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List of space telescopes

Topic: Astronomy

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 29 min
Short description: None
The Hubble Space Telescope
Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter
Overview of active and future telescopes (as of January 2021)

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g., the Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes and List of heliophysics missions for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth.

Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the minimum and maximum altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the Sun are given in astronomical units (AU).

Gamma ray

Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. Gamma ray bursts, with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[1]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
100px Proton-1 USSR 16 July 1965 11 October 1965 Earth orbit (183-589 km) [2]
100px Proton-2 USSR 2 November 1965 6 February 1966 Earth orbit (191-637 km) [2]
100px Proton-4 USSR 16 November 1968 24 July 1969 Earth orbit (248-477 km) [3]
100px Small Astronomy Satellite 2 (SAS-B) NASA 15 November 1972 8 June 1973 Earth orbit (443–632 km) [4][5]
100px Cos-B ESA 9 August 1975 25 April 1982 Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [6][7][8]
100px High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 NASA 20 September 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
100px Granat CNRS & IKI 1 December 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [12][13][14]
100px Gamma USSR, CNES, RSA 11 July 1990 1992 Earth orbit (375 km) [15]
100px Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) NASA 5 April 1991 4 June 2000 Earth orbit (362–457 km) [16][17][18]
Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI) INTA 19 May 1997 February 2002 Earth orbit (600 km) [19][20]
100px High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) NASA 9 October 2000 March 2008 Earth orbit (590–650 km) [21][22][23]
100px International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) ESA 17 October 2002 Template:DTS Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) [24][25]
100px Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory NASA 20 November 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
100px Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE) ISA 23 April 2007 18 January 2024 Earth orbit (524–553 km) [28][29]
100px Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope NASA 11 June 2008 — Earth orbit (555 km) [30]
100px Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (IKAROS) JAXA 21 May 2010 21 May 2015 Heliocentric orbit [31][32]
100px Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) CNSA & CNES 22 June 2024 — Earth orbit (625–625 km) [33][34]

X-ray

X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.
Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
100px Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite 1, SAS-A) NASA 12 December 1970 March 1973 Earth orbit (531–572 km) [35][36][37]
100px Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) SRON 30 August 1974 June 1976 Earth orbit (266–1176 km) [38][39]
100px Ariel V SRC & NASA 15 October 1974 14 March 1980 Earth orbit (520 km) [40][41]
100px Aryabhata ISRO 19 April 1975 23 April 1975 Earth orbit (563–619 km) [42]
100px Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-C) NASA 7 May 1975 April 1979 Earth orbit (509–516 km) [43][44][45]
100px Cos-B ESA 9 August 1975 25 April 1982 Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) [6][7][8]
Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA) ISAS 4 February 1976 4 February 1976 Failed launch [46][47]
100px High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1) NASA 12 August 1977 9 January 1979 Earth orbit (445 km) [48][49][50]
100px Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2) NASA 13 November 1978 26 April 1981 Earth orbit (465–476 km) [51][52]
100px Hakucho (CORSA-b) ISAS 21 February 1979 16 April 1985 Earth orbit (421–433 km) [53][54][55]
100px High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) NASA 20 September 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
100px Tenma (Astro-B) ISAS 20 February 1983 19 January 1989 Earth orbit (489–503 km) [56][57][58]
100px Astron IKI 23 March 1983 June 1989 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [59][60][61]
100px EXOSAT ESA 26 May 1983 8 April 1986 Earth orbit (347–191,709 km) [62][63][64]
100px Ginga (Astro-C) ISAS 5 February 1987 1 November 1991 Earth orbit (517–708 km) [65][66][67]
100px Granat CNRS & IKI 1 December 1989 25 May 1999 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [12][13][14]
ROSAT NASA & DLR 1 June 1990 12 February 1999 Re-entry 23 October 2011.[68]
Formerly Earth orbit (580 km)		 [69][70][71]
100px Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 NASA 2 December 1990 11 December 1990 Earth orbit (500 km) [72][73]
100px Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D) ISAS & NASA 20 February 1993 2 March 2001 Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km) [74][75]
100px Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis) LANL 25 April 1993 2005 Earth orbit (749–844 km) [76][77][78]
100px Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) NASA 30 December 1995 3 January 2012 Earth orbit (409 km) [79][80][81]
100px BeppoSAX ASI 30 April 1996 30 April 2002 Earth orbit (575–594 km) [82][83][84]
100px A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS) DLR 28 April 1999 1 July 1999 Earth orbit (549–598 km) [85][86][87]
100px Chandra X-ray Observatory NASA 23 July 1999 — Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km) [88][89]
100px XMM-Newton ESA 10 December 1999 — Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km) [90][91]
100px High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) NASA 9 October 2000 March 2008 Earth orbit (590–650 km) [21][22][92]
100px International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) ESA 17 October 2002 28 February 2025 Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) [24][25]
100px Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory NASA 20 November 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
100px Suzaku (Astro-E2) JAXA & NASA 10 July 2005 2 September 2015 Earth orbit (550 km) [93][94]
100px Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini Leggero (AGILE) ISA 23 April 2007 18 Jan 2024 Earth orbit (524–553 km) [28][29]
100px Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) NASA 13 June 2012 — Earth orbit (603.5 km) [95][96]
100px AstroSat ISRO 28 September 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [97][98][99]
100px Hitomi (Astro-H) JAXA 17 February 2016 28 April 2016 Earth orbit (575 km) [100][101][102]
100px Mikhailo Lomonosov Moscow State University 28 April 2016 30 June 2018 Earth orbit (478–493 km) [103][104]
100px Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) NASA 07 June 2017 — International Space Station [105]
100px Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) CNSA & CAS 14 June 2017 — Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km) [106]
100px Spektr-RG RSRI & MPE July 13, 2019 — Sun-Earth L2 [107]
100px Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) NASA 9 December 2021 — Earth orbit (540 km) [108][109]
Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA) CAS 27 July 2022 — Low Earth orbit [110][111]
100px X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) JAXA & NASA 7 September 2023 — Earth orbit (550 km) [112][113]
100px X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) ISRO & RRI 1 January 2024 — Earth orbit (638–653 km) [114][115]
100px Einstein Probe CAS & ESA & MPE 9 January 2024 — Earth orbit (581–593 km) [116]
100px Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) CNSA & CNES 22 June 2024 — Earth orbit (625–625 km) [33][34]
BlackCAT NASA 11 January 2026 — Geocentric orbit [117]

Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[118] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies.[119]
Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Observing location Ref(s)
100px OAO-2 (Stargazer) NASA 7 December 1968 January 1973 Earth orbit (749–758 km) [120][121]
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories USSR 19 April 1971 (Orion 1); (Orion 2) 18 December 1973 1971; 1973 Earth orbit (Orion 1: 200–222 km; Orion 2: 188–247 km) [122][123]
100px Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) NASA 16 April 1972 23 April 1972 Descartes Highlands on lunar surface [124]
100px Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) SRON 30 August 1974 June 1976 Earth orbit (266–1176 km) [38][39]
100px International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) ESA & NASA & SERC 26 January 1978 30 September 1996 Earth orbit (32,050–52,254 km) [125][126]
100px Astron IKI 23 March 1983 June 1989 Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) [59][60][61]
100px Hubble Space Telescope NASA & ESA 24 April 1990 — Earth orbit (586–610 km) [127]
100px Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 NASA 2 December 1990 11 December 1990 Earth orbit (500 km) [72][73]
100px Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) NASA 7 June 1992 31 January 2001 Earth orbit (515–527 km) [128][129]
100px Astro 2 NASA 2 March 1995 18 March 1995 Earth orbit (349–363 km) [130][131]
100px Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) NASA & CNES & CSA 24 June 1999 12 July 2007 Earth orbit (752–767 km) [132][133]
100px Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer (CHIPS) NASA 13 January 2003 11 April 2008 Earth orbit (578–594 km) [134][135]
100px Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) NASA 28 April 2003 28 June 2013 Earth orbit (691–697 km) .[136][137][138]
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4 (Kaistsat 4) KARI 27 September 2003 2007? Earth orbit (675–695 km) [139][140]
100px Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift) NASA 20 November 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
100px Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) NASA 27 June 2013 — Earth orbit (387–415 km) [141][142]
100px Hisaki (SPRINT-A) JAXA 14 September 2013 8 December 2023 Earth orbit (957–1151 km) [143][144]
Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment NASA 26 November 2013 reusable Suborbital to 300 km [145]
Lunar-based ultraviolet telescope (LUT) CNSA 1 December 2013 — Lunar surface
(On Chang'e 3 lander)		 [146]
100px AstroSat ISRO 28 September 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [98][97][99]
Spatial Heterodyne Interferometric Emission Line Dynamics Spectrometer (SHIELDS) NASA 19 Apr 2021 19 Apr 2021 Suborbital to 284.8 km [147]
Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE) NASA, Colorado University 27 Sep 2021 nearly Sun-synchronous orbit with a ~90 minute orbital period [148]
100px Carruthers Geocorona Observatory NASA 24 September 2025 L1 Lagrange point [149]
SPARCS NASA 11 January 2026 — Geocentric orbit [150]

UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy.

Visible light

The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm.[151] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see Astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at planets, stars, galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things.[152]
Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
100px Hipparcos ESA 8 August 1989 March 1993 Earth orbit (223–35,632 km) [153][154][155]
100px Hubble Space Telescope NASA & ESA 24 April 1990 — Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [127]
MOST CSA 30 June 2003 March 2019 Earth orbit (819–832 km) [156][157]
100px Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory NASA 20 November 2004 — Earth orbit (585–604 km) [26][27]
100px COROT CNES & ESA 27 December 2006 2013 Earth orbit (872–884 km) [158][159]
100px Kepler NASA 6 March 2009 30 October 2018 Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit [160][161][162]
100px BRITE constellation Austria, Canada, Poland 25 February 2013 - 19 August 2014 — Earth orbit [163]
Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) CSA, DRDC 25 February 2013 — Sun-synchronous Earth orbit (776–792 km) [164][165]
100px Gaia (astrometry) ESA 19 December 2013 27 March 2025 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [166]
100px AstroSat ISRO 28 September 2015 — Earth orbit (600–650 km) [97][98][99]
100px Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) NASA 18 April 2018 — High Earth Orbit [167]
CHEOPS ESA 18 December 2019 — Sun-synchronous orbit [168]
ILO-X ILOA 15 February 2024 — Lunar surface [169]
100px Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) CNSA & CNES 22 June 2024 — Earth orbit (625–625 km) [33][34]

Infrared and submillimetre

Main articles: Astronomy:Infrared astronomy and Submillimetre astronomy

Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies.[170]

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
100px IRAS NASA 25 January 1983 21 November 1983 Earth orbit (889–903 km) [171]
100px Infrared Telescope in Space ISAS & NASDA 18 March 1995 25 April 1995 Earth orbit (486 km) [172][173]
100px Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) ESA 17 November 1995 16 May 1998 Earth orbit (1000–70500 km) [174][175]
100px Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) USN 24 April 1996 26 February 1997 Earth orbit (900 km) [176]
100px Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) NASA 6 December 1998 2005 Last used in 2005 Earth orbit (638–651 km) [177]
100px Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) NASA 5 March 1999 no observations Re-entered May 10, 2011[178] [179]
100px Spitzer Space Telescope NASA 25 August 2003 30 January 2020[180] Solar orbit (0.98–1.02 AU) [181]
100px Akari (Astro-F) JAXA 21 February 2006 24 November 2011[182] Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) [183]
100px Herschel Space Observatory ESA & NASA 14 May 2009 [184] 29 April 2013[185] Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [186][187][188]
100px Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) NASA 14 December 2009 February 2011 (hibernation Feb 2011 – Aug 2013) 
Last contact 31 July 2024 || Earth orbit (500 km) || [189][190][191]
100px CHEOPS ESA 18 December 2019 — Sun-synchronous orbit [168]
100px James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NASA/ESA/CSA 25 December 2021 — Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [192]
100px SPHEREx NASA 11 March 2025 — Earth orbit [193]
100px Pandora NASA 11 January 2026 — Geocentric orbit [194]

Microwave

Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background. They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from the Milky Way Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.[195]
Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
100px Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) NASA 18 November 1989 23 December 1993 Earth orbit (900 km) [196][197]
Odin Swedish Space Corporation 20 February 2001 — Earth orbit (622 km) [198][199]
100px WMAP NASA 30 June 2001 October 2010 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point [200]
100px Planck ESA 14 May 2009 October 2013 Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point (mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict)		 [187][201][202]

Radio

As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry: doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, and starburst galaxies.[citation needed]
Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
100px Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy (HALCA, VSOP or MUSES-B) ISAS 12 February 1997 30 November 2005 Earth orbit (560–21,400 km) [203][204][205]
100px Spektr-R (RadioAstron) ASC LPI 18 July 2011 11 January 2019 Earth orbit (10,000–390,000 km) [206][207][208]

Particle detection

Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These can be emitted by the Sun (Solar Energetic Particles), the Milky Way galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei, those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers.

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
100px Proton-1 USSR 16 July 1965 11 October 1965 Earth orbit (589–183 km) [2]
100px Proton-2 USSR 2 November 1965 6 February 1966 Earth orbit (637–191 km) [2]
100px High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) NASA 20 September 1979 29 May 1981 Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) [9][10][11]
100px SAMPEX NASA / DE 3 July 1992 30 June 2004 Earth orbit (512–687 km) [209]
100px Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 (AMS-01) NASA 2 June 1998 12 June 1998 Earth orbit (296 km) [210]
100px Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) ISA, INFN, RSA, DLR & SNSB 15 May 2006 7 February 2016 Earth orbit (350–610 km) [211][212]
100px IBEX NASA 19 October 2008 — Earth orbit (86,000–259,000 km) [213]
100px Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 (AMS-02) NASA 16 May 2011 — Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS [214]
Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) JAXA 19 October 2015 — Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS [215]
Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) CNSA & CAS 17 December 2015 — Earth orbit (500 km) [216]

Gravitational waves

A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes.

Photo Name Space agency Launch date Terminated Location Ref(s)
100px Lunar Surface Gravimeter NASA 7 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus–Littrow [217]

Future launches

Photo Name Space agency Type of observation Planned launch date Location Ref(s)
Aspera NASA UV 2026 Low Earth orbit [218]
CubeSpec ESA Visible light/UV 2026 Low Earth orbit [219][220]
100px Gamma-ray Transients Monitor TASA Gamma ray 2026 [221]
100px Xuntian CNSA/CAS Visible light/Terahertz radiation 2026 Low Earth orbit [222][223][224]
100px PLATO ESA Visible light (planet transits) 2026 Geosynchronous orbit [225]
100px ULTRASAT Israel Space Agency Near-ultraviolet 2027 Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [226]
100px Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope NASA Infrared 2027 Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [227]
100px Compton Spectrometer and Imager NASA Soft gamma-rays 2027 Low Earth orbit [228]
100px NEO Surveyor NASA Infrared (Near-Earth object detection) 2027 Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange point [229]
100px ARIEL ESA Visible light/Near-infrared 2029 Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [230]
100px UVEX NASA Ultraviolet 2030 Highly elliptical orbit [231]
100px ARRAKIHS ESA Visible light/Near-infrared 2030 Low Earth orbit [232][233]
Taiji CNSA/CAS Gravitational waves 2033 Heliocentric orbit [234]
100px NEOMIR ESA Infrared (Near-Earth object detection) 2030s Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange point [235][236]
Athena ESA/NASA/JAXA X-rays 2037 Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [237]
100px LISA ESA Gravitational waves 2037 Heliocentric orbit [238]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Gamma rays". NASA. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/gamma.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "NASA's HEASARC: Observatories (Proton 1 & Proton 2)". NASA. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/proton.html. 
  3. ↑ Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog
  4. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (SAS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-091A. 
  5. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (SAS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-091A. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (COS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-072A. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (COS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-072A. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "ESA – Space Science – Cos-B overview". ESA. http://www.esa.int/esaSC/120375_index_0_m.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HEAO 3)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1979-082A. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HEAO 3)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1979-082A. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-3 (HEAO-3)". NASA. 26 June 2003. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao3/heao3.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (GRANAT)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-096A. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (GRANAT)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-096A. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "1999 Reentries". The Aerospace Corporation, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies. http://www.aero.org/capabilities/cords/pdfs/1999-reentry-chart.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "The Gamma Satellite". NASA. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/gamma.html. 
  16. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-027B. 
  17. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-027B. 
  18. ↑ "CGRO Science Support Center". NASA. http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/index.html. 
  19. ↑ "Instrumentation: Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI)". Birmingham University. 24 January 2006. http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/instrument/legri.html. 
  20. ↑ "LEGRI". NASA. 4 December 1997. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/coded_legri.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HETE 2)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2000-061A. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HETE 2)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2000-061A. 
  23. ↑ "The High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE-2)". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 28 March 2007. http://space.mit.edu/HETE/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (INTEGRAL)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-048A. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (INTEGRAL)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-048A. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Swift)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-047A. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Swift)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-047A. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (AGILE)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-022A. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (AGILE)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-013A. 
  30. ↑ "GLAST Overview – The GLAST Mission". NASA. 19 December 2007. http://glast.gsfc.nasa.gov/public/. 
  31. ↑ "GAPホームページ" (in ja). Kanazawa University. 26 August 2011. http://astro.s.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/~yonetoku/gap/index.htm. 
  32. ↑ "JAXA | Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS"" (in en). http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/ikaros/topics.html. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "Svom". https://www.svom.eu/en/home/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Xin, Ling (22 June 2024). "China-France satellite launched to monitor most powerful explosions in space". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3267503/china-france-satellite-launched-monitor-most-powerful-explosions-space. 
  35. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Uhuru)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-107A. 
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  184. ↑ "Jet Propulsion Laboratory Herschel Mission News". Herschel.jpl.nasa.gov. http://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/newsLatest.shtml. 
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  188. ↑ "Herschel Science Centre – A short Herschel mission overview". ESA. 20 November 2007. http://herschel.esac.esa.int/overview.shtml. 
  189. ↑ "WISE: Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer". University of California, Los Angeles. http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/. 
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  192. ↑ "Targeted launch date for Webb: 18 December 2021". ESA. 8 September 2021. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Webb/Targeted_launch_date_for_Webb_18_December_2021. 
  193. ↑ "A New NASA Space Telescope, SPHEREx, Is Moving Ahead". JPL. NASA. 5 January 2021. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/a-new-nasa-space-telescope-spherex-is-moving-ahead. 
  194. ↑ "Pandora mission to study stars and exoplanets continues toward flight" (in en). https://www.llnl.gov/news/pandora-mission-study-stars-and-exoplanets-continues-toward-flight. 
  195. ↑ Lachièze-Rey, M.; Gunzig, E. (1999). The Cosmological Background Radiation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–9. ISBN 0521574374. 
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  200. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (WMAP)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-027A. 
  201. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (PLANCK)". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=PLANCK. 
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  203. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HALCA)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-005A. 
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  205. ↑ "Minutes of VSOP-2 Tracking Station Meeting, 10/31-11/01/06". National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. http://vsop.mtk.nao.ac.jp/VSOP2TSMAPL07/VSOP2-link-Nov06.pdf. 
  206. ↑ "Description of the RadioAstron project". Russian Space Research Institute. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/description/status_eng.htm. 
  207. ↑ "Description of the RadioAstron project – Orbit". Russian Space Research Institute. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/description/orbit_eng.htm. 
  208. ↑ "RadioAstron Newsletter Number 1, January 1, 2010". Russian Astro Space Center. January 1, 2010. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/news/newsl/en/newsl_01_en.pdf. 
  209. ↑ "SAMPEX Data Center". Srl.caltech.edu. http://www.srl.caltech.edu/sampex/DataCenter/. 
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  215. ↑ "CALET". Goddard Space Flight Center. 2024-08-26. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/calet/calet.html. 
  216. ↑ "DArk Matter Particle Explorer". http://dpnc.unige.ch/dampe/index.html. 
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  218. ↑ "U of A-led NASA Aspera mission hits spacecraft milestone | Steward Observatory". https://astro.arizona.edu/news/u-led-nasa-aspera-mission-hits-spacecraft-milestone. 
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  222. ↑ "China's giant Xuntian space telescope faces further delay until late 2026". 16 May 2024. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3262886/chinas-giant-xuntian-space-telescope-faces-further-delay-until-late-2026. 
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  225. ↑ "Plato". European Space Agency (European Space Agency). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Plato. 
  226. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (20 February 2014). "European Space Agency picks Plato planet-hunting mission". https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26267918. "A telescope to find rocky worlds around other stars has been selected for launch by the European Space Agency's (Esa) Science Policy Committee. Known as Plato, the mission should launch on a Soyuz rocket in 2024." 
  227. ↑ Balzer, Ashley (9 November 2021). "NASA's Roman Mission Will Help Empower a New Era of Cosmological Discovery". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-s-roman-mission-will-help-empower-a-new-era-of-cosmological-discovery. 
  228. ↑ "NASA Selects Gamma-ray Telescope to Chart Milky Way Evolution". NASA. 18 October 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-gamma-ray-telescope-to-chart-milky-way-evolution.  Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  235. ↑ Voices, EarthSky (2023-02-19). "Detecting asteroids near the sun with NEOMIR" (in en-US). https://earthsky.org/space/asteroids-near-the-sun-early-warning-system-neomir/. 
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  237. ↑ "Athena | Mission Summary". ESA. 8 November 2021. https://sci.esa.int/web/athena/-/59896-mission-summary. 
  238. ↑ "LISA | Mission Summary". ESA. 8 November 2021. https://sci.esa.int/web/lisa/-/61367-mission-summary. 


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