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New Glenn

Topic: Astronomy

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 18 min
Short description: Launch vehicle in development by Blue Origin


New Glenn
New Glenn.svg
Illustration of New Glenn
FunctionReusable orbital launcher
ManufacturerBlue Origin
Country of originUnited States
Size
Height98 m (322 ft) [1]
Diameter7 m (23 ft)
Stages2
Capacity
Payload to low Earth orbit (LEO)45,000 kg (99,000 lb) [2][3]
Payload to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)13,600 kg (30,000 lb) [2][3]
Associated rockets
Comparable
Launch history
StatusIn development
Launch sitesCape Canaveral, LC-36
Vandenberg Space Force Base
First flightAugust 2024 (planned)[4]
First stage – GS1
Length57.5 m (189 ft)
Diameter7 m (23 ft)
Engines7 × BE-4
Thrust17.1 MN (3,850,000 lbf)
FuelCH4 / LOX
Second stage – GS2
Length16.1 m (53 ft) tank section, 23.4 m (77 ft) including the two high expansion ratio nozzle BE-3Us
Diameter7 m (23 ft)
Engines2 × BE-3U
Thrust1,400 kN (320,000 lbf)
FuelLH2 / LOX

New Glenn is a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle in development by Blue Origin, named after NASA astronaut John Glenn, the first American astronaut to orbit Earth. Design work on the vehicle began in 2012; illustrations of the vehicle, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016. New Glenn is a two-stage rocket with a diameter of 7 m (23 ft). Its first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 engines that are also being designed and manufactured by Blue Origin.

Like the New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle used for space tourism activities, the New Glenn's first stage has been designed to be reusable since its inception.[5] In 2021, the company started a program to make the second stage reusable as well, with the project codenamed Project Jarvis.[6] A first test tank was created in 2021.[7]

As of November 2023, the first launch is expected to take place no earlier than August 2024, carrying NASA's EscaPADE spacecraft to Mars.[4]

History

After initiating the development of an orbital rocket system prior to 2012, and stating in 2013 on their website that the first stage would do a powered vertical landing and be reusable,[8] Blue Origin publicly announced their orbital launch vehicle intentions in September 2015.[9] In January 2016, Blue Origin indicated that the new rocket would be many times larger than New Shepard even though it would be the smallest of the family of Blue Origin orbital vehicles.[10] Blue Origin publicly released the high-level design of the vehicle and announced the name New Glenn — with both two-stage and three-stage variants planned — in September 2016.[5]

Early design work on orbital subsystems

Blue Origin began developing systems for orbital human spacecraft prior to 2012. A reusable first-stage booster was projected to fly a suborbital trajectory, taking off vertically like the booster stage of a conventional multistage launch vehicle. Following stage separation, the upper stage would continue to propel astronauts to orbit while the first-stage booster would descend to perform a powered vertical landing similar to its New Shepard suborbital vehicle. The first-stage booster was to be refueled and relaunched to reduce costs of access for humans to space.[8]

The booster launch vehicle was projected to lift Blue Origin's biconic Space Vehicle capsule to orbit, carrying astronauts and supplies. After completing its mission in orbit, the Space Vehicle was designed to reenter Earth's atmosphere and land under parachutes on land, to be reused on future missions.[8]

Engine testing for the (then-named) Reusable Booster System (RBS) launch vehicle began in 2012. A full-power test of the thrust chamber for Blue Origin BE-3 liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen upper-stage rocket engine (BE-3U) was conducted on a stand at the John C. Stennis Space Center (NASA test facility) in October 2012. The chamber successfully achieved full thrust of 100,000 lbf (about 440 kN).[11] By early 2018,[12] it was announced that the BE-3U hydrolox engine would power the second stage of the New Glenn.[13]

Development

Design work on the vehicle began in 2012, with the beginning of BE-4 engine development. Further plans for an orbital launch vehicle were made public in 2015. By March 2016, the launch vehicle was referred to by the placeholder name of "Very Big Brother".[14][15] It was stated to be a two-stage-to-orbit liquid-propellant rocket,[9] with the launcher intended to be reusable.[16] In early 2016, Blue Origin indicated that the first orbital launch was expected no earlier than 2020 from the Florida launch facility,[15] and in September 2017 continued to forecast a 2020 debut.[17] In a February 2016 interview, Blue Origin president Rob Meyerson referred to engine development and orbital launch vehicle milestones.[18][19]

The vehicle itself, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016. New Glenn was described as a 7 m (23 ft) diameter, two- or three-stage rocket, with the first and second stages being liquid methane/liquid oxygen (methalox) designs using Blue Origin engines. The first stage is planned to be reusable and will land vertically, just like the New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle that has been flying suborbitally since the early 2010s. Although these plans would subsequently change, the 2016 plans called for the first stage to be powered by seven of Blue Origin's BE-4 single-shaft oxygen-rich staged combustion[20] liquid methane/liquid oxygen rocket engines, the second-stage to be powered by a single vacuum-variant of the BE-4 (BE-4U) and the third stage to use a single BE-3 hydrolox engine.[5] In 2016, the first stage was planned to be designed to be reused for up to 100 flights.[2][3] Blue Origin announced that they intended to launch the rocket from Launch Complex 36 (LC-36), and manufacture the launch vehicles at a new facility to be built on nearby land in Exploration Park. Acceptance testing of the BE-4 engines was also announced to be planned for Florida.[16]

Blue Origin explained in the 12 September 2016 announcement that the rocket would be named New Glenn in honor of the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth, John Glenn.[5][21] Three weeks of wind tunnel testing of a scale model New Glenn were completed in September 2016 in order to validate the CFD design models of transonic and supersonic flight.[22][23]

In March 2017, Jeff Bezos showed graphics of the New Glenn which had two large strakes at the bottom of the booster.[24] In the September 2017 announcement, Blue Origin announced a much larger payload fairing for New Glenn, this one 7 m (23 ft) in diameter, up from 5.4 m (18 ft) in the originally announced design.[17]

By March 2018, the launch vehicle design had changed. It was announced that the New Glenn second stage will now be powered by two vacuum versions of the flight proven BE-3 liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen rocket engine (BE-3U) with a single BE-3U engine for the third stage deep space option. The three stage booster variant was subsequently cancelled completely in January 2019.[25] By mid-2018, the low-level design was not yet complete and the likelihood of achieving an initial launch by 2020 was being called into question by company engineers, customers, industry experts, and journalists.[26][27] In October 2018, the Air Force announced Blue Origin was awarded US$500 million for development of New Glenn as a potential competitor in future contracts, including Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) Phase 2.[28] The October 2018 award was terminated in December 2020 after receiving US$255.5 million of the US$500 million.[29][30]

By February 2019, several launches for New Glenn had been contracted: five for OneWeb, an unspecified amount of Telesat, one each for Eutelsat, mu Space Corp and SKY Perfect JSAT.[31][32][17][33][13] In February 2019, Blue Origin indicated that no plans to build a reusable second stage were on the company's roadmap.[34] In the event, by July 2021, Blue Origin was evaluating options for getting to a reusable second-stage design: Project Jarvis.[35]

In August 2020 the Air Force announced that New Glenn was not selected for the National Security Space Launch Phase 2 launch procurement. Due to this, in February 2021 Blue Origin announced that the first flight would slip to no earlier than late 2022.[29]

By December 2020, Blue Origin indicated that the BE-4 engine delivery to ULA would slip to summer 2021, and ULA disclosed that the first launch of the New Glenn competitor ULA Vulcan Centaur would now be no earlier than 4Q 2021.[36] Blue Origin announced a further schedule slip for the first launch of New Glenn in March 2021 when the company said New Glenn "would not launch until the fourth quarter of 2022, at the earliest."[37]

By 2021, Blue had changed the published reuse specification for New Glenn to a minimum of 25 flights,[38] from the previous design of 2016 to support up to 100 flights.[2][3]

In March 2022, the expected first launch of New Glenn slipped to no earlier than Q4 2023.[39]

In January 2024, the first stage of New Glenn was being transported at Kennedy Space Center from the factory to the launch complex in preparation for a 2024 launch.[40]

"Jarvis" reusable upper stage

John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth and the namesake of the New Glenn spacecraft, piloting the Friendship 7 space capsule during his flight on 20 February 1962

Information became public in July 2021 that Blue Origin had begun a "project to develop a fully reusable upper stage for New Glenn," under the name "Project Jarvis", just as SpaceX is aiming to do with their Starship second stage. If Blue Origin is able to realize such a second stage design and bring it into operational use, New Glenn would become a fully-reusable launch vehicle and would benefit from a substantial reduction in cost per launch.[35]

Beyond the technical changes indicated, Bezos created a new management structure for the new efforts, walling off "parts of the second-stage development program from the rest of Blue Origin [telling] its leaders to innovate in an environment unfettered by rigorous management and paperwork processes."[35][7] However, no indication of the budget allowed to the development of this reusable second-stage was released to the public.

Part of the effort is focusing on developing a stainless steel propellant tank and main structure for the second stage rocket, and evaluating it as a part of a solution for a complete second stage system.[7] By 24 August, Blue Origin had rolled a stainless steel test tank to their Launch Complex 36 facility, on which ground pressure testing with cryogenic propellants could begin as early as September.[7]

In addition to the Jarvis team working on a new second stage tank design, Blue Origin has set up another team to focus on design approaches that might be used to make a New Glenn second stage reusable, something that was not a design objective for the original second stage for New Glenn prior to 2021. (As of August 2021), three approaches are being explored: adding wings to allow the stage to operate as a spaceplane on reentry; using an aerospike engine on the second stage that could double as a heat shield on reentry; and an approach similar to SpaceX's Starship concept using high-drag flaps in combination with propulsive deceleration. A decision on which approach to take into full development was slated for later in 2021.[7]

Description and technical specifications

The first hotfire-tested Blue Origin BE-4 rocket engine, serial number 103, at the 34th Space Symposium in Colorado Springs, Colorado, April 2018, showing the liquid methane inlet side of the engine

The New Glenn is a 7 m (23 ft) diameter two-stage orbital launch vehicle with a reusable first stage [13] and an expendable second stage.[34] An optional third stage was envisaged with a single BE-3U engine, and was planned (As of October 2018).[41]

The first stage is designed to be reusable for a minimum of 25 flights,[38] and will land vertically, a technology previously developed by Blue Origin and tested in 2015–2016 on its New Shepard suborbital launch vehicle. The second stage will share the same diameter as the first and use two BE-3U vacuum optimized engines. It will use hydrogen/oxygen as propellant and will be expendable. This engine is manufactured by Blue Origin. The company has revealed the planned full operational payload capacity of the two-stage version of New Glenn as 13,000 kg (29,000 lb) to GTO and 45,000 kg (99,000 lb) to a 51.6° inclined LEO,[2] though the initial operating capability may be somewhat lower.[41] Dual-satellite launches will be offered after the first five flights.[42]

Both stages will use orthogrid aluminum tanks with welded aluminum domes and common bulkheads. Both stages will also use autogenous pressurization.[41] The first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 methane/oxygen engines — designed and manufactured by Blue Origin — producing 17,000 kN (3,800,000 lbf) of liftoff thrust.[2] The second stage will be powered by two BE-3U engines, also designed and manufactured by Blue Origin. BE-3Us are an expander cycle variant of the BE-3 engine, which are explicitly designed for use in upper stages.[43] Preliminary design numbers from 2015 projected the BE-3U to have a vacuum thrust of 670 kN (150,000 lbf).[44]

Launches of the New Glenn are planned to be made from Launch Complex 36 (LC-36), which was leased to Blue Origin in 2015.[5][15] A launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base is also planned.[31] New Glenn will also be available for space tourism flights, with priority given to customers of New Shepard.[45] The first stage boosters of New Glenn are intended to be reusable, and were originally intended to be recovered downrange on the Atlantic Ocean via their landing platform ship Jacklyn, which would have acted as a floating movable landing platform. The hydrodynamically stabilized ship would have increased the likelihood of successful recovery in rough seas.[13] Currently there are no clear plans to follow through with ship based recovery as they have scrapped Jacklyn, and the ship has now been sold for scrap. It is not known yet what this means for the reusability of New Glenn. Blue Origin could use a barge, similar to how SpaceX currently recovers their boosters, but this could potentially be complicated due to its size.[46]

Manufacturing

The main assembly of the New Glenn launch vehicle will occur in the Blue Origin rocket manufacturing facility in Florida, near Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) which the company leased from Spaceport Florida. Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) has hosted more than 100 launches, formerly launching the Atlas II and Atlas III.

Tooling and equipment for the factory began to be ordered and built in 2015. In July 2018, the build of the largest device, a 16 m (52 ft) tall × 41 m (135 ft) long × 13 m (43 ft) wide Ingersoll "Mongoose" cryogenic-tank and fairing fabrication machine, was completed after a three-year design/build process. It will be installed in the Florida facility in Exploration Park later in 2018.[47] (As of September 2018), Blue Origin had invested over US$1 billion in its Florida manufacturing facility and launch site, and intends to spend much more going forward.[13][48]

Launch services

Blue Origin will offer both single-payload dedicated flights and, after the fifth launch, dual-manifesting of large communications satellites to be transported to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).[49] All contracted launches from the start will feature a reusable first-stage, so just like the practice in commercial aircraft transport, landing conditions can affect the timing and flight parameters of a launch.[49]

Launch service customers

By 2018, Blue Origin had contracts in place with four customers for New Glenn flights. Eutelsat, Thailand startup mu Space Corp and SKY Perfect JSAT have geosynchronous orbit communications satellite launches planned after 2020, while internet satellite constellation fleet operator OneWeb has an agreement for five launches.[32][33][50]

In January 2019, Telesat signed a multi-launch contract "to launch satellites for its future low-Earth-orbit broadband constellation on multiple New Glenn missions" and thus is Blue Origin's fifth customer.[51]

In 2022, Amazon announced that it had contracted 15 flights of New Glenn, with an option for 18 more, for deployment of the Kuiper satellite constellation.[52] Amazon, founded by Blue Origin owner Jeff Bezos, had also ordered 38 launches of Vulcan from ULA and 18 launches of Ariane 6 from Arianespace.

In February 2023, NASA announced that it had selected Blue Origin to launch the EscaPADE spacecraft to Mars. The mission is targeting a launch window between 6 and 15 August 2024.[53] As of November 2023, EscaPADE is expected to fly on the first launch of New Glenn.[4]

Schedule-oriented launch cadence

Blue Origin intends to contract its launch services in a different structure compared to contract options that have been traditionally offered in the commercial launch market. The company has stated they will contract to aim to have a regular launch cadence of up to eight launches a year. If one of the payload providers for a multi-payload launch is not ready on time, Blue will hold to the launch timeframe, and fly the remaining payloads on time at no increase in price.[49] This is different from how dual-launch manifested contracts have been traditionally handled by Arianespace (Ariane 5 and Ariane 6) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (H-IIA and H3). SpaceX and International Launch Services can offer dual-launch contracts, but prefer dedicated missions.[49]

Funding

The development and manufacture of the New Glenn is being funded by Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon.com,[5][54] and the United States Department of the Air Force . Initially funded entirely by Bezos, after 2019 New Glenn will also receive US$500 million in funding under the United States Space Force National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program.[55] By September 2017, Bezos had invested US$2.5 billion into New Glenn.[17]

See also


References

  1. ↑ "Inside look at the New Glenn 7 meter fairing". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaEYpzSu8Ck. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Berger, Eric (March 7, 2017). "Blue Origin releases details of its monster orbital rocket". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/03/blue-origin-releases-details-of-its-monster-orbital-rocket. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Foust, Jeff (March 7, 2017). "Eutelsat first customer for Blue Origin's New Glenn". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/eutelsat-first-customer-for-blue-origins-new-glenn/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Foust, Jeff (21 November 2023). "NASA Mars smallsat mission to be on first New Glenn launch". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-mars-smallsat-mission-to-be-on-first-new-glenn-launch/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Bergin, Chris (September 12, 2016). "Blue Origin introduce the New Glenn orbital LV". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/blue-origin-new-glenn-orbital-lv. 
  6. ↑ "Blue Origin picking up the pace at the Cape". 8 May 2023. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/05/blue-origin-pace-cape/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Berger, Eric (24 August 2021). "First images of Blue Origin's "Project Jarvis" test tank". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/08/first-images-of-blue-origins-project-jarvis-test-tank/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "About Blue". Blue Origin. http://www.blueorigin.com/about/about.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Foust, Jeff (September 15, 2015). "Bezos Not Concerned About Competition, Possible ULA Sale". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/bezos-not-concerned-about-competition-possible-ula-sale. 
  10. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (February 29, 2016). "Blue Origin: Quiet Plans for Spaceships". SPACE.com. http://www.space.com/19584-blue-origin-quiet-plans-for-spaceships.html. "[Blue Origin is] already more than three years into development of our first orbital vehicle ... Though it will be the small vehicle in our orbital family, it's still many times larger than New Shepard. [We] hope to share details about this first orbital vehicle this year" 
  11. ↑ "Blue Origin tests 100k lb LOX/LH2 engine in commercial crew program". NewSpace Watch. October 16, 2012. http://newspacewatch.com/articles/blue-origin-tests-100k-lb-loxlh2-engine-in-commercial-crew-program.html. 
  12. ↑ "Blue Origin switches engines for New Glenn second stage". SpaceNews. March 29, 2018. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-switches-engines-for-new-glenn-second-stage/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Burghardt, Thomas (September 20, 2018). "Building on New Shepard, Blue Origin to pump a billion dollars into New Glenn readiness". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/09/new-shepard-blue-origin-billion-new-glenn/. 
  14. ↑ Berger, Eric (March 9, 2016). "Behind the curtain: Ars goes inside Blue Origin's secretive rocket factory". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/03/behind-the-curtain-ars-goes-inside-blue-origins-secretive-rocket-factory. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Boyle, Alan (March 5, 2016). "Jeff Bezos lifts curtain on Blue Origin rocket factory, lays out grand plan for space travel that spans hundreds of years". GeekWire. http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-lifts-curtain-blue-origin-rocket-factory-vision-space. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Harwood, William (September 15, 2015). "Jeff Bezos plans to boost humans into space from Cape Canaveral". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bezos-announces-new-booster-florida-rocket-plant. "Bezos: "You cannot afford to be a space-fairing civilization if you throw the rocket away every time you use it. ... We have to be focused on reusability, we have to be focused on lowering the cost of space."" 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Henry, Caleb (September 12, 2017). "Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn's payload fairing, preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-enlarges-new-glenns-payload-fairing-preparing-to-debut-upgraded-new-shepard/. 
  18. ↑ "Blue Origin Reaches Milestone in BE-4 Engine Development" (in en-US). 2015-09-30. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-reaches-milestone-in-be-4-engine-development/. 
  19. ↑ "Blue Origin to ramp up New Shepard tests" (in en-US). 2016-01-25. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-to-ramp-up-new-shepard-tests/. 
  20. ↑ Clark, Stephen (September 17, 2014). "ULA taps Blue Origin for powerful new rocket engine". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1409/17ulablueorigin/. 
  21. ↑ Victor, Daniel (September 12, 2016). "Meet New Glenn, the Blue Origin Rocket That May Someday Take You to Space". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/13/business/meet-new-glenn-the-blue-origin-rocket-that-may-someday-take-you-to-space.html. 
  22. ↑ Boyle, Alan (September 26, 2016). "Jeff Bezos says Blue Origin's New Glenn orbital rocket aces wind tunnel tests". GeekWire. http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-new-glenn-wind-tunnel-tests. 
  23. ↑ Bezos, Jeff (September 26, 2016). "Exciting results...". https://twitter.com/JeffBezos/status/780348452064595968. 
  24. ↑ Jeff Bezos' interview at SATELLITE 2017 (23 min) , circa March 2017
  25. ↑ Wall, Mike (22 January 2019). "Blue Origin Video Shows Off Updated Design of Huge New Glenn Rocket". SPACE.com. https://www.space.com/43065-blue-origin-new-glenn-rocket-design-video.html. 
  26. ↑ Johnson, Eric M. (August 2, 2018). "Bezos throws cash, engineers at rocket program as space race accelerates". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-blueorigin/bezos-throws-cash-engineers-at-rocket-program-as-space-race-accelerates-idUSKBN1KO0HN. 
  27. ↑ Berger, Eric (July 24, 2018). "Four huge rockets are due to debut in 2020 — will any make it?". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/07/the-year-2020-could-see-the-unheard-of-debut-of-four-big-rockets-or-not/. "a sense of urgency in Europe about the need to begin flying the Ariane 6 to become more competitive with the likes of SpaceX ... Like ArianeGroup, United Launch Alliance (ULA) has developed a new rocket with the intention to compete with SpaceX." 
  28. ↑ Erwin, Sandra (2018-10-10). "Air Force awards launch vehicle development contracts to Blue Origin, Northrop Grumman, ULA". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/air-force-awards-launch-vehicle-development-contracts-to-blue-origin-northrop-grumman-ula/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Blue Origin delays first launch of New Glenn to late 2022". SpaceNews. 25 February 2021. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-delays-first-launch-of-new-glenn-to-late-2022/. 
  30. ↑ Boyle, Alan (October 10, 2018). "Blue Origin resets schedule: First crew to space in 2019, first orbital launch in 2021". GeekWire. https://www.geekwire.com/2018/blue-origin-resets-schedule-first-crew-space-2019-first-orbital-launch-2021/. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Clark, Stephen. "Telesat taps Blue Origin to launch broadband satellite fleet". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/02/04/telesat-taps-blue-origin-to-launch-broadband-satellite-fleet/. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Blue Origin signs up third customer for New Glenn". SpaceNews. September 26, 2017. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-signs-up-third-customer-for-new-glenn/. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Blue Origin's orbital rocket in the running to receive U.S. military investment". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/13/blue-origins-orbital-rocket-in-the-running-to-receive-u-s-military-investment/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Foust, Jeff [@jeff_foust] (February 12, 2019). "Mowry: reusing the second stage of New Glenn is not on our roadmap right now; really hard problem technically. #CST2019". https://twitter.com/jeff_foust/status/1095436342186647554. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Berger, Eric (27 July 2021). "Blue Origin has a secret project named "Jarvis" to compete with SpaceX". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/blue-origin-is-developing-reusable-second-stage-other-advanced-projects/. 
  36. ↑ Roulette, Joey (December 18, 2020). "Bezos' Blue Origin to deliver first flight-ready rocket engines next summer - ULA CEO". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-blueorigin-idUSKBN28S0I8. 
  37. ↑ Berger, Eric (1 March 2021). "Blue Origin's massive New Glenn rocket is delayed for years. What went wrong?". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/03/so-what-really-happened-with-blue-origins-new-glenn-rocket/. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "New Glenn". Blue Origin. 20 May 2021. https://www.blueorigin.com/new-glenn. "New Glenn's fully reusable first stage is designed for a minimum of 25 flights, making it competitive for a variety of launch markets." 
  39. ↑ Foust, Jeff (23 March 2022). "Vulcan Centaur on schedule for first launch in 2022 as New Glenn slips". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/vulcan-centaur-on-schedule-for-first-launch-in-2022-as-new-glenn-slips/. 
  40. ↑ "Mammoth rocket stage for Blue Origin New Glenn goes for sideways ride on Space Coast". https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2024/01/10/mammoth-rocket-stage-for-blue-origin-new-glenn-goes-for-space-coast-ride/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "New Glenn Payload User Guide". Blue Origin. October 2018. https://www.blueorigin.com/new-glenn/new-glenn-payload-users-guide. 
  42. ↑ Henry, Caleb (July 12, 2018). "Blue Origin to offer dual launch with New Glenn after fifth mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-to-offer-dual-launch-with-new-glenn-after-fifth-mission/. 
  43. ↑ BE-3 test update , Blue Origin, 10 August 2018, accessed 15 August 2018]
  44. ↑ Meyerson, Rob (November 13, 2015). ISPCS 2015 Keynote (Speech). ISPCS. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  45. ↑ Berger, Eric (October 6, 2016). "Blue Origin just validated the new space movement". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/10/blue-origin-just-validated-the-new-space-movement. 
  46. ↑ Foust, Jeff (August 16, 2022). "Blue Origin scraps original recovery ship for New Glenn boosters". Space News. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-scraps-original-recovery-ship-for-new-glenn-boosters/. 
  47. ↑ Guerrero, Isaac (July 17, 2018). "Rockford-made machine to build parts for next-generation rockets". Rockford Star. http://www.rrstar.com/news/20180717/rockford-made-machine-to-build-parts-for-next-generation-rockets. "It took three years to design and manufacture the Sasquatch-sized machine, which stands 51 feet tall, 136 feet long and 43 feet wide. The machine ... will manufacture cryogenic tanks that will be filled with liquid oxygen and hydrogen to fuel rockets. The machine also will build fairings" 
  48. ↑ "New Glenn First Stage Tank Production". Blue Origin. March 5, 2020. https://youtube.com/avg0XZU2OBo. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Henry, Caleb (July 12, 2018). "Blue Origin to offer dual launch with New Glenn after fifth mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-to-offer-dual-launch-with-new-glenn-after-fifth-mission/. "Blue Origin's McFarland said Blue Origin won't let schedule disruptions with one payload impact the co-passenger in dual-launch missions, even if it means splitting the missions in two. "We are not going to [let this] hold back or delay a launch", he said. "We are going for a cadence of up to eight times per year where we will launch. If we don't have a second, we still go as a single. So that's the plan, [with] the same price point for the launch service for the customer"." 
  50. ↑ Henry, Caleb (March 12, 2018). "Blue Origin signs Sky Perfect JSAT as fourth New Glenn launch customer". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-signs-sky-perfect-jsat-as-fourth-new-glenn-launch-customer/. 
  51. ↑ Henry, Caleb (31 January 2019). "Telesat signs New Glenn multi-launch agreement with Blue Origin for LEO missions". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/telesat-signs-new-glenn-multi-launch-agreement-with-blue-origin-for-leo-missions/. 
  52. ↑ "Amazon signs multibillion-dollar Project Kuiper launch contracts" (in en-US). 2022-04-05. https://spacenews.com/amazon-signs-multibillion-dollar-project-kuiper-launch-contracts/. 
  53. ↑ Foust, Jeff (13 April 2023). "ESCAPADE confident in planned 2024 New Glenn launch". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/escapade-confident-in-planned-2024-new-glenn-launch/. 
  54. ↑ Berger, Eric (September 12, 2016). "Why Bezos' rocket is unprecedented — and worth taking seriously". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/did-the-fourth-richest-human-just-tease-plans-to-colonize-the-moon. 
  55. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a work now in the public domain: "Air Force awards three Launch Service Agreements". U.S. Air Force. 10 October 2018. https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1658765/air-force-awards-three-launch-service-agreements/. 

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