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List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

Topic: Biography

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 23 min

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]

At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.[5] Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is one out of three laureates to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. John Bardeen, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, and Karl Barry Sharpless, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022, are the others. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[6] As of 2025, the prize has been awarded to 200 individuals, including eight women (Maria Skłodowska-Curie being the first to be awarded in 1911).[7]

There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Theodore William Richards in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Fritz Haber in 1919,[9] the 1920 prize awarded to Walther Nernst in 1921,[10] the 1921 prize awarded to Frederick Soddy in 1922,[11] the 1925 prize awarded to Richard Zsigmondy in 1926,[12] the 1927 prize awarded to Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1928,[13] the 1938 prize awarded to Richard Kuhn in 1939,[14] the 1943 prize awarded to George de Hevesy in 1944,[15] and the 1944 prize awarded to Otto Hahn in 1945.[16]

In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. Atomic physics, particle physics, cell biology, and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while molecular chemistry was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period.[17]

Laureates

Template:Table TOC

Year Image Laureate[A] Nationality[B] Rationale[C] Ref
1901 75px Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
(1852–1911) 		Dutch "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" [18]
1902 75px Hermann Emil Fischer
(1852–1919) 		File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" [19]
1903 75px Svante August Arrhenius
(1859–1927) 		Swedish "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" [20]
1904 75px Sir William Ramsay
(1852–1916) 		British "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" [21]
1905 75px Adolf von Baeyer
(1835–1917) 		File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" [22]
1906 75px Henri Moissan
(1852–1907) 		French "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" [23]
1907 75px Eduard Buchner
(1860–1917) 		File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" [24]
1908 75px Ernest Rutherford
(1871–1937) 		New Zealander "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" [25]
1909 75px Wilhelm Ostwald
(1853–1932) 		File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German, born in Latvia "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" [26]
1910 75px Otto Wallach
(1847–1931) 		File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" [27]
1911 75px Marie Curie, née Skłodowska
(1867–1934) 		File:Flag of the Congress of Poland.svg Polish
French 		"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" [28]
1912 75px Victor Grignard
(1871–1935) 		French "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" [29]
75px Paul Sabatier
(1854–1941) 		"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" [29]
1913 75px Alfred Werner
(1866–1919) 		File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" [30]
1914 75px Theodore William Richards
(1868–1928) 		American "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" [8]
1915 75px Richard Martin Willstätter
(1872–1942) 		File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" [31]
1916 Not awarded
1917
1918 75px Fritz Haber
(1868–1934) 		File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" [9]
1919 Not awarded
1920 75px Walther Hermann Nernst
(1864–1941) 		German "[for] his work in thermochemistry" [10]
1921 75px Frederick Soddy
(1877–1956) 		British "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" [11]
1922 75px Francis William Aston
(1877–1945) 		British "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" [32]
1923 75px Fritz Pregl
(1869–1930) 		File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1918–1943).svg Yugoslavian
Austrian 		"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" [33]
1924 Not awarded
1925 75px Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
(1865–1929) 		Austrian "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" [12]
1926 75px The (Theodor) Svedberg
(1884–1971) 		Swedish "for his work on disperse systems" [34]
1927 75px Heinrich Otto Wieland
(1877–1957) 		German "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" [13]
1928 75px Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
(1876–1959) 		German "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" [35]
1929 75px Arthur Harden
(1865–1940) 		British "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" [36]
75px Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
(1873–1964) 		German
Swedish
1930 75px Hans Fischer
(1881–1945) 		German "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" [37]
1931 75px Carl Bosch
(1874–1940) 		German "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" [38]
75px Friedrich Bergius
(1884–1949)
1932 75px Irving Langmuir
(1881–1957) 		American "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" [39]
1933 Not awarded
1934 75px Harold Clayton Urey
(1893–1981) 		American "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" [40]
1935 75px Frédéric Joliot
(1900–1958) 		French "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" [41]
75px Irène Joliot-Curie
(1897–1956)
1936 75px Peter Debye
(1884–1966) 		Dutch "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" [42]
1937 75px Walter Norman Haworth
(1883–1950) 		British "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" [43]
75px Paul Karrer
(1889–1971) 		File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 75px Richard Kuhn
(1900–1967) 		German "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" [14]
1939 75px Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt
(1903–1995) 		German "for his work on sex hormones" [44]
75px Leopold Ružička
(1887–1976) 		File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1918–1943).svg Yugoslavian
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss 		"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" [44]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943 75px George de Hevesy
(1885–1966) 		Hungarian "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" [15]
1944 75px Otto Hahn
(1879–1968) 		German "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" [16]
1945 75px Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
(1895–1973) 		Finnish "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" [45]
1946 75px James Batcheller Sumner
(1887–1955) 		American "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" [46]
75px John Howard Northrop
(1891–1987) 		"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" [46]
106x106px Wendell Meredith Stanley
(1904–1971)
1947 75px Sir Robert Robinson
(1886–1975) 		British "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" [47]
1948 75px Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
(1902–1971) 		Swedish "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" [48]
1949 75px William Francis Giauque
(1895–1982) 		File:Canadian Red Ensign (1868–1921).svg Canadian
American 		"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" [49]
1950 75px Otto Paul Hermann Diels
(1876–1954) 		West German "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" [50]
75px Kurt Alder
(1902–1958)
1951 75px Edwin Mattison McMillan
(1907–1991) 		American "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" [51]
75px Glenn Theodore Seaborg
(1912–1999)
1952 75px Archer John Porter Martin
(1910–2002) 		British "for their invention of partition chromatography" [52]
75px Richard Laurence Millington Synge
(1914–1994)
1953 75px Hermann Staudinger
(1881–1965) 		West German "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" [53]
1954 75px Linus Pauling
(1901–1994) 		American "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" [54]
1955 75px Vincent du Vigneaud
(1901–1978) 		American "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" [55]
1956 75px Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
(1897–1967) 		British "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" [56]
75px Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov
(1896–1986) 		Soviet
1957 75px Lord (Alexander R.) Todd
(1907–1997) 		British "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" [57]
1958 75px Frederick Sanger
(1918–2013) 		British "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" [58]
1959 75px Jaroslav Heyrovský
(1890–1967) 		Czechoslovak "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" [59]
1960 75px Willard Frank Libby
(1908–1980) 		American "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" [60]
1961 75px Melvin Calvin
(1911–1997) 		American "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" [61]
1962 75px Max Ferdinand Perutz
(1914–2002) 		Austrian
British 		"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" [62]
75px John Cowdery Kendrew
(1917–1997) 		British
1963 75px Karl Ziegler
(1898–1973) 		West German "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" [63]
75px Giulio Natta
(1903–1979) 		Italian
1964 75px Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
(1910–1994) 		British "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" [64]
1965 75px Robert Burns Woodward
(1917–1979) 		American "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" [65]
1966 75px Robert S. Mulliken
(1896–1986) 		American "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" [66]
1967 75px Manfred Eigen
(1927–2019) 		West German "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" [67]
75px Ronald George Wreyford Norrish
(1897–1978) 		British
75px George Porter
(1920–2002)
1968 75px Lars Onsager
(1903–1976) 		Norwegian
American 		"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" [68]
1969 75px Derek H. R. Barton
(1918–1998) 		British "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" [69]
75px Odd Hassel
(1897–1981) 		Norwegian
1970 75px Luis F. Leloir
(1906–1987) 		Argentine "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" [70]
1971 75px Gerhard Herzberg
(1904–1999) 		West German
Canadian 		"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" [71]
1972 75px Christian B. Anfinsen
(1916–1995) 		American "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" [72]
50px Stanford Moore
(1913–1982) 		"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" [72]
50px William H. Stein
(1911–1980)
1973 50px Ernst Otto Fischer
(1918–2007) 		West German "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" [73]
75px Geoffrey Wilkinson
(1921–1996) 		British
1974 75px Paul J. Flory
(1910–1985) 		American "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" [74]
1975 75px John Warcup Cornforth
(1917–2013) 		Australian
British 		"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" [75]
75px Vladimir Prelog
(1906–1998) 		Yugoslavian
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss 		"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" [75]
1976 75px William N. Lipscomb
(1919–2011) 		American "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" [76]
1977 75px Ilya Prigogine
(1917–2003) 		Belgian "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" [77]
1978 75px Peter D. Mitchell
(1920–1992) 		British "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" [78]
1979 75px Herbert C. Brown
(1912–2004) 		American "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" [79]
50px Georg Wittig
(1897–1987) 		West German
1980 75px Paul Berg
(1926–2023) 		American "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" [80]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert
(b. 1932) 		"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" [80]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger
(1918–2013) 		British
1981 75px Kenichi Fukui
(1918–1998) 		File:Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg Japanese "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" [81]
75px Roald Hoffmann
(b. 1937) 		Polish
American
1982 75px Aaron Klug
(1926–2018) 		British "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" [82]
1983 75px Henry Taube
(1915–2005) 		Canadian
American 		"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" [83]
1984 75px Robert Bruce Merrifield
(1921–2006) 		American "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" [84]
1985 75px Herbert A. Hauptman
(1917–2011) 		American "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" [85]
75px Jerome Karle
(1918–2013)
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach
(b. 1932) 		American "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" [86]
Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee
(b. 1936) 		Taiwanese
75px John C. Polanyi
(b. 1929) 		Canadian
1987 50px Donald J. Cram
(1919–2001) 		American "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" [87]
75px Jean-Marie Lehn
(b. 1939) 		File:Flag of France (lighter variant).svg French
Charles J. Pedersen
(1904–1989) 		American
1988 75px Johann Deisenhofer
(b. 1943) 		West German "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" [88]
Robert Huber Robert Huber
(b. 1937)
75px Hartmut Michel
(b. 1948)
1989 75px Sidney Altman
(1939–2022) 		Canadian
American 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" [89]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas Cech
(b. 1947) 		American
1990 75px Elias James Corey
(b. 1928) 		American "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" [90]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Richard R. Ernst
(1933–2021) 		File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" [91]
1992 75px Rudolph A. Marcus
(b. 1923) 		Canadian
American 		"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" [92]
1993 75px Kary B. Mullis
(1944–2019) 		American "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" [93]
75px Michael Smith
(1932–2000) 		British
Canadian 		"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" [93]
1994 75px George A. Olah
(1927–2017) 		Hungarian
American 		"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" [94]
1995 75px Paul J. Crutzen
(1933–2021) 		Dutch "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" [95]
75px Mario J. Molina
(1943–2020) 		Mexican
75px Frank Sherwood Rowland
(1927–2012) 		American
1996 75px Robert F. Curl Jr.
(1933–2022) 		American "for their discovery of fullerenes" [96]
75px Sir Harold W. Kroto
(1939–2016) 		British
75px Richard E. Smalley
(1943–2005) 		American
1997 75px Paul D. Boyer
(1918–2018) 		American "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" [97]
75px John E. Walker
(b. 1941) 		British
75px Jens C. Skou
(1918–2018) 		Danish "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" [97]
1998 Walter Kohn Walter Kohn
(1923–2016) 		Austrian
American 		"for his development of the density-functional theory" [98]
John Anthony Pople John A. Pople
(1925–2004) 		British "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" [98]
1999 75px Ahmed Zewail
(1946–2016) 		Egyptian
American 		"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" [99]
2000 75px Alan J. Heeger
(b. 1936) 		American "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" [100]
75px Alan G. MacDiarmid
(1927–2007) 		New Zealander
American
75px Hideki Shirakawa
(b. 1936) 		Japanese
2001 50px William S. Knowles
(1917–2012) 		American "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" [101]
Ryōji Noyori Ryōji Noyori
(b. 1938) 		Japanese
Barry Sharpless K. Barry Sharpless
(b. 1941) 		American "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" [101]
2002 John B. Fenn John B. Fenn
(1917–2010) 		American "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" [102]
75px Koichi Tanaka
(b. 1959) 		Japanese
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich
(b. 1938) 		File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" [102]
2003 75px Peter Agre
(b. 1949) 		American "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" [103]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon
(b. 1956) 		"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" [103]
2004 75px Aaron Ciechanover
(b. 1947) 		Israeli "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" [104]
75px Avram Hershko
(b. 1937)
75px Irwin Rose
(1926–2015) 		American
2005 75px Yves Chauvin
(1930–2015) 		File:Flag of France (lighter variant).svg French "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" [105]
Robert Grubbs Robert H. Grubbs
(1942–2021) 		American
75px Richard R. Schrock
(b. 1945)
2006 75px Roger D. Kornberg
(b. 1947) 		American "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" [106]
2007 75px Gerhard Ertl
(b. 1936) 		German "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" [107]
2008 75px Osamu Shimomura
(1928–2018) 		Japanese[108] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [109]
75px Martin Chalfie
(b. 1947) 		American
75px Roger Y. Tsien
(1952–2016)
2009 75px Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
(b. 1952)

British
American

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" [110]
75px Thomas A. Steitz
(1940–2018) 		American
75px Ada E. Yonath
(b. 1939) 		Israeli
2010 75px Richard F. Heck
(1931–2015) 		American "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" [111]
75px Ei-ichi Negishi
(1935–2021) 		Japanese
75px Akira Suzuki
(b. 1930)
2011 75px Dan Shechtman
(b. 1941) 		Israeli
American 		"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [112]
2012 75px Robert Lefkowitz
(b. 1943) 		American "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" [113]
75px Brian Kobilka
(b. 1955)
2013 75px Martin Karplus
(1930–2024) 		Austrian
American 		"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" [114]
75px Michael Levitt
(b. 1947) 		South African
American
British
Israeli[115]
75px Arieh Warshel
(b. 1940) 		Israeli
American
2014 75px Eric Betzig
(b. 1960) 		American "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" [116]
75px Stefan W. Hell
(b. 1962) 		Romanian[117]
German
75px William E. Moerner
(b. 1953) 		American
2015 75px Tomas Lindahl
(b. 1938) 		Swedish
British 		"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [118]
75px Paul L. Modrich
(b. 1946) 		American
75px Aziz Sancar
(b. 1946) 		Turkish
2016 75px Jean-Pierre Sauvage
(b. 1944) 		File:Flag of France (lighter variant).svg French "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" [119]
75px Fraser Stoddart
(1942–2024) 		British
American
75px Ben Feringa
(b. 1951) 		Dutch
2017 75px Jacques Dubochet
(b. 1942) 		File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Swiss "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [120]
75px Joachim Frank
(b. 1940) 		German
American[121]
75px Richard Henderson
(b. 1945) 		British
2018 75px Frances Arnold
(b. 1956) 		American "for the directed evolution of enzymes" [122]
75px George Smith
(b. 1941) 		"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
75px Sir Gregory Winter
(b. 1951) 		British
2019 75px John B. Goodenough
(1922–2023) 		American "for the development of lithium ion batteries" [123]
75px M. Stanley Whittingham
(b. 1941) 		British
American
75px Akira Yoshino
(b. 1948) 		Japanese
2020 75px Emmanuelle Charpentier
(b. 1968) 		French "for the development of a method for genome editing" [124]
75px Jennifer Doudna
(b. 1964) 		American
2021 75px Benjamin List
(b. 1968) 		German "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" [125]
75px David W.C. MacMillan
(b. 1968) 		British
2022 75px Carolyn Bertozzi
(b. 1966) 		American "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry" [126]
75px Morten Meldal
(b. 1954) 		Danish
75px K. Barry Sharpless
(b. 1941) 		American
2023 75px Moungi G. Bawendi
(b. 1961) 		French
Tunisian
American 		"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots" [127]
75px Louis E. Brus
(1943–2026) 		American
75px Alexey Ekimov
(b. 1945) 		Russian
2024 75px David Baker
(b. 1962) 		American "for computational protein design" [128]
75px Demis Hassabis
(b. 1976) 		British "for protein structure prediction"
75px John M. Jumper
(b. 1985) 		American
2025 75px Susumu Kitagawa
(b. 1951) 		Japanese "for the development of metal–organic frameworks" [129]
75px Richard Robson
(b. 1937) 		British
75px Omar M. Yaghi
(b. 1965) 		Jordanian
American

Saudi

Nobel laureates by country

The Nobel laureates in chemistry from 1901 to 2025 came from the following countries:

Country Number of laureates
 United States 83
 United Kingdom 36
 Germany 32
 France 11
 Japan 9
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 7
 Canada 7
 Israel 6
 Sweden 5
 Netherlands 4
 Austria 4
 Hungary 2
 Norway 2
 Denmark 2
 New Zealand 2
 Russia 2
 Poland 2
 Argentina 1
 Australia 1
 Belgium 1
 Taiwan 1
 Latvia 1
 Czechia 1
 Egypt 1
 Mexico 1
 Finland 1
 South Africa 1
 Romania 1
 Italy 1
 Tunisia 1
 Turkey 1
 Jordan 1
 Saudi Arabia 1

See also

References

Notes

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

Citations

  1. ↑ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/. 
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/. 
  3. ↑ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. 
  4. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/. 
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. 3 December 2001. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html. 
  6. ↑ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html. 
  7. ↑ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/chemistry/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html. 
  17. ↑ Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020). "Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields". PLOS ONE 15 (7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612. PMID 32726312. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1534612I. 
  18. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html. 
  19. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html. 
  20. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html. 
  21. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html. 
  22. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html. 
  23. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html. 
  24. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html. 
  25. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html. 
  26. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html. 
  27. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html. 
  28. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html. 
  30. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html. 
  31. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html. 
  32. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html. 
  33. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html. 
  34. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html. 
  35. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html. 
  36. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html. 
  37. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html. 
  38. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html. 
  39. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html. 
  40. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html. 
  41. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html. 
  42. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html. 
  43. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html. 
  45. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1945/index.html. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html. 
  47. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html. 
  48. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html. 
  49. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html. 
  50. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html. 
  51. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html. 
  52. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html. 
  53. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html. 
  54. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html. 
  55. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html. 
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html. 
  57. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html. 
  58. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html. 
  59. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html. 
  60. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html. 
  61. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html. 
  62. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html. 
  63. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html. 
  64. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html. 
  65. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html. 
  66. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html. 
  67. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html. 
  68. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html. 
  69. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html. 
  70. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html. 
  71. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html. 
  73. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html. 
  74. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html. 
  76. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html. 
  77. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html. 
  78. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html. 
  79. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html. 
  81. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html. 
  82. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html. 
  83. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html. 
  84. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html. 
  85. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html. 
  86. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html. 
  87. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html. 
  88. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html. 
  89. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html. 
  90. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html. 
  91. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html. 
  92. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html. 
  94. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html. 
  95. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html. 
  96. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html. 
  99. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html. 
  100. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html. 
  104. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html. 
  105. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html. 
  106. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html. 
  107. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html. 
  108. ↑ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 8 October 2008. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html. 
  109. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html. 
  110. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/index.html. 
  111. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2010/index.html. 
  112. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/index.html. 
  113. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2012/index.html. 
  114. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2013/. 
  115. ↑ Fiske, Gavriel (9 October 2013). "3 Jewish professors -- two of them Israeli -- share 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Times of Israel". http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-prof-arieh-warshel-shares-2013-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/. 
  116. ↑ "Microscope work wins Nobel Prize". BBC. 8 October 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29536525. 
  117. ↑ "Erviu Exclusiv Digi24. Stefan Hell, laureat al premiului Nobel: Educaţia primită în România m-a ajutat mult. Mi-a ușurat viața" (in ro). http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Stiinta+si+Mediu/EXCLUSIV+Stefan+Hell+laureat+al+premiului+Nobel+Educatia+primita. 
  118. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2015/. 
  119. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/press.html. 
  120. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2017/. 
  121. ↑ Frank, Joachim (2017), Curriculum Vitae . Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  122. ↑ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018
  123. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/press-release/. 
  124. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/summary/. 
  125. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2021/summary/. 
  126. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2022/press-release/. 
  127. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2023/summary/. 
  128. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2024/summary/. 
  129. ↑ Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025

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