James Mill

James Mill
Born	James Milne[1] Northwater Bridge, parish of Logie Pert, Angus, Scotland
Died	23 June 1836(1836-06-23) (aged 63) Kensington, London, England
Alma mater	University of Edinburgh
Spouse(s)	Harriet Burrow
Era	19th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Associationalism Utilitarianism Liberalism Ricardian economics
Main interests	Psychology Ethics Economics
Influences David Hartley, Dugald Stewart, Jeremy Bentham
Influenced John Stuart Mill

James Mill (born James Milne,^[1] 6 April 1773 – 23 June 1836^[2]) was a Scottish historian, economist, political theorist, and philosopher. He is counted among the founders of the Ricardian school of economics.^[3] His son, John Stuart Mill, was also a noted philosopher of liberalism, utilitarianism and the civilizing mission of the British Empire.

Although he never set foot in India at any time in his life, James Mill took upon himself the task of writing the monumental History of British India, a classic of colonial self-congratulation which contains a complete denunciation and rejection of Indian culture and civilisation and which both exhorts and extolls the civilizing mission of the British in the subcontinent.^{[citation needed]} He was the first writer to divide Indian history into three parts: Hindu, Muslim and British,^[2] a classification which has proved surpassingly influential in the field of Indian historical studies, but which is seen in recent decades as being deeply problematic.

Biography

James Milne, later known as James Mill, was born at Northwater Bridge, in the parish of Logie Pert, Angus, Scotland, the son of James Milne, a shoemaker and small farmer. His mother, Isabel Fenton, of a family that had suffered from connection with the Stuart rising^[which?], resolved that he should receive a first-rate education, and sent him first to the parish school and then to the Montrose Academy, where he remained until the unusual age of seventeen and a half. He then entered the University of Edinburgh, where he distinguished himself as a Greek scholar.^[2]

In October 1789, he was ordained as a minister of the Church of Scotland, but met with little success. According to John Stuart Mill's Autobiography, his father though "educated in the creed of Scotch Presbyterianism, had by his own studies and reflections been early led to reject not only the belief in Revelation but the foundations of what is commonly called Natural Religion."^[4] From 1790 to 1802, in addition to holding various tutorships, he occupied himself with historical and philosophical studies. Finding little prospect of a career in Scotland, in 1802 he went to London, England, in company with Sir John Stuart of Fettercairn, then member of parliament for Kincardineshire, and devoted himself to literary work. From 1803 to 1806, he was editor of an ambitious periodical called the Literary Journal, which professed to give a summary view of all the leading departments of human knowledge. During this time he also edited the St James's Chronicle, belonging to the same proprietor. In 1804, he wrote a pamphlet on the corn trade, arguing against a bounty on the exportation of grain. In 1805, he published a translation (with notes and quotations) of An Essay on the Spirit and Influence of the Reformation of Luther, a C.F. Villers's work on the Reformation, an attack on the alleged vices of the papal system. About the end of this year he began his The History of British India, which he took twelve years to complete, instead of three or four, as had been expected.^[2]

In that year he also married Harriet Burrow, whose mother, a widow, kept what was then known as an establishment for lunatics in Hoxton. He then took a house in Pentonville, where his eldest son, John Stuart Mill, was born in 1806.^[2]

The back of No. 19, York Street (1848). In 1651 John Milton moved into a "pretty garden-house" in Petty France. He lived there until the Restoration. Later it became No. 19 York Street, belonged to Jeremy Bentham, was occupied successively by James Mill and William Hazlitt, and finally demolished in 1877.^[5]

In 1808, he became acquainted with Jeremy Bentham, and was for many years his chief companion and ally. He adopted Bentham's principles in their entirety, and determined to devote all his energies to bringing them before the world. Between 1806 and 1818, he wrote for the Anti-Jacobin Review, the British Review and The Eclectic Review; but there is no means of tracing his contributions. In 1808, he began to write for the Edinburgh Review, to which he contributed steadily till 1813, his first known article being "Money and Exchange." He also wrote on Spanish America, China, Francisco de Miranda, the East India Company, and the Liberty of the Press. In the Annual Review for 1808 two articles of his are traced—a "Review of Fox's History", and an article on "Bentham's Law Reforms", probably his first published notice of Bentham. In 1811 he co-operated with William Allen (1770–1843), a Quaker and chemist, in a periodical called the Philanthropist. He contributed largely to every issue – his principal topics being Education, Freedom of the Press, and Prison Discipline (under which he expounded Bentham's Panopticon). He made powerful onslaughts on the Church in connection with the Bell and Lancaster controversy, and took a part in the discussions that led to the foundation of the University of London in 1825. In 1814 he wrote a number of articles, containing an exposition of utilitarianism, for the supplement to the fifth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the most important being those on "Jurisprudence", "Prisons", "Government"^[2] and "Law of Nations".

In 1818, The History of British India was published, and obtained a great and immediate success.^[6] It brought about a change in the author's fortunes. The year following he was appointed an official in the India House, in the important department of the examiner of Indian correspondence. He gradually rose in ranks until he was appointed, in 1830, head of the office, with a salary of £1900, raised in 1836 to £2000. His great work, the Elements of Political Economy, appeared in 1821 (3rd and revised ed. 1825).^[2][7]

From 1824 to 1826, Mill contributed to the Westminster Review, started as the organ of his party, a number of articles in which he attacked the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews and ecclesiastical establishments. In 1829 appeared the Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind. From 1831 to 1833, Mill was largely occupied in the defence of the East India Company, during the controversy attending the renewal of its charter, he being in virtue of his office the spokesman of the court of directors. For the London Review, founded by Sir William Molesworth in 1834, he wrote a notable article entitled "The Church and its Reform", which was much too sceptical for the time, and injured the Review. Mill, himself was an atheist.^[8] His last published book was the Fragment on Mackintosh (1835).^[2]

Intellectual legacy

The History of British India

Mill preferred to take a more theoretical approach to social subjects than the empirical one common at the time. His best known literary work is his History of British India, in which he describes the acquisition of the Indian Empire by England and later the United Kingdom. He also brings political theory to bear on the delineation of the Hindu civilization, and subjects the conduct of the actors in the successive stages of the conquest and administration of India to severe criticism. The work itself, and the author's official connection with India for the last seventeen years of his life, effected a complete change in the whole system of governance in the country.^[2] Mill never visited the Indian colony, relying solely on documentary material and archival records in compiling his work. This fact has led to severe criticism of Mill's History of India by notable economist Amartya Sen.^[9]

According to Thomas Trautmann, "James Mill's highly influential History of British India (1817) – most particularly the long essay 'Of the Hindus' comprising ten chapters – is the single most important source of British Indophobia and hostility to Orientalism".^[10] In the chapter titled General Reflections in "Of the Hindus", Mill wrote "under the glosing exterior of the Hindu, lies a general disposition to deceit and perfidy".^[11] According to Mill, "the same insincerity, mendacity, and perfidy; the same indifference to the feelings of others; the same prostitution and venality" were the conspicuous characteristics of both the Hindoos and the Muslims. The Muslims, however, were perfuse, when possessed of wealth, and devoted to pleasure; the Hindoos almost always penurious and ascetic; and "in truth, the Hindoo like the eunuch, excels in the qualities of a slave". Furthermore, similar to the Chinese, the Hindoos were "dissembling, treacherous, mendacious, to an excess which surpasses even the usual measure of uncultivated society". Both the Chinese and the Hindoos were "disposed to excessive exaggeration with regard to everything relating to themselves". Both were "cowardly and unfeeling". Both were "in the highest degree conceited of themselves, and full of affected contempt for others". And, above all, both were "in physical sense, disgustingly unclean in their persons and houses".^[12]

British politics

Mill also played a great part in British politics, and was a dominant figure in the establishment of what was called "philosophic radicalism". His writings on government and his personal influence among the Liberal politicians of his time determined the change of view from the French Revolution theories of the rights of man and the absolute equality of men to the claiming of securities for good government through a wide extension of the franchise. It was under this banner that the Reform Bill was fought and won. His Elements of Political Economy followed up the views of his friend David Ricardo. By 1911, the Encyclopædia Britannica described it as being of mainly historical interest, "an accurate summary of views that are now largely discarded".^[2] Among the more important of its theses are:^[2]

1. that the chief problem of practical reformers is to limit the increase of population, on the assumption that capital does not naturally increase at the same rate as population (ii. § 2, art. 3)
2. that the value of a thing depends entirely on the quantity of labour put into it; and
3. that what is now known as the "unearned increment" of land is a proper object for taxation.

Other areas

By his Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind and his Fragment on Mackintosh Mill acquired a position in the history of psychology and ethics. He took up the problems of mind very much after the fashion of the Scottish Enlightenment, as then represented by Thomas Reid, Dugald Stewart and Thomas Brown, but made a new start, due in part to David Hartley, and still more to his own independent thinking. He carried out the principle of association into the analysis of the complex emotional states, as the affections, the aesthetic emotions and the moral sentiment, all which he endeavoured to resolve into pleasurable and painful sensations. But the salient merit of the Analysis is the constant endeavour after precise definition of terms and clear statement of doctrines. He had a great effect on Franz Brentano who discussed his work in his own empirical psychology.^[13] The Fragment on Mackintosh severely criticizes the alleged flimsiness and misrepresentations of Sir James Mackintosh's Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy (1830), and discusses the foundations of ethics from the author's utilitarian point of view.^[14]

Major works

Elements of political economy, 1826

Alexander Bain, James Mill. A biography, 1882

• An Essay on the Impolicy of a Bounty on the Exportation of Grain, 1804.
• "Lord Lauderdale on Public Wealth", 1804, Literary Journal Vol. IV, No. 1^[15]
• Commerce Defended, 1808.
• "Thomas Smith on Money and Exchange", 1808, Edinburgh Review no. XXV, pp. 35–68^[16]
• The History of British India, 3 vols., 1817 (and many later editions)
• "Government", 1820, Encyclopædia Britannica
• Elements of Political Economy, 1821
• "Liberty of the Press", 1823, Encyclopædia Britannica
• Essays on Government, Jurisprudence, Liberty of the Press, Education, and Prisons and Prison Discipline, 1823.
• An Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind, 2 vols., 1829.^[17]
• Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind. 1869.^[18]
• Essay on the Ballot ^[19] and Fragment on Mackintosh ^[20], 1830.
• "Whether Political Economy is Useful", 1836, London Review, vol. II, pp. 553–572.
• The Principles of Toleration, 1837.

See also

• Capitalism
• Contributions to liberal theory
• Free trade
• James Tod

Notes

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Mill, James". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–454.  Endnotes:
  • Stephen, Leslie (1900). The English Utilitarians. ii. 
  • Stephen, Leslie (1894). "Mill, James (1773–1836)". in Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 382–388. 
  • Bain, Alexander (1882). James Mill, A Biography (1 ed.). London: Logmans, Green & Co.. https://archive.org/stream/jamesmillabiogr00baingoog#page/n9/mode/2up. 
  • Bower, G.S. (1881). Hartley and James Mill. 
  • McCosh, James (1885). Scottish Philosophy. 
  • Mill, J.S. (1873). Autobiography. 
  • Ribot, Théodule-Armand (1873) [1870]. La Psychologie anglaise (Eng. trans. ed.). 
  • Morley, John (1882). "?". Fortnightly Review xxxvii. 
  • Wallas, Graham (1898). The Life of Francis Place. 

Further reading

• Bain, Alexander (January 1876). "The Early Life of James Mill". Mind 1 (1). http://fair-use.org/mind/1876/01/the-early-life-of-james-mill. 
• Rudolph, Lloyd I. (2008). "Tod vs Mill: Clashing Perspectives on British Rule in India and Indian Civilization". in Tillotson, Giles. James Tod's Rajasthan: The Historian and His Collections. Mumbai: Radhika Sabavala for Marg Publications on behalf of the National Centre for the Performing Arts. ISBN 81-85026-80-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DpAAAAMAAJ. 
•  "Mill, James". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
• Stephen, Leslie (1894). "Milton, John (1608–1674)". Dictionary of National Biography. 38. p. 32. 

External links

• James Mill
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• James Mill's common place books
• E-text of Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind, as edited by J.S. Mill, with commentaries by himself and others.

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