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List of founders of religious traditions

Topic: Biography

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 17 min

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These are historical figures credited with founding religions or religious philosophies, or who codified older known religious traditions. The list includes those who have founded a specific major denomination within a larger religion.

Legendary/semi-historical

Traditional founder(s) Historical founder(s) Life of historical founder Religious tradition founded Comparative Religion
Hayk Kura–Araxes culture alive during 2492 BC Armenian Mythology, later incorporated into Abrahamic Mythology Paganism
Abraham (covenant with God)
Moses (religious law)		 Yahwists[n 1] c. 13th[1][2][3] to 8th century BC[n 2] Judaism and Samaritanism Abrahamic religions
Laozi Zhuang Zhou 369 BC – 286 BC Taoism East Asian religions, Chinese Religion
Dido Phoenicians alive during 814 BC Punic religion Canaanite religion
Aeneas
Romulus
Numa Pompilius		 Ancient Latins c. 8th to 7th century BC Roman Religion Paganism, Interpretatio graeca, Roman Mythology
Simon Magus no traditional founder, was claimed by the Church Fathers to have founded the movement.[1] Mentioned in Acts of the Apostles unknown some time in AD Gnosticism more specifically the Simonians Abrahamic, Christianity

Ancient (before AD 500

  1. See culture hero for legendary founders of doubtful historicity. For figures that fall into that category, please add them to the Legendary section, not here.
Founder name Life of founder Religious tradition founded Comparative Religion
Akhenaten c. 1353 BC – 1336 BC[4] Atenism Monotheism[5]
Zoroaster c. 1000 BC[6] Zoroastrianism Iranian religions
Parshvanatha 877 BC – 777 BC[7][8][9][10][11] The penultimate (23rd) Tirthankara in Jainism Indian religions
Nebuchadnezzar II c. 634 BC – 562 BC built the Etemenanki, established Marduk as the patron deity of Babylon[citation needed] |Paganism,Ancient Mesopotamian religion, Babylonian Religion
Ajita Kesakambali 6th century BC[12][13][14] Charvaka Indian religions, Hinduism,
Mahavira 599 BC – 527 BC[15][16][17] The final (24th) tirthankara in Jainism Indian religions, Jainism
Gautama Buddha 563 BC – 483 BC[18][19] Buddhism Indian religions
Confucius 551 BC – 479 BC[20][21] Confucianism East Asian religions, Chinese Religion
Pythagoras fl. 520 BC Pythagoreanism Ancient Greek philosophy
Mozi 470 BC – 390 BC Mohism East Asian religions, Chinese Religion
Zamolxis 5th century BC Zamolxism possibly Monotheistic?[22]
Makkhali Gosala 5th century BC[23] Ājīvika Indian religions, Hinduism
Ezra fl. 459 BC[n 3] Second Temple Judaism[24] Abrahamic religions
Epicurus fl. 307 BC Epicureanism Ancient Greek philosophy
Zeno of Citium 333 BC – 264 BC Stoicism Ancient Greek philosophy
Pharnavaz I of Iberia 326 BC – 234 BC Armazi Monotheism
Valmiki c. 3rd century BC[25] Valmikism Indian religions, Hinduism
Patanjali 2nd century BC Rāja yoga sect of Hinduism Indian religions, Hinduism
Augustus 63 BC - 14 AD Roman imperial cult Paganism, Imperial cult
John the Baptist c. 6 BC – c. AD 30 Mandeaism Abrahamic religions, Gnosticism
Jesus (and the Twelve Apostles) c. 4 BC – c. 30/33 AD Christianity Abrahamic religions
Paul the Apostle c. 33 AD Pauline Christianity Abrahamic religions, Christianity
James the Just c. 33 AD Jewish Christianity Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity
Lakulisha 1st century AD Pashupata Shaivism sect of Hinduism Indian religions, Hinduism
Judah the Prince 2nd century AD Rabbinic Judaism Abrahamic religions, Judaism,
Montanus 2nd century AD Montanism Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Marcion of Sinope 110–160 Marcionism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Gnosticism
Elkesai 170–230 Elkesaism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Gnosticism
Nagarjuna 150–250 Madhyamaka Indian religions, Buddhism
Plotinus 205–270 Neoplatonism Monotheism, Ancient Greek philosophy
Mani 216–274 Manichaeism Religious syncretism, Gnosticism
Arius[n 4] 250–336 Arianism[n 5] Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Pelagius[n 4] 354–430 Pelagianism[n 6] Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Nestorius[n 4] 386–451 Nestorianism[n 7] Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Eutyches 380–456 Monophysitism[n 8] Abrahamic religions, Christianity

Medieval to Early Modern (500–1800 AD)

Name Life of founder Religious tradition founded Comparative Religion
Mazdak died c. 526 Mazdakism Monotheism
Bodhidharma 5th or 6th century Zen, more specifically Ch'an Indian religions, Buddhism
Muhammad c. 570–632 Islam Abrahamic religions
Gaudapada c. 6th century CE Advaita Vedanta Indian religions, Hinduism
Songtsen Gampo 7th century Tibetan Buddhism Indian religions, Buddhism
En no Gyōja late 7th century Shugendō East Asian religions
Huineng 638–713 East Asian Zen Buddhism Indian religions, Buddhism
Padmasambhava 8th century Nyingma Indian religions, Buddhism
Han Yu 8th or 9th century Neo-Confucianism East Asian religions, Chinese Religion, Confucianism
Saichō 767–822 Tendai (descended from Tiantai) East Asian religions, Buddhism
Kūkai 774–835 Shingon Buddhism Indian religions, Buddhism
Ibn Nusayr late 9th century Alawites Abrahamic religions, Islam
Matsyendranath 10th century Nath Indian religions
Khadafi 876-948 Shawawanism Islam Abrahamic religions
Ramanuja 1017–1137 Vishishtadvaita Indian religions, Hinduism
Great Peacemaker Between the 10th and 15th centuries Great Law of Peace Native American religions, Iroquois mythology
Hamza ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad[26] 11th century Druze Abrahamic religions, Greek Philosophy, Atenism
Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir 12th century Yazidism Abrahamic religions, Iranian religions
Basava 12th century Lingayatism Indian religions
Peter Waldo 1140–1205 Waldensianism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Proto-Protestantism[27]
Hōnen 1131–1212 Jōdo-shū (descended from Pure Land Buddhism) East Asian religions, Indian religions
Eisai 1141–1215 Rinzai Zen (descended from the Linji school) East Asian religions
Shinran 1173–1263 Jōdo Shinshū (descended from Jōdo-shū) East Asian religions
Dōgen 1200–1253 Sōtō Zen (descended from the Caodong school) East Asian religions
Haji Bektash Veli 1209–1271 Bektashi Order of Sufism Abrahamic religions, Islam
Nichiren 1222–1282 Nichiren Buddhism Indian religions, Buddhism
Abraham Abulafia 1240–1290s Prophetic Kabbalah, a.k.a. ecstatic Kabbalah Abrahamic religions, Judaism,
Dyaneshwar 1275–1296 Varkari Indian religions, Hinduism
Madhvacharya 1238–1317 Dvaita Indian religions, Hinduism
John Wycliffe 1320s–1384 Lollardy Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Proto-Protestantism
Fażlu l-Lāh Astar-Ābādī 14th century Hurufism Abrahamic religions, Islam
Mahmoud Pasikhani late 14th century Nuqṭawism Abrahamic religions, Islam
Jan Hus 1372–1415 Hussitism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Proto-Protestantism
Tlacaelel 1397–1487 Cult of Huitzilopochtli Native American religions, Mesoamerican religion, Aztec religion
Ramananda 15th century Ramanandi Vaishnavism Indian religions, Hinduism
Kabir 1398–1448 Kabir Panth Indian religions, Hinduism
Pachacuti 1418–1472 Cult of Inti Native American religions, Inca mythology
Sankardev 1449–1568 Ekasarana Dharma Indian religions, Hinduism
Ravidas c. 1450–1520 Ravidassia Indian religions
Guru Nanak 1469–1539 Sikhism, Nanak Panth Indian religions
Sri Chand 1494–1629 Udasi Indian religions, Sikhism
Vallabha Acharya 1479–1531 Shuddhadvaita Indian religions, Hinduism
Martin Luther 1483–1546 Lutheranism and Protestantism in general Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 1486–1534 Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Achintya Bheda Abheda East Asian religions
Thomas Cranmer 1489–1556 Anglicanism (Church of England) Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
Menno Simons 1496–1561 Mennonite Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Anabaptism
Conrad Grebel 1498–1526 Swiss Brethren, Anabaptists Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
Jacob Hutter 1500–1536 Hutterite Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Anabaptism
Isaac Luria 1534–1572 Lurianic Kabbalah Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Kabbalah
Sultan Sahak early 15th century Yarsanism Abrahamic religions, Iranian religions
John Calvin 1509–1564 Calvinism[28] Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
Michael Servetus[29] 1511?–1553 Unitarianism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Nontrinitarianism
John Knox[30] 1510–1572 Presbyterianism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Calvinism
Akbar 1542–1605 Din-i Ilahi Religious syncretism Abrahamic religions
Jacobus Arminius 1560–1609 Arminianism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Calvinism
John Smyth[31] 1570–1612 Baptists Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
Avvakum 1620–1682 Old Believers of Russian Orthodox Church |Abrahamic religions, Christianity
George Fox[32] 1624–1691 Quakers Abrahamic religions, Christianity,Protestantism, Anglicanism
Philipp Spener[33] 1635–1705 Pietism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Lutheran
Jakob Ammann 1656–1730 Amish Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
Emanuel Swedenborg 1688–1772 The New Church Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
Yisroel ben Eliezer "Baal Shem Tov"[34] 1698–1760 Hasidic Judaism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
John Wesley,[35] Charles Wesley, George Whitefield 1703–1791 Methodism Abrahamic religions, Christianity,Protestantism, Anglicanism
Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1703–1792 Wahhabism Abrahamic religions, Sunni Islam
Ann Lee[36] 1736–1784 Shakers Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Quakers

New religious movements (post-1800)

Name[37] Life of founder Religious tradition founded Comparative Religion
Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá'í[38][39] 1753–1826 Shaykhism, precursor of Bábism[40][41] Religious syncretism: Abrahamic religions,Iranian religions, Indian religions,East Asian religions
Nicolas François de Neufchâteau 1750-1828 Decadary Cult Secular religion
Antoine-François Momoro 1756-1794 Cult of Reason Secular religion
Maximilien Robespierre 1758-1794 Cult of the Supreme Being Secular religon
Jean-Baptiste Chemin-Dupontès 1760-1852 Theophilanthropy Deist
Ram Mohan Roy 1772–1833 Brahmo Samaj Indian religions, Hinduism
Swaminarayan 1781–1830 Swaminarayan Sampraday Indian religions, Hinduism
Auguste Comte 1798–1857 Religion of Humanity Secular religon
Nakayama Miki 1798–1887 Tenrikyo East Asian religions, Japanese new religions
Ignaz von Döllinger 1799–1890 Old Catholic Church Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Phineas Quimby 1802–1866 New Thought Spirituality
Allan Kardec (founder of the religion)
Holy Spirit (made the teachings)		 1804–1869 Spiritism Spiritualism (movement)
Joseph Smith 1805–1844 Mormonism, also known as the Latter Day Saint movement Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Nontrinitarianism, Restorationism
John Thomas 1805–1871 Christadelphians Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Nontrinitarianism, Restorationism
Abraham Geiger 1810–1874 Reform Judaism Abrahamic religions
Jamgon Kongtrul 1813–1899 Rimé movement Indian religions, Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism
Hong Xiuquan 1814–1864 Taiping Christianity Religious syncretism, Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Bahá'u'lláh[42] 1817–1892 Baháʼí Faith Religious syncretism: Abrahamic religions, Iranian religions, Indian religions,East Asian religions
Karl Marx 1818-1883 Marxist–Leninist atheism Irreligion, State atheism
Báb 1819–1850 Bábism, precursor of the Baháʼí Faith Religious syncretism: Abrahamic religions,Iranian religions, Indian religions,East Asian religions
Azriel Hildesheimer 1820–1899 Modern Orthodox Judaism Abrahamic religions
James Springer White 1821–1881 Seventh-day Adventist Church Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Millerism
Wang Jueyi 1821–1884 Yiguandao East Asian religions, Chinese Religion, Chinese salvationist religions
Mary Baker Eddy[43] 1821–1910 Christian Science Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Ramalinga Swamigal 1823–1874 Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam Indian religions, Hinduism
Dayananda Saraswati 1824–1883 Arya Samaj Indian religions, Hinduism
Ellen G. White[44] 1827–1915 Seventh-day Adventist Church Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Millerism
John Ballou Newbrough 1828–1891 Faithism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Spiritualism (movement)
Helena Blavatsky 1831–1891 Theosophy Spiritualism (movement)
Subh-i-Azal 1831–1912 Azalism Religious syncretism: Abrahamic religions,Iranian religions, Indian religions,East Asian religions
Ayya Vaikundar 1833–1851 Ayyavazhi Indian religions, Hinduism
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 1835–1908 Ahmadiyya Religious syncretism: Abrahamic religions,Iranian religions, Indian religions,East Asian religions
Nao Deguchi 1837–1918 Oomoto East Asian religions, Japanese new religions
John Slocum 1838–1897 Indian Shaker Church Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Quakers, Shakers
Guido von List 1848–1919 Armanism (Germanic mysticism) Occult
Charles Taze Russell[45] 1852–1916 Bible Student movement Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Nontrinitarianism, Restorationism
Wovoka 1856–1932 Ghost Dance Native American Religions, Spiritualism (movement)
Rudolf Steiner 1861–1925 Anthroposophy Occult
Swami Vivekananda 1863–1902 Ramakrishna Mission Indian religions, Hinduism
William Irvine[46] 1863–1947 Two by Twos and Cooneyites Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Nontrinitarianism, Evangelicalism
Max Heindel 1865–1919 The Rosicrucian Fellowship Occult
Tsunesaburo Makiguchi 1871–1944 Soka Gakkai Indian religions, Buddhism
Sri Aurobindo 1872–1950 Integral yoga Indian religions, Hinduism
Mason Remey 1874–1974 Orthodox Baháʼí Faith Abrahamic religions
Aleister Crowley 1875–1947 Thelema Occult
Charles Fox Parham 1873–1929 Pentecostalism Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Holiness Movement
Rudolf von Sebottendorf 1875-1945 Thule Society Occult, Esoteric Nazism
"Father Divine" c. 1876–1965 International Peace Mission movement Monotheism
Edgar Cayce 1877–1945 Association for Research and Enlightenment Spiritualism
Ngô Văn Chiêu 1878–1926 Caodaism East Asian religions, Vietnamese Religion
Guy Ballard 1878–1939 "I AM" Activity New Age
Frank Buchman 1878–1961 Oxford Group/Moral Re-Armament Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism
Alfred G. Moses 1878–1956 Jewish Science Abrahamic religions, Judaism
Ōnishi Aijirō 1881–1958 Honmichi East Asian religions, Japanese new religions
Mordecai Kaplan 1881–1983 Reconstructionist Judaism Abrahamic religions, Judaism
Gerald Gardner 1884–1964 Wicca Neo-Paganism
Felix Manalo 1886–1963 Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Nontrinitarianism, Restorationism
Frank B. Robinson 1886–1948 Psychiana Spiritualism
Noble Drew Ali 1886–1929 Moorish Science Temple of America Abrahamic religions, Islam
Marcus Garvey 1887–1940 Rastafari Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Ernest Holmes 1887–1960 Religious Science Spiritualism
Sadafal Deo Ji Maharaj 1888–1954 Vihangamyoga Indian religions, Hinduism
Aimee Semple McPherson[47] 1890–1944 Foursquare Church Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Evangelicalism
Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[48] 1891–1975 Umbanda Syncretism
Ida B. Robinson 1891–1946 Mount Sinai Holy Church of America Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Protestantism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Holiness Movement
B. R. Ambedkar 1891–1956 Navayana Buddhism Indian religions, Buddhism
Wallace Fard Muhammad 1891–1934 (absentia) Nation of Islam Abrahamic religions, Islam, Moorish Science Temple of America
Paramahansa Yogananda 1893–1952 Yogoda Satsanga Society of India, Self-Realization Fellowship Indian religions, Hinduism
Masaharu Taniguchi 1893–1985 Seicho-no-Ie East Asian religions, Japanese new religions
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada 1896–1977 International Society for Krishna Consciousness Indian religions, Hinduism
Ruth Norman 1900–1993 Unarius UFO Religions
Ross Nichols 1902-1975 Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids Druidry
Swami Muktananda 1908–1982 Siddha Yoga Indian religions, Hinduism
Paul Twitchell 1908–1971 Eckankar Monotheism
Ikurō Teshima 1910–1973 Makuya East Asian religions, Japanese new religions
L. Ron Hubbard 1911–1986 Scientology Dianetics
Kim Il Sung 1912-1994 North Korean cult of personality Imperial cult
Chinmayananda Saraswati 1916–1993 Chinmaya Mission Indian religions, Hinduism
Victor Henry Anderson 1917–2001 Feri Tradition Neo-Paganism
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1918–2008 Transcendental Meditation Indian religions, Hinduism
Samael Aun Weor 1917–1977 Universal Christian Gnostic Movement Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Gnosticism
Mark L. Prophet 1918–1973 The Summit Lighthouse Religious syncretism: Abrahamic religions,Iranian religions, Indian religions,East Asian religions
Ben Klassen 1918–1993 Creativity Atheisim, White Supremecey
Ahn Sahng-hong 1918–1985 World Mission Society Church of God Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Huỳnh Phú Sổ 1919–1947 Hòa Hảo East Asian religions, Vietnamese Religion
Yong (Sun) Myung Moon[49] 1920–2012 Unification Church Abrahamic religions, Christianity
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar 1921–1990 Ananda Marga Indian religions, Hinduism
Clarence 13X 1922–1969 Five-Percent Nation Abrahamic religions, Islam, Moorish Science Temple of America, Nation of Islam
Mestre Gabriel 1922–1971 União do Vegetal Syncretism
Nirmala Srivastava 1923–2011 Sahaja Yoga Indian religions, Hinduism
Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson 1924–1993 Ásatrú Neo-Paganism
Sathya Sai Baba 1926–2011 Sathya Sai Organization Indian religions, Hinduism
Michel Potay 1929– Pilgrims of Arès Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Restorationist
Anton LaVey 1930–1997 Church of Satan (LaVeyan Satanism) Abrahamic religions, Atheist
Rajneesh[50] 1931–1990 Rajneesh movement Indian religions, Hinduism
Mark L. Prophet;
Elizabeth Clare Prophet[51]		 1918–1973;
1939–2009		 Church Universal and Triumphant Religious syncretism
Adi Da 1939–2008 Adidam Spiritualism
Claude Vorilhon 1946– Raëlism UFO Religions
Marshall Vian Summers 1949– New Message from God Spiritualism
Li Hongzhi born 1951 or 1952 Falun Gong East Asian religions, Chinese Religion, Chinese salvationist religions
Ryuho Okawa 1956–2023 Happy Science Japanese new religions
Vissarion 1961– Church of the Last Testament Abrahamic religions
Chris Korda 1962– Church of Euthanasia Apocalyptic
Tamara Siuda 1969– Kemetic Orthodoxy Neo-Paganism
Olumba Olumba Obu 1918–2003 Brotherhood of the Cross and Star Abrahamic religions
Erdoğan Çınar 21st century Ishikism Abrahamic religions
J.R. "Bob" Dobbs 1972– Church of the SubGenius parody religion
Bobby Henderson 1980- Pastafarianism parody religion
Abdullah Hashem 1983– Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light Abrahamic religions, Islam
Isak Gerson 1993– Missionary Church of Kopimism Cybersectarianism

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods, the "gods of the fathers". With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, YHWH (Yahweh), as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered. As such, this founding group is referred to as "Yahwists".
  2. ↑ Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13th century BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age, as the Canaanite city-state system was ending. In the words of archaeologist William Dever, "most of those who came to call themselves Israelites … were or had been indigenous Canaanites". The worship of YHWH (Yahweh) alone began at the earliest with Elijah in the 9th century BCE, but more likely with the prophet Hosea in the 8th; even then it remained the concern of a small party before gaining ascendancy in the exilic and early post-exilic period.
  3. ↑ historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine, Fortress Press, p.888)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.
  5. ↑ Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the Nicene Creed collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (Arius, SCM (2001) p.247)
  6. ↑ Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. Saints and Sinners in the Early Church DLT (1985) p.133)
  7. ↑ Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at Chalcedon in 451 (Prestige, G.L. Fathers and Heretics SPCK (1963) p.130)
  8. ↑ Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria. The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon. In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) arts. Monophysitism, Alexandrian Theology)

References

  1. ↑ Albertz 1994, p. 61.
  2. ↑ Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.
  3. ↑ Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&q=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological. 
  4. ↑ Hornung, Erik (1999). Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8725-5. https://archive.org/details/akhenatenreligio00horn. 
  5. ↑ Ridley, Ronald Thomas. (2019). Akhenaten: A Historian's View. The AUC History of Ancient Egypt. Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press. 
  6. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 191.
  7. ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 183.
  8. ↑ Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-148-0.  p. 115
  9. ↑ "Parshvanatha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576. Retrieved 2007-10-22. 
  10. ↑ Bowker, John (2000). "Parsva". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192800947. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947. Retrieved 2007-10-22. 
  11. ↑ Charpentier, Jarl (1922). "The History of the Jains". The Cambridge History of India. 1. Cambridge. pp. 153. 
  12. ↑ Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, pp. 227–249
  13. ↑ John M. Koller (1977), Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 155-164
  14. ↑ Dale Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812932, pages 53-58
  15. ↑ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 313.
  16. ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 222.
  17. ↑ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
  18. ↑ Cousins 1996, pp. 57–63.
  19. ↑ Schumann 2003, pp. 10–13.
  20. ↑ Hugan, Yong (2013). Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed. A&C Black. p. 3. ISBN 9781441196538. https://books.google.com/books?id=1R9MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4. 
  21. ↑ Riegel 2002.
  22. ↑ Paliga, Sorin. "La divinité suprême des Thraco-Daces". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne (in French). Persée revue.. 
  23. ↑ James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798, page 22
  24. ↑ Brueggemann 2002, pp. 75, 144.
  25. ↑ "Ramayana | Summary, Characters, & Facts". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic. 
  26. ↑ Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, eds (2018). The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 11. ISBN 978-1440841385. 
  27. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Waldenses". https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm. 
  28. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 67.
  29. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 128.
  30. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 69.
  31. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 102.
  32. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 95.
  33. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 73.
  34. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 183.
  35. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 75.
  36. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 724.
  37. ↑ All following religions can be classified as a new religious movement, but will remain unlabeled to avoid repetition.
  38. ↑ "AḤSĀʾĪ, SHAIKH AḤMAD". Encyclopædia Iranica. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahsai-shaikh-ahmad. Retrieved 2020-10-16. 
  39. ↑ "Individualism and the Mystical Path in Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i". https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/ahsaind.htm. 
  40. ↑ "Shaykhism". https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0188.xml. 
  41. ↑ "SHAYKHISM". Encyclopædia Iranica. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shaykhism. Retrieved 2020-10-16. 
  42. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 992.
  43. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 741.
  44. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 621.
  45. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 637.
  46. ↑ Chryssides 2001, p. 330.
  47. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 451.
  48. ↑ Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279-280.
  49. ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 365.
  50. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 1051.
  51. ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 97.

Bibliography

Template:Lists of people considered founders by specific groups



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