [16]
Arp-Madore 2  07h 38.8m −33° 51′ Puppis 8,870 5,000 1.3' [17]
Blanco 1  00h 04.3m −29° 56′ Sculptor 253 100 90' 4.5 [14]
Hodge 301  05h 38.5m −69° 04′ Dorado 51,400 25 0.5' 11 [18][19]
Lambda Orionis Cluster  05h 35m +09° 56′ Orion 438 5 2.8 [20]
Pi Puppis Cluster  07h 08m −37° 10′ Puppis 319 50' 2.1 [21]
Melotte 186  18h 01.1m +02° 54′ Ophiuchus 200 100 240' 3.0 [22]
NGC 2070  05h 38.7m −69° 06′ Dorado 48,500 1.5 3.5' 7.25 [23][24]
NGC 2232  06h 26.4m −04° 45′ Monoceros 325 53 45' 3.9 [1][6]
IC 4756  18h 39.0m −05° 27′ Serpens 330 500 40' 4.6 [1][6]
NGC 2516, Southern Beehive Cluster  07h 58.0m −60° 48′ Carina 346 141 30' 3.8 [6][7]
IC 4665  17h 46.3m +05° 43′ Ophiuchus 352 43 70' 4.2 [1]
Trumpler 10  08h 47.8m −42° 29′ Vela 365 35 14' 4.6 [1][6]
NGC 6633  18h 27.7m +06° 34′ Ophiuchus 375 660 20' 4.6 [25]
IC 348  03h 44.6m +32° 10′ Perseus 385 44 7' 7.3 [1]
NGC 752  01h 57.7m +37° 47′ Andromeda 400 1,700–2,000 75' 5.7 [26]
NGC 3532, Wishing Well Cluster  11h 06.4m −58° 40′ Carina 405 316 50' 3.0 [6][7]
Collinder 121  07h 08m −37° 10′ Canis Major 600 50' 2.6 [27]
Collinder 140  07h 24.5m −31° 51′ Canis Major 410 35 42' 3.5 [1][6]
Collinder 261  12h 38.0m −68° 22′ Musca 2,500 8,000 9' 10.7 [28][29]
NGC 2547  08h 10.8m −49° 18′ Vela 433 38 25' 4.7 [6]
NGC 6281  17h 04.7m −37° 59′ Scorpius 479 220 8' 5.4 [1]
NGC 225  00h 43.6m +61° 46′ Cassiopeia 657 130 12' 7.0 [1]
NGC 5662  14h 35.6m −56° 37′ Centaurus 666 70 30' 5.5 [1][7]
NGC 5460  14h 07.4m −48° 20′ Centaurus 678 160 36' 5.6 [1][7]
NGC 189  00h 39.7m +61° 04′ Cassiopeia 752 10 3.7' 8.8 [1]
NGC 6025  16h 03.3m −60° 26′ Triangulum Australe 756 130 14' 5.1 [1][7]
IC 5146  21h 53.5m +47° 16′ Cygnus 852 1 9' 7.2 [1]
NGC 2301  06h 51.75m +00° 28′ Monoceros 858 165 12' 6.0 [30]
IC 4651  17h 24.8m −49° 56′ Ara 888 1,900 10' 6.9 [1][7]
NGC 6087, S Normae Cluster  16h 18.8m −57° 56′ Norma 891 70 14' 5.4 [1][7]
NGC 3114  10h 02.7m −60° 07′ Carina 911 124 36' 4.2 [1]
NGC 2509  08h 00.7m −19° 04′ Puppis 912 Uncertain[31] 10' 9.3 [32]
NGC 2264  06h 41.0m +09° 53′ Monoceros 913 1.5 40' 3.9 [33]
NGC 1502  04h 07.8m +62° 20′ Camelopardalis 1,000 10 8' 5.7 [1]
Berkeley 59  00h 04.0m +68° 35′ Cepheus 1,000 2 180' [34]
NGC 2169  06h 08.4m +13° 58′ Orion 1,052 12 5' 5.9 [1]
NGC 6242  16h 55.6m −39° 28′ Scorpius 1,131 50 9' 6.4 [1][7]
NGC 381  01h 08.3m +61° 35′ Cassiopeia 1,148 320 7' 9.3 [1]
NGC 6204  16h 46.1m −47° 01′ Ara 1,200 79 6' 8.2 [1]
NGC 6231  16h 54.1m −41° 50′ Scorpius 1,243 6 14' 2.6 [1][7]
NGC 2439  07h 40.8m −31° 41′ Puppis 1,300 25 9' 6.9 [1][7]
NGC 6067  16h 13.2m −54° 13′ Norma 1,417 170 14' 5.6 [1][7]
NGC 2362, Tau Canis Majoris Cluster  07h 18.6m −24° 59′ Canis Major 1,480 4–5 5' 4.1 [35]
NGC 6756  19h 08.7m +04° 42′ Aquila 1,507 62 4' 4.5 [1]
NGC 6031  16h 07.9m −54° 03′ Norma 1,510 117 3' 8.5 [1][36]
NGC 2175  06h 09.7m +20° 29′ Orion 1,627 8.9 5' 6.8 [1]
NGC 188  00h 48.4m +85° 15′ Cepheus 1,660 6,600 17' 8.1 [7][37]
NGC 2244  06h 31.9m +04° 56′ Monoceros 1,660 1.9 30' 4.8 [1]
NGC 129  00h 30.0m +60° 13′ Cassiopeia 1,670 76 21′ 6.5 [38]
NGC 2360, Caroline's Cluster  07h 17.7m −15° 38′ Canis Major 1,887 1,000 13' 7.2 [1][7]
NGC 6834  19h 52.2m +29° 25′ Cygnus 1,930 76 5' 7.8 [1][36]
NGC 659  01h 44.4m +60° 40′ Cassiopeia 1,938 35 5' 7.9 [1]
NGC 4755, Jewel Box  12h 53.6m −60° 22′ Crux 1,976 14 10' 4.2 [1][7]
NGC 6200  16h 44.1m −47° 28′ Ara 2,056 8.5 12' 7.4 [39]
NGC 869  02h 19.1m +57° 09′ Perseus 2,079 12 18' 3.7 [1]
NGC 637  01h 43.0m +64° 02′ Cassiopeia 2,160 10 4.2' 8.2 [1]
NGC 2355  07h 17.0m +13° 47′ Gemini 2,200 955 5' 9.7 [1][7]
NGC 2129  06h 01.1m +23° 19′ Gemini 2,200 10 5' 6.7 [1][40]
NGC 663  01h 46.1m +61° 14′ Cassiopeia 2,420 25 14' 7.1 [1]
NGC 457  01h 19.1m +58° 17′ Cassiopeia 2,429 21 20' 6.4 [41]
NGC 2204  06h 15.5m −18° 40′ Canis Major 2,629 787 13' 8.6 [1]
NGC 884  02h 22.0m +57° 08′ Perseus 2,940 14 18' 3.8 [1][7]
NGC 1931  05h 31.0m +34° 15′ Auriga 3,086 10 3' 10.1 [1]
NGC 1980  5h 25.43m −05° 54′ Orion 550 4.7 14' 2.5 [42]
NGC 2158  06h 07.4m +24° 06′ Gemini 5,071 1,054 5' 8.6 [1]
Teutsch 2  05h 41.4m +39° 14′ Auriga 5,700 900 2' 11 [43]
NGC 6791  19h 20.9m +37° 46′ Lyra 5,853 8,900 16' 9.5 [1][7]
NGC 3293  10h 35.8m −58° 13′ Carina 2,750 8 8' 4.7
NGC 3766, Pearl Cluster  11h 36.2m −61° 37′ Centaurus 1745 14 12' 5.3
NGC 7419  22h 54.3m +60° 48.9′ Cepheus 2,800 2' 13
NGC 7789, White Rose Cluster  23h 57.4m +56° 43′ Cassiopeia 2,337 1,700 16' 6.7 [44]
Gaia 1  06h 45.9m −16° 45′ Canis Major 4,600 6,300 13' 8.3
Ru 7  06h 58.9m −13° 15′ Canis Major [citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 Dias W.S.; Alessi B.S.; Moitinho A.; Lepine J.R.D. (July 2002). "New catalog of optically visible open clusters and candidates". Astronomy and Astrophysics 389 (3): 871–873. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020668. Bibcode: 2002A&A...389..871D.  Note: see the VizieR catalogue B/ocl.
  2. ↑ de La Fuente, M. R. (1998). "Dynamical Evolution of Open Star Clusters". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 110 (751): 1117. doi:10.1086/316220. Bibcode: 1998PASP..110.1117D. 
  3. ↑ Perryman, M.A.C. (1998). "The Hyades: distance, structure, dynamics, and age". Astronomy & Astrophysics 331: 81–120. Bibcode: 1998A&A...331...81P. 
  4. ↑ Casewell, S. L.; Jameson, R. F.; Dobbie, P. D. (January 2006). "New stellar members of the Coma Berenices open star cluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 365 (2): 447–453. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09689.x. Bibcode: 2006MNRAS.365..447C. 
  5. ↑ Reid, M. J. et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions: VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". Astrophysical Journal 700 (1): 137–148. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...700..137R. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 Robichon, N. (2005). "Open clusters with Hipparcos. I. Mean astrometric parameters". Astronomy and Astrophysics 345: 471–484. Bibcode: 1999A&A...345..471R. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 Meynet, G.; Mermilliod, J.-C.; Maeder, A. (May 1993). "New dating of galactic open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 98 (3): 477–504. Bibcode: 1993A&AS...98..477M. 
  8. ↑ Paunzen, E.; Pintado, O. I.; Maitzen, H. M. (December 2003). "CCD photometric search for peculiar stars in open clusters. V. NGC 2099, NGC 3114, NGC 6204, NGC 6705 and NGC 6756". Astronomy and Astrophysics 412 (3): 721–725. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031065. Bibcode: 2003A&A...412..721P. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kalirai, Jasonjot Singh; Fahlman, Gregory G.; Richer, Harvey B.; Ventura, Paolo (September 2003). "The CFHT Open Star Cluster Survey. IV. Two Rich, Young Open Star Clusters: NGC 2168 (M35) and NGC 2323 (M50)". The Astronomical Journal 126 (3): 1402–1414. doi:10.1086/377320. Bibcode: 2003AJ....126.1402K. 
  10. ↑ Pinfield, D. J. (July 2003). "Brown dwarfs and low-mass stars in the Pleiades and Praesepe: membership and binarity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 342 (4): 1241–1259. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06630.x. Bibcode: 2003MNRAS.342.1241P. 
  11. ↑ "NGC 2632". http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?mescat.distance=on&Ident=%401110595&Name=NGC++2632&submit=display+selected+measurements#lab_meas. 
  12. ↑ Percival, S. M.; Salaris, M.; Groenewegen, M. A. T. (2005). "The distance to the Pleiades. Main sequence fitting in the near infrared". Astronomy and Astrophysics 429 (3): 887–894. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041694. Bibcode: 2005A&A...429..887P. 
  13. ↑ Sanner, J. (September 1999). "Photometric and kinematic studies of open star clusters. I. NGC 581 (M 103)". Astronomy and Astrophysics 349: 448–456. Bibcode: 1999A&A...349..448S. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Mermilliod, J.-C.; Turon, C.; Robichon, N.; Arenou, F.; Lebreton, Y. (May 13–16, 1997). "The Distance of the Pleiades and Nearby Clusters". Venice, Italy: ESA. Bibcode: 1997ESASP.402..643M. 
  15. ↑ Hünsch, M.; Weidner, C.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (May 2003). "An X-ray study of the open clusters NGC 2451 A and B". Astronomy and Astrophysics 402 (2): 571–586. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030268. Bibcode: 2003A&A...402..571H. 
  16. ↑ Basri, Gibor; Martín, Eduardo L. (January 1999). "The Mass and Age of Very Low Mass Members of the Open Cluster alpha Persei". The Astrophysical Journal 510 (1): 266–273. doi:10.1086/306564. Bibcode: 1999ApJ...510..266B. 
  17. ↑ Lee, Myung Gyoon (February 1997). "UBVI CCD Photometry of the Remote Old Open Cluster AM-2". Astronomical Journal 113: 729–739. doi:10.1086/118292. Bibcode: 1997AJ....113..729L. 
  18. ↑ "Hodge 301". The Hubble Heritage Project. NASA. April 1, 1999. http://heritage.stsci.edu/1999/12/fast_facts.html. 
  19. ↑ Grebel, Eva K.; Chu, You-Hua (February 2000). "Hubble Space Telescope Photometry of Hodge 301: An "Old" Star Cluster in 30 Doradus". The Astronomical Journal 119 (2): 787–799. doi:10.1086/301218. Bibcode: 2000AJ....119..787G. 
  20. ↑ "Cl Collinder 69". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Cl+Collinder+69. 
  21. ↑ "Cl Collinder 135". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Cl+Collinder+135. 
  22. ↑ "Cl Melotte 186". http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Mel+186&submit=submit+id. 
  23. ↑ "NGC 2070". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+2070. 
  24. ↑ Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P. et al. (2000). The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars. 355. L27. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. ISBN 978-0333750889. Bibcode: 2000A&A...355L..27H. 
  25. ↑ van Leeuwen, F. (February 2013), "Parallaxes and proper motions for 20 open clusters as based on the new Hipparcos catalogue", Astronomy and Astrophysics 497 (1): 209–242, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811382, Bibcode: 2009A&A...497..209V. 
  26. ↑ Giardino, G. (October 2008). "The X-ray luminosity of solar-mass stars in the intermediate age open cluster NGC 752". Astronomy and Astrophysics 490 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810042. Bibcode: 2008A&A...490..113G. 
  27. ↑ "Cl Collinder 121". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Cl+Collinder+121. 
  28. ↑ "Cl Collinder 261". http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?mescat.distance=on&Ident=%409920972&Name=Cl+Collinder++261&submit=display+selected+measurements#lab_meas. 
  29. ↑ Salaris, M; Weiss, A; Percival, S. M. (2004). "The age of the oldest Open Clusters". Astronomy & Astrophysics: 165–167. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2004/04/aah4736.pdf. 
  30. ↑ "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for NGC 2301. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+2301&submit=SIMBAD+search. 
  31. ↑ Carraro, G.; Costa, E. (March 2007). "Photometry of the five marginally studied open clusters Collinder 74, Berkeley 27, Haffner 8, NGC 2509, and VdB-Hagen 4". Astronomy and Astrophysics 464 (2): 573–580. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066350. Bibcode: 2007A&A...464..573C. 
  32. ↑ Sujatha, S.; Babu, G. S. D. (2003). "Study of open cluster NGC 2509". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India 31: 9–18. Bibcode: 2003BASI...31....9S. 
  33. ↑ Baxter, Eric J. et al. (September 2009), "The Distance to NGC 2264", The Astronomical Journal 138 (3): 963–974, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/3/963, Bibcode: 2009AJ....138..963B. 
  34. ↑ Pandey, A. K. (January 2008). "Stellar contents and star formation in the young star cluster Be 59". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 383 (3): 1241–1258. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12641.x. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.383.1241P. 
  35. ↑ Currie, Thayne (June 2009). "The Last Gasp of Gas Giant Planet Formation: A Spitzer Study of the 5 Myr Old Cluster NGC 2362". The Astrophysical Journal 698 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/698/1/1. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...698....1C. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Paunzen, E. (July 2006). "CCD photometric search for peculiar stars in open clusters. VII. Berkeley 11, Berkeley 94, Haffner 15, Lyngå 1, NGC 6031, NGC 6405, NGC 6834 and Ruprecht 130". Astronomy and Astrophysics 454 (1): 171–178. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054628. Bibcode: 2006A&A...454..171P. 
  37. ↑ Bonatto, C.; Bica, E.; Santos, J. F. C., Jr. (April 2005). "Spatial dependence of 2MASS luminosity and mass functions in the old open cluster NGC 188". Astronomy and Astrophysics 433 (3): 917–929. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041113. Bibcode: 2005A&A...433..917B. 
  38. ↑ Turner, David G. et al. (September 1992). "Galactic clusters with associated Cepheid variables. II - NGC 129 and DL Cassiopeiae". Astronomical Journal 104 (3): 1132–1143. doi:10.1086/116302. Bibcode: 1992AJ....104.1132T. http://library2.smu.ca/handle/01/26682. 
  39. ↑ "open cluster NGC 6200". WEBDA. Universität Wien. http://www.univie.ac.at/webda/cgi-bin/ocl_page.cgi?dirname=ngc6200. 
  40. ↑ Carraro, Giovanni; Chaboyer, Brian; Perencevich, James (January 2006). "The young open cluster NGC 2129". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 365 (8): 867–873. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09762.x. Bibcode: 2006MNRAS.365..867C. 
  41. ↑ Frinchaboy, Peter M. (2008). "Open Clusters as Galactic Disk Tracers. I. Project Motivation, Cluster Membership, and Bulk Three-Dimensional Kinematics". The Astronomical Journal 136 (1): 118–145. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/118. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136..118F.  See table I, p. 12.
  42. ↑ "The open cluster NGC 1980". In the Sky. https://in-the-sky.org/data/object.php?id=NGC1980. 
  43. ↑ Bonatto, C.; Bica, E. (22 October 2010). "The wide variety of evolutionary stages among 34 unstudied Teutsch open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics 521: A74. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015222. Bibcode: 2010A&A...521A..74B. 
  44. ↑ Kharchenko, N. V; Piskunov, A. E; Röser, S; Schilbach, E; Scholz, R.-D (2005). "Astrophysical parameters of Galactic open clusters". Astronomy and Astrophysics 438 (3): 1163–1173. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042523. Bibcode: 2005A&A...438.1163K. 



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