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List of space telescopes

Topic: Astronomy

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 25 min

Short description: None
The Hubble Space Telescope.
Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter.
Overview of active and future telescopes.

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g., the Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth.

Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the min and max altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the sun are given in astronomical units (AU).

Legend
   Active telescopes
   Defunct telescopes

Gamma ray

Further information: Astronomy:Gamma-ray astronomy

Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. Gamma ray bursts, with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[1]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Proton-1 USSR 16 July 1965 11 October 1965 Earth orbit (183-589 km) [2]
Proton-2 USSR 2 November 1965 6 February 1966 Earth orbit (191-637 km) [2]
Proton-4 USSR 16 November 1968 24 July 1969 Earth orbit (248-477 km) [3]
Small Astronomy Satellite 2 (SAS-B) NASA 15 November 1972 8 June 1973 Earth orbit (443–632 km) [4][5]
Cos-B ESA 9 August 1975 25 April 1982 Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [6][7][8]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) NASA 20 September 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
Granat CNRS & IKI 1 December 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [12][13][14]
Gamma USSR, CNES, RSA 11 July 1990 1992 Earth orbit (375 km) [15]
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) NASA 5 April 1991 4 June 2000 Earth orbit (362–457 km) [16][17][18]
Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI) INTA 19 May 1997 February 2002 Earth orbit (600 km) [19][20]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) NASA 9 October 2000 March 2008 Earth orbit (590–650 km) [21][22][23]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) ESA 17 October 2002 — Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) [24][25]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 November 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini LEggero (AGILE) ISA 23 April 2007 — Earth orbit (524–553 km) [28][29]
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope NASA 11 June 2008 — Earth orbit (555 km) [30]
Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (GAP) JAXA 21 May 2010 — Heliocentric orbit [31]

X-ray

Further information: Astronomy:X-ray astronomy

X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite 1, SAS-A) NASA 12 December 1970 March 1973 Earth orbit (531–572 km) [32][33][34]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) SRON 30 August 1974 June 1976 Earth orbit (266–1176 km) [35][36]
Ariel V SRC & NASA 15 October 1974 14 March 1980 Earth orbit (520 km) [37][38]
Aryabhata ISRO 19 April 1975 23 April 1975 Earth orbit (563–619 km) [39]
Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-C) NASA 7 May 1975 April 1979 Earth orbit (509–516 km) [40][41][42]
Cos-B ESA 9 August 1975 25 April 1982 Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [6][7][8]
Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA) ISAS 4 February 1976 4 February 1976 Failed launch [43][44]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1) NASA 12 August 1977 9 January 1979 Earth orbit (445 km) [45][46][47]
Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2) NASA 13 November 1978 26 April 1981 Earth orbit (465–476 km) [48][49]
Hakucho (CORSA-b) ISAS 21 February 1979 16 April 1985 Earth orbit (421–433 km) [50][51][52]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) NASA 20 September 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
Tenma (Astro-B) ISAS 20 February 1983 19 January 1989 Earth orbit (489–503 km) [53][54][55]
Astron IKI 23 March 1983 June 1989 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [56][57][58]
EXOSAT ESA 26 May 1983 8 April 1986 Earth orbit (347–191,709 km) [59][60][61]
Ginga (Astro-C) ISAS 5 February 1987 1 November 1991 Earth orbit (517–708 km) [62][63][64]
Granat CNRS & IKI 1 December 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [12][13][14]
ROSAT NASA & DLR 1 June 1990 12 February 1999 Re-entry 23 October 2011.[65]
Formerly Earth orbit (580 km)		 [66][67][68]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 NASA 2 December 1990 11 December 1990 Earth orbit (500 km) [69][70]
Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D) ISAS & NASA 20 February 1993 2 March 2001 Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km) [71][72]
Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis) LANL 25 April 1993 2005 Earth orbit (749–844 km) [73][74][75]
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) NASA 30 December 1995 3 January 2012 Earth orbit (409 km) [76][77][78]
BeppoSAX ASI 30 April 1996 30 April 2002 Earth orbit (575–594 km) [79][80][81]
A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS) DLR 28 April 1999 1 July 1999 Earth orbit (549–598 km) [82][83][84]
Chandra X-ray Observatory NASA 23 July 1999 — Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km) [85][86]
XMM-Newton ESA 10 December 1999 — Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km) [87][88]
High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) NASA 9 October 2000 March 2008 Earth orbit (590–650 km) [21][22][89]
International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) ESA 17 October 2002 — Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) [24][25]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 November 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
Suzaku (Astro-E2) JAXA & NASA 10 July 2005 2 September 2015 Earth orbit (550 km) [90][91]
AGILE ISA 23 April 2007 — Earth orbit (524–553 km) [28][29]
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) NASA 13 June 2012 — Earth orbit (603.5 km) [92][93]
Astrosat ISRO 28 September 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [94][95][96]
Hitomi (Astro-H) JAXA 17 February 2016 28 April 2016 Earth orbit (575 km) [97][98][99]
Mikhailo Lomonosov Moscow State University 28 April 2016 30 June 2018 Earth orbit (478–493 km) [100][101]
Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) NASA 07 June 2017 — International Space Station [102]
Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) CNSA & CAS 14 June 2017 — Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km) [103]
Spektr-RG RSRI & MPE July 13, 2019 — Sun-Earth L2 [104]
IXPE NASA 9 December 2021 — Low Earth orbit [105][106]
Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA) CSA 27 July 2022 — Low Earth orbit [107][108]
XRISM JAXA & NASA 7 September 2023 — Low Earth orbit [109][110]
X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) ISRO & RRI 1 January 2024 — Low Earth orbit [111][112]
Einstein Probe CAS & ESA & MPE 9 January 2024 — Low Earth orbit [113]

Ultraviolet

Further information: Astronomy:Ultraviolet astronomy

Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[114] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies.[115]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Observing location Ref(s)
OAO-2 (Stargazer) NASA 7 December 1968 January 1973 Earth orbit (749–758 km) [116][117]
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories USSR 19 April 1971 (Orion 1); (Orion 2) 18 December 1973 1971; 1973 Earth orbit (Orion 1: 200–222 km; Orion 2: 188–247 km) [118][119]
Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) NASA 16 April 1972 23 April 1972 Descartes Highlands on lunar surface [120]
Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) SRON 30 August 1974 June 1976 Earth orbit (266–1176 km) [35][36]
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) ESA & NASA & SERC 26 January 1978 30 September 1996 Earth orbit (32,050–52,254 km) [121][122]
Astron IKI 23 March 1983 June 1989 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [56][57][58]
Hubble Space Telescope NASA & ESA 24 April 1990 — Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [123]
Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 NASA 2 December 1990 11 December 1990 Earth orbit (500 km) [69][70]
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) NASA 7 June 1992 31 January 2001 Earth orbit (515–527 km) [124][125]
Astro 2 NASA 2 March 1993 18 March 1993 Earth orbit (349–363 km) [126][127]
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) NASA & CNES & CSA 24 June 1999 12 July 2007 Earth orbit (752–767 km) [128][129]
Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer (CHIPS) NASA 13 January 2003 11 April 2008 Earth orbit (578–594 km) [130][131]
Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) NASA 28 April 2003 28 June 2013 Earth orbit (691–697 km) .[132][133][134]
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4 (Kaistsat 4) KARI 27 September 2003 2007 ? Earth orbit (675–695 km) [135][136]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer (Swift) NASA 20 November 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) NASA 27 June 2013 — Earth orbit [137][138]
Hisaki (SPRINT-A) JAXA 14 September 2013 — — [139]
Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment NASA 26 November 2013 reusable Suborbital to 300 km [140]
Lunar-based ultraviolet telescope (LUT) CNSA 1 December 2013 — Lunar surface [141]
Astrosat ISRO 28 September 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [95][94][96]
Spatial Heterodyne Interferometric Emission Line Dynamics Spectrometer (SHIELDS) NASA 19 Apr 2021 19 Apr 2021 Suborbital to 284.8 km [142]

UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy.

Visible light

Further information: Astronomy:Visible-light astronomy

The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm.[143] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see Astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at planets, stars, galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things.[144]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Hipparcos ESA 8 August 1989 March 1993 Earth orbit (223–35,632 km) [145][146][147]
Hubble Space Telescope NASA & ESA 24 April 1990 — Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [123]
MOST CSA 30 June 2003 March 2019 Earth orbit (819–832 km) [148][149]
Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer NASA 20 November 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
COROT CNES & ESA 27 December 2006 2013 Earth orbit (872–884 km) [150][151]
Kepler NASA 6 March 2009 30 October 2018 Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit [152][153][154]
BRITE constellation Austria, Canada, Poland 25 February 2013 - 19 August 2014 — Earth orbit [155]
Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) CSA, DRDC 25 February 2013 — Sun-synchronous Earth orbit (776–792 km) [156][157]
Gaia (astrometry) ESA 19 December 2013 — Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [158]
Astrosat ISRO 28 September 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [94][95][96]
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) NASA 18 April 2018 — High Earth Orbit [159]
CHEOPS ESA 18 December 2019 — Sun-synchronous orbit [160]

Infrared and submillimetre

Main articles: Astronomy:Infrared astronomy and Astronomy:Submillimetre astronomy

Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies.[161]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
IRAS NASA 25 January 1983 21 November 1983 Earth orbit (889–903 km) [162][163]
Infrared Telescope in Space ISAS & NASDA 18 March 1995 25 April 1995 Earth orbit (486 km) [164][165]
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) ESA 17 November 1995 16 May 1998 Earth orbit (1000–70500 km) [166][167][168]
Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) USN 24 April 1996 26 February 1997 Earth orbit (900 km) [169]
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) NASA 6 December 1998 2005 Last used in 2005 Earth orbit (638–651 km) [170][171]
Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) NASA 5 March 1999 no observations Re-entered May 10, 2011[172] [173]
Spitzer Space Telescope NASA 25 August 2003 30 January 2020[174] Solar orbit (0.98–1.02 AU) [175][176]
Akari (Astro-F) JAXA 21 February 2006 24 November 2011[177] Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [178][179]
Herschel Space Observatory ESA & NASA 14 May 2009 [180] 29 April 2013[181] Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [182][183][184]
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) NASA 14 December 2009 February 2011 (hibernation Feb 2011 – Aug 2013) Earth orbit (500 km) [185][186][187]
CHEOPS ESA 18 December 2019 — Sun-synchronous orbit [160]
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NASA/ESA/CSA 25 December 2021 — Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [188]

Microwave

Further information: Astronomy:Radio astronomy

Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background. They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from our Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.[189]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) NASA 18 November 1989 23 December 1993 Earth orbit (900 km) [190][191]
Odin Swedish Space Corporation 20 February 2001 — Earth orbit (622 km) [192][193]
WMAP NASA 30 June 2001 October 2010 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [194]
Planck ESA 14 May 2009 October 2013 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point (mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict)		 [183][195][196]

Radio

As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry: doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, and starburst galaxies.[citation needed]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy (HALCA, VSOP or MUSES-B) ISAS 12 February 1997 30 November 2005 Earth orbit (560–21,400 km) [197][198][199]
Spektr-R (RadioAstron) ASC LPI 18 July 2011 11 January 2019 Earth orbit (10,000–390,000 km) [200][201][202]

Particle detection

Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These can be emitted by the sun (Solar Energetic Particles), our galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei, those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers.

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Proton-1 USSR 16 July 1965 11 October 1965 Earth orbit (589–183 km) [2]
Proton-2 USSR 2 November 1965 6 February 1966 Earth orbit (637–191 km) [2]
High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) NASA 20 September 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
SAMPEX NASA / DE 3 July 1992 30 June 2004 Earth orbit (512–687 km) [203]
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 (AMS-01) NASA 2 June 1998 12 June 1998 Earth orbit (296 km) [204]
Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) ISA, INFN, RSA, DLR & SNSB 15 May 2006 7 February 2016 Earth orbit (350–610 km) [205][206]
IBEX NASA 19 October 2008 — Earth orbit (86,000–259,000 km) [207]
Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 (AMS-02) NASA 16 May 2011 — Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS [208]
Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) CNSA & CAS 17 December 2015 — Earth orbit (500 km) [209]

Gravitational waves

A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes.

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
Lunar Surface Gravimeter NASA 7 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus–Littrow [210]

To be launched

Photo Name Space agency Planned launch date Location Ref(s)
TOLIMAN NASA 2024 Low Earth orbit [211]
SVOM CNSA/CNES 24 June 2024 Low Earth orbit [212]
Xuntian CNSA/CAS 2024 Low Earth orbit [213][214]
SPHEREx NASA 2025 Earth orbit [215]
Astrosat-2 ISRO/IUCAA 2025 Near-equatorial orbit [216]
PLATO ESA 2026 Geosynchronous orbit [217]
ULTRASAT Israel Space Agency 2026 Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [218]
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope; WFIRST) NASA/DOE 2027 Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [219]
ARIEL ESA 2029 Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [220]
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena) ESA/NASA/JAXA 2035 Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [221]
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) ESA 2037 Heliocentric orbit [222]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Gamma rays". NASA. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/gamma.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "NASA's HEASARC: Observatories (Proton 1 & Proton 2)". NASA. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/proton.html. 
  3. ↑ Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog
  4. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (SAS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-091A. 
  5. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (SAS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-091A. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (COS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-072A. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (COS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-072A. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "ESA – Space Science – Cos-B overview". ESA. http://www.esa.int/esaSC/120375_index_0_m.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HEAO 3)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1979-082A. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HEAO 3)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1979-082A. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-3 (HEAO-3)". NASA. 26 June 2003. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao3/heao3.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (GRANAT)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-096A. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (GRANAT)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-096A. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "1999 Reentries". The Aerospace Corporation, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies. http://www.aero.org/capabilities/cords/pdfs/1999-reentry-chart.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "The Gamma Satellite". NASA. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/gamma.html. 
  16. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-027B. 
  17. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-027B. 
  18. ↑ "CGRO Science Support Center". NASA. http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/index.html. 
  19. ↑ "Instrumentation: Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI)". Birmingham University. 24 January 2006. http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/instrument/legri.html. 
  20. ↑ "LEGRI". NASA. 4 December 1997. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/coded_legri.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HETE 2)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2000-061A. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HETE 2)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2000-061A. 
  23. ↑ "The High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE-2)". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 28 March 2007. http://space.mit.edu/HETE/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (INTEGRAL)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-048A. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (INTEGRAL)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-048A. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Swift)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-047A. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Swift)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-047A. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (AGILE)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-022A. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (AGILE)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-013A. 
  30. ↑ "GLAST Overview – The GLAST Mission". NASA. 19 December 2007. http://glast.gsfc.nasa.gov/public/. 
  31. ↑ "GAPホームページ" (in ja). Kanazawa University. 26 August 2011. http://astro.s.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/~yonetoku/gap/index.htm. 
  32. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Uhuru)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-107A. 
  33. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Uhuru)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-107A. 
  34. ↑ "The Uhuru Satellite". NASA. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/uhuru/uhuru.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (ANS)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1974-070A. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (ANS)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1974-070A. 
  37. ↑ "The Ariel V Satellite". NASA. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ariel5/ariel5.html. 
  38. ↑ "The Ariel V Satellite – About". NASA. http://heasarc.nasa.gov/docs/ariel5/ariel5_about.html. 
  39. ↑ "The Aryabhata Satellite". NASA. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/aryabhata.html. 
  40. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (SAS-C)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-037A. 
  41. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (SAS-C)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-037A. 
  42. ↑ "The Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-3)". NASA. http://heasarc.nasa.gov/docs/sas3/sas3.html. 
  43. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (CORSA)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CORSA. 
  44. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (CORSA)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CORSA. 
  45. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HEAO 1)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-075A. 
  46. ↑ "The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-1 – Overview". NASA. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao1/heao1.html. 
  47. ↑ "The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-1 – Mission Overview". NASA. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao1/heao1_about.html. 
  48. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Einstein Observatory)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-103A. 
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  195. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (PLANCK)". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=PLANCK. 
  196. ↑ "Planck – Home Page". ESA. http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=Planck. 
  197. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HALCA)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-005A. 
  198. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HALCA)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-005A. 
  199. ↑ "Minutes of VSOP-2 Tracking Station Meeting, 10/31-11/01/06". National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. http://vsop.mtk.nao.ac.jp/VSOP2TSMAPL07/VSOP2-link-Nov06.pdf. 
  200. ↑ "Description of the RadioAstron project". Russian Space Research Institute. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/description/status_eng.htm. 
  201. ↑ "Description of the RadioAstron project – Orbit". Russian Space Research Institute. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/description/orbit_eng.htm. 
  202. ↑ "RadioAstron Newsletter Number 1, January 1, 2010". Russian Astro Space Center. January 1, 2010. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/news/newsl/en/newsl_01_en.pdf. 
  203. ↑ "SAMPEX Data Center". Srl.caltech.edu. http://www.srl.caltech.edu/sampex/DataCenter/. 
  204. ↑ AMS Collaboration; Aguilar, M.; Alcaraz, J.; Allaby, J.; Alpat, B.; Ambrosi, G.; Anderhub, H.; Ao, L. et al. (August 2002). "The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I – results from the test flight on the space shuttle". Physics Reports 366 (6): 331–405. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00013-3. Bibcode: 2002PhR...366..331A. 
  205. ↑ "PAMELA Mission Official Website". Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. http://pamela.roma2.infn.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=129. 
  206. ↑ "PAMELA Mission Official Website – Partners". Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. http://pamela.roma2.infn.it/. 
  207. ↑ Ray, Justin (October 19, 2008). "Mission Status Center: Pegasus/IBEX". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/pegasus/ibex/status.html. 
  208. ↑ "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer – 02 (AMS-02)". NASA. 2009-12-18. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/AMS-02.html. 
  209. ↑ "DArk Matter Particle Explorer". http://dpnc.unige.ch/dampe/index.html. 
  210. ↑ "Lunar Surface Gravimeter on Apollo 17". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-096C-09. 
  211. ↑ "The TOLIMAN mission: precision astrometry for exoplanetary discovery in the solar neighborhood". https://indico.ict.inaf.it/event/726/attachments/1414/2686/TOLIMAN_Science-4.pdf. 
  212. ↑ "Svom". http://www.svom.fr/en/. 
  213. ↑ Jones, Andrew (28 February 2023). "China to expand its space station, international astronaut selection underway". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-to-expand-its-space-station-international-astronaut-selection-underway/. 
  214. ↑ "Flagship Chinese Space Telescope to Unravel Cosmic Mysteries". Chinese Academy of Sciences. 7 May 2022. https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/cas_media/202205/t20220507_305162.shtml. 
  215. ↑ "A New NASA Space Telescope, SPHEREx, Is Moving Ahead". JPL. NASA. 5 January 2021. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/a-new-nasa-space-telescope-spherex-is-moving-ahead. 
  216. ↑ Kahekashan (2019-09-13). "ISRO's Upcoming Plans: 8 Big space missions lined up in future". The Hans India. https://www.thehansindia.com/technology/tech-news/isros-upcoming-plans-8-big-space-missions-lined-up-in-future-563503. 
  217. ↑ Fisher, Alise (17 February 2023). "NASA to Launch Israel’s First Space Telescope". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-launch-israel-s-first-space-telescope. 
  218. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (20 February 2014). "European Space Agency picks Plato planet-hunting mission". https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26267918. "A telescope to find rocky worlds around other stars has been selected for launch by the European Space Agency's (Esa) Science Policy Committee. Known as Plato, the mission should launch on a Soyuz rocket in 2024." 
  219. ↑ Balzer, Ashley (9 November 2021). "NASA's Roman Mission Will Help Empower a New Era of Cosmological Discovery". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-s-roman-mission-will-help-empower-a-new-era-of-cosmological-discovery. 
  220. ↑ "Ariel moves from blueprint to reality". ESA. 12 November 2020. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Ariel_moves_from_blueprint_to_reality. 
  221. ↑ "Athena | Mission Summary". ESA. 8 November 2021. https://sci.esa.int/web/athena/-/59896-mission-summary. 
  222. ↑ "LISA | Mission Summary". ESA. 8 November 2021. https://sci.esa.int/web/lisa/-/61367-mission-summary. 

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