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Rita Levi-Montalcini

Topic: Biography

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 24 min
Short description: Italian neurologist (1909–2012)
Rita Levi-Montalcini

OMRI OMCA
Rita Levi-Montalcini bandw.jpg
Rita Levi-Montalcini, c. 1975. Image courtesy of the Bernard Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine.
Born(1909-04-22)22 April 1909
Turin, Italy
Died30 December 2012(2012-12-30) (aged 103)
Rome, Italy
NationalityItalian
CitizenshipItaly, United States
Alma materUniversity of Turin
Known forNerve growth factor
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsNeurobiology
InstitutionsWashington University in St. Louis

Rita Levi-Montalcini OMRI OMCA (US: /ˌleɪvi ˌmoʊntɑːlˈtʃiːni, ˌlɛv-, ˌliːvi ˌmɒntəlˈ-/ LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4] it; 22 April 1909 – 30 December 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her death, she also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given due to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age of 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life and education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] to Italian Jewish parents with roots dating back to the Roman Empire.[12][13][14] She and her twin sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, an electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Turin at the turn of the twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage years, she considered becoming a writer and admired Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing a close family friend die of stomach cancer she decided to attend the University of Turin Medical School.[18] Her father discouraged his daughters from attending college, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives as wives and mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University of Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936, Montalcini remained at the university as Levi's assistant, but her academic career was cut short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and the subsequent introduction of laws barring Jews from academic and professional careers.[19]

Career and research

Levi-Montalcini lost her assistant position in the anatomy department after the 1938 Italian racial laws barring Jews from university positions were passed.[20][21] During World War II she set up a laboratory in her bedroom in Turin and studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork for much of her later research.[22] She described this experience decades later in the science documentary film Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times (1997).[23] The film also features her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected artist best known for her aluminum sculptures designed to bring light to the rooms due to the reflective white surface.[24]

When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943, her family fled south to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[25] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with the partisans of the Action Party.[26] After the liberation of Florence in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for the Allied health service. Her family returned to Turin in 1945.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the laboratory of Professor Viktor Hamburger at Washington University in St. Louis; he was interested in two of the articles Levi-Montalcini had published in foreign scientific journals.[27] After she duplicated the results of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a research associate position, which she held for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve cells.[19] The critical experiment was done with Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1952. Their publication in 1954[28] became the first definitive indication of the protein.[29][30]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves growing everywhere like a halo around the tumour cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets of water flowing steadily over a bed of stones."[31][unreliable source?] The nerve growth produced by the tumour was unlike anything she had seen before – the nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But nerves did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo back to the tumour. This suggested to Montalcini that the tumour itself was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves.

She was made a full professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in Rome and divided her time between there and St. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to receive the Max Weinstein Award (given by the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant contributions to neurological research.[27]

From 1961 to 1969, she directed the Research Center of Neurobiology of the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Cellular Biology.[19] After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director of the Institute of Cell Biology of the Italian National Council of Research in Rome. She later retired from that position in 1979, however continued to be involved as a guest professor.[32]

Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Research Institute in 2002, and then served as its president.[33][34] Her role in this institute was at the centre of some criticism from some parts of the scientific community in 2010.[35]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation of Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical concern Fidia. While working for Fidia, she improved her understanding of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovine brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[36][37] Years later, some patients under treatment with Cronassial reported a severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome). As per the normal cautionary routine, Germany banned Cronassial in 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug only in 1993; at the same time, an investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Italian Ministry of Health for a quick approval of Cronassial and later paid for pushing the use of the drug in the treatment of diseases where it had not been tested.[38][39][40] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, and she was criticized publicly.[41]

In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists to point out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology.[42] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[43] Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research into this compound which has resulted in more discoveries regarding its mechanisms and benefits, a far better understanding of the endocannabinoid system and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved absorption and bioavailability.[44]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research into the nerve growth factor (NGF), the protein that causes cell growth due to stimulated nerve tissue.[45]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Life by the President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to her support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of saving the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Senate was at risk. Her old age was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.[46][47]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, and her mother, Adele Montalcini, was a painter.[48] The family's Jewish roots extend back to the Roman Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to tend to the children and house.[49]

Rita Levi-Montalcini in 2009

Levi-Montalcini had an older brother Gino, who died after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and a professor at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, and Paola, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit for defamation against Beppe Grillo. During a show, Grillo called the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[50]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had no children.[15] In a 2006 interview she said, "I never had any hesitation or regrets in this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely."[51] She died in her home in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103.[52]

Upon her death, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised her as someone who represented "civic conscience, culture and the spirit of research of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to be admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" example for Italy and the world.[53]

According to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy, she was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization.[54]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[55]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[56] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[57][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[58]

In 1974, she became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences[59]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[60]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[61]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine,[19] as well as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.[62] This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Medal of Science, the highest American scientific honor.[57]

In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste, Italy. On that occasion, she expressed her desire to formulate a Carta of Human Duties as a necessary counterpart of the too much-neglected Declaration of Human Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.[63]

She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[64]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[65]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, in her native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European Academy of Sciences.

In 2011, at the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill University, Canada.

She was a founding member of Città della Scienza.[66] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

  • In April 2016, a spontaneous orchid (a hybrid between Ophrys incubacea and Ophrys sphegodes subsp. classica), was named after her: 'Ophrys × montalciniae'.[67]
  • The card game "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 neurologist Luminaries.[70]

See also

  • Timeline of women in science
  • List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN:0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]
  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab of Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/myriammontalcini.htm. 

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments in neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN:88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN:88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN:88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN:88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN:88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN:88-7937-095-2.
  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN:88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN:88-420-4147-5.
  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN:88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione an American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.
  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN:88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN:88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN:88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN:88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN:88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN:88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN:88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN:88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN:88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN:88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN:88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN:88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. ISBN:88-17-00823-0.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN:88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. ISBN:978-88-95499-00-0.
  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN:978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. ISBN:978-88-6145-033-2.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN:978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN:88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. ISBN:978-88-6073-557-7.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN:978-88-17-01529-5.


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Anon (2012). "Rita Levi-Montalcini EMBO profile". Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization. http://people.embo.org/profile/rita-levi-montalcini. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Anon (2015). "Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660–2015". London: Royal Society. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml. 
  3. ↑ "Levi-Montalcini". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Levi-Montalcini. 
  4. ↑ "Levi-Montalcini". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Levi-Montalcini. Retrieved 10 August 2019. 
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". The Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/. 
  6. ↑ Bradshaw RA (2013). "Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012) Nobel prizewinning neurobiologist and eminent advocate for science". Nature (London) 493 (7432): 306. doi:10.1038/493306a. PMID 23325208. Bibcode: 2013Natur.493..306B. 
  7. ↑ "Rita Levi-Montalcini". https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rita-Levi-Montalcini. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Abbott, A. (2009). "Neuroscience: One hundred years of Rita". Nature 458 (7238): 564–567. doi:10.1038/458564a. PMID 19340056. 
  9. ↑ "The Doyenne of Neuroscience celebrates her 100th birthday". IBRO. http://www.ibro.info/Pub/Pub_Main_Display.asp?LC_Docs_ID=4067. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  10. ↑ Owen, Richard (30 April 2009). "Secret of Longevity: No Food, No Husband, No Regrets or anything like that at all". Excelle. http://excelle.monster.com/news/articles/3264-secret-of-longevity-no-food-no-husband-no-regrets. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Scheda di attività – Rita Levi-Montalcini". http://www.senato.it/leg/16/BGT/Schede/Attsen/00018431.htm. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Carey, Benedict (30 December 2012). "Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel Winner, Dies at 103". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/science/dr-rita-levi-montalcini-a-revolutionary-in-the-study-of-the-brain-dies-at-103.html. 
  13. ↑ https://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21569019-rita-levi-montalcini-biologist-died-december-30th-aged-103-rita-levi-montalcini Rita Levi-Montalcini
  14. ↑ Costantino Ceoldo (31 December 2012). "Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini". http://english.pravda.ru/society/anomal/31-12-2012/123358-rita_montalcini-0/. "Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism." 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Reynolds, Lauren (15 March 2018). "Five facts about Rita Levi-Montalcini, who figured out how neurons grow". https://massivesci.com/articles/rita-levi-montalcini-our-science-heroes/. 
  16. ↑ Levi-Montalcini, Rita (18 April 1988). In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work. Basic Books. p. 28. Bibcode: 1988piml.book.....L. https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofimperf0000levi. "Mother and Father both came from Sephardic families which had moved respectively from Asti and Casale Monferrato, two towns of some importance in Piedmont, to settle in Turin at the turn of the century." 
  17. ↑ Krause-Jackson, Flavia; Martinuzzi, Elisa (30 December 2012). "Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Laureate, Dies at 103". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-30/levi-montalcini-italian-nobel-prize-laureate-dies-at-103.html. 
  18. ↑ Siegel, Judy (4 March 2008). "Oldest living Nobel laureate arrives today on solidarity visit. 98- year-old Italian neurologist Rita Levi-Montalcini triumphed over Mussolini's anti-Jewish edicts". The Jerusalem Post. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1440078621.html?dids=1440078621:1440078621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+04%2C+2008&author=JUDY+SIEGEL&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Oldest+living+Nobel+laureate+arrives+today+on+solidarity+visit.+98-+year-old+Italian+neurologist+Rita+Levi-Montalcini+triumphed+over+Mussolini%27s+anti-Jewish+edicts&pqatl=google. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Nobel-winning scientist Levi-Montalcini dies in Rome at 103, biologist studied growth factor". Fox News Channel. 30 December 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/12/30/nobel-winning-scientist-levi-montalcini-dies-in-rome-at-103-biologist-studied/. 
  20. ↑ Yount, Lisa, Twentieth-Century Women Scientists, Facts on File, Inc., 1996, p. 29, ISBN:0-8160-3173-8
  21. ↑ D’elia, Nicola (2021-10-20). "Giuseppe Bottai, the Racial Laws of 1938 and Italian–German relations" (in en). Patterns of Prejudice 55 (5): 437–455. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2022.2054549. ISSN 0031-322X. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0031322X.2022.2054549. "Integrazione e coordinamento in un unico testo delle norme già emanate per la difesa della razza nella Scuola italiana (Integration and Coordination in One Text of Rules for the Defence of the Race in Italian Schools), which established: (a) the exclusion of Jewish students from primary and secondary schools; (b) the exclusion of Jewish students from university, with the temporary exception of those who had enrolled in previous years; (c) the exclusion of Jewish teachers from state and private schools of every order and degree, including universities.". 
  22. ↑ Goldstein, Bob (2 December 2021). "A Lab of Her Own". Nautilus. https://nautil.us/a-lab-of-her-own-13306/. Retrieved 19 December 2021. 
  23. ↑ "Death by Design: Where Parallel Worlds Meet". IMDb. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118947/fullcredits#cast. 
  24. ↑ Di Genova, Giorgio. "Paola Levi-Montalcini". https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/levi-montalcini-paola. 
  25. ↑ "Rita Levi Montalcini", Treccani.it.
  26. ↑ "EBRI - European Brain Research Institute". http://www.ebri.it/en/pagine/1_biografia_2_biography_30. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Missouri Women in the Health Sciences - Biographies - Rita Levi-Montalcini". http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/bios/levi_montalcini.htm. 
  28. ↑ Levi-Montalcini, R.; Meyer, H.; Hamburger, V. (1954). "In vitro experiments on the effects of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo". Cancer Research 14 (1): 49–57. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 13126933. https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/14/1/49/472977/In-Vitro-Experiments-on-the-Effects-of-Mouse. 
  29. ↑ Levi-Montalcini, Rita; Calissano, Pietro (1979). "The Nerve-Growth Factor". Scientific American 240 (6): 68–77. ISSN 0036-8733. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24965219. 
  30. ↑ Levi-Montalcini, R. (1998-11-16). "The saga of the nerve growth factor". Neuroreport 9 (16): R71–83. ISSN 0959-4965. PMID 9858356. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9858356. 
  31. ↑ Yount, Lisa (2009). Rita Levi-Montalcini: Discoverer of Nerve Growth Factor. Chelsea House. 
  32. ↑ Wasserman, Elga R. (2000). The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science. Joseph Henry Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-309-06568-2. https://archive.org/details/doorindream00elga/page/41. 
  33. ↑ "Rita Levi-Montalcini". Washington University. http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mig/bios/levi-montalcini.html. 
  34. ↑ "The European Brain Research Institute in Rome". Network of European Neuroscience Institutes. http://www.eni-net.org/organization/home-institutions/the-european-brain-research-institute-in-rome/. 
  35. ↑ "Self-inflicted damage.The autocratic actions of an institute's founder could destroy a centre of excellence for brain research". Nature 463 (7279): 270. 21 January 2010. doi:10.1038/463270a. PMID 20090705. Bibcode: 2010Natur.463..270.. 
  36. ↑ Horowitz SH (1984). "Ganglioside (Cronassial) Therapy in Diabetic Neuropathy". Ganglioside Structure, Function, and Biomedical Potential. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 174. pp. 593–600. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1200-0_50. ISBN 978-1-4684-1202-4. 
  37. ↑ "Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a mixture of gangliosides ('Cronassial') in post-herpetic neuralgia". Current Medical Research and Opinion 12 (3): 169–76. 1990. doi:10.1185/03007999009111498. PMID 2272191. 
  38. ↑ "Qualità Intellettuale". UNIPG. http://www.dmi.unipg.it/~mamone/univ/QUALIT.htm. 
  39. ↑ "Fallimenti storici". Dica33. http://www.dica33.it/argomenti/farmacologia/farmacovigilanza/farmacovigilanza2.asp. 
  40. ↑ "Rita Levi Montalcini e la vicenda Cronossial". Politica Molecolare. November 2011. http://politicamolecolare.blogspot.com/2007/11/rita-levi-di-montalcini-e-i.html. 
  41. ↑ "Nobel comprato? Non ne so nulla". 22 February 1994. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1994/02/22/nobel-comprato-non-ne-so-nulla.html. 
  42. ↑ "Mast cells synthesize, store, and release nerve growth factor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 (9): 3739–43. April 1994. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.3739. PMID 8170980. Bibcode: 1994PNAS...91.3739L. 
  43. ↑ "A proposed autacoid mechanism controlling mastocyte behaviour". Agents and Actions 39 Spec No: C145–7. 1993. doi:10.1007/BF01972748. PMID 7505999. 
  44. ↑ Hesselink, Jan M Keppel (8 August 2013). "Evolution in pharmacologic thinking around the natural analgesic palmitoylethanolamide: from nonspecific resistance to PPAR-α agonist and effective nutraceutical". Journal of Pain Research 6: 625–634. doi:10.2147/JPR.S48653. ISSN 1178-7090. PMID 23964161. 
  45. ↑ "Rita Levi-Montalcini - Biography, Facts and Pictures". https://www.famousscientists.org/rita-levi-montalcini/. 
  46. ↑ "Mastella: sì al procedimento su Storace". la Repubblica. 17 October 2007. http://www.repubblica.it/2007/10/sezioni/politica/napolitano-tre/mastella-storace/mastella-storace.html. 
  47. ↑ "Dispetto alla Montalcini al seggio". La Repubblica. 14 April 2008. http://www.repubblica.it/2008/04/sezioni/politica/elezioni-2008/montalcini/montalcini.html. 
  48. ↑ "Rita Levi-Montalcini- Biography". https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1986/levi-montalcini/auto-biography/. 
  49. ↑ Elliott, Ellen. "Women in Science: Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012)". https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/jax-blog/2017/april/rita-levi-montalcini. 
  50. ↑ Gian Marco Chiocci (5 October 2007). "Tra "vaffa" e condanne, Camere tabù per Grillo" (in it). Il Giornale. http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/vaffa-e-condanne-camere-tab-grillo.html. 
  51. ↑ "Rita Levi-Montalcini, pioneering Italian biologist, dies at 103". The Guardian. 20 December 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/30/rita-levi-montalcini-biologist-dies. 
  52. ↑ "Addio al premio Nobel Rita Levi Montalcini". ANSA. 30 December 2012. https://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/scienza/2012/12/30/morta-Rita-Levi-Montalcini_8011133.html. 
  53. ↑ D'Emilio, Frances (30 December 2012). "Nobel-winning biologist Rita Levi-Montalcini dies at 103". Associated Press. NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/50324234. 
  54. ↑ Alberto Statera (June 9, 2010). "I massoni di sinistra. Nelle logge sono 4mila." (in it). La Repubblica. https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/06/09/news/massoneria_pd-4683769/. 
  55. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf. 
  56. ↑ Wasserman, Elga (2000). The Door in the Dream: Conversations With Eminent Women in Science. Joseph Henry Press. p. 61. ISBN 0309086191. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xyt3IAAtmEIC&pg=PT61. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math. Infobase Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 978-1438107950. https://books.google.com/books?id=428i2UdWRRAC&pg=PA174. 
  58. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". American Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration. 
  59. ↑ "Rita Levi-Montalcini". The Pontifical Academy of Sciences. http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/ordinary/levimontalcini.html. 
  60. ↑ "Rita Levi-Montalcini – The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". ASU. http://embryo.asu.edu/view/embryo:123950. 
  61. ↑ American Philosophical Society Member History (Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini)
  62. ↑ "Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award: 1986 Winners". Lasker Foundation. http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1986_b_description.htm#montalcini. 
  63. ↑ "International Council of Human Duties". http://www2.units.it/ichd/. 
  64. ↑ "Meet the Goodwill Ambassadors". FAO. http://www.fao.org/getinvolved/ambassadors/ambassadors/ambassadors-ritalevimontalcini/en/. 
  65. ↑ Ghieth, Sheyam (13 April 2006). "Prodi May Need Elderly Senators to Keep Government". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aL4IesctLevA&refer=europe. 
  66. ↑ "E' scomparsa Rita Levi Montalcini, premio Nobel per la medicina, tra i soci fondatori di Città della Scienza". Città della Scienza. http://www.cittadellascienza.it/notizie/scomparsa-rita-levi-montalcini-fondatori-di-citta-della-scienza/. 
  67. ↑ Gennaio, Roberto; Gargiulo, Marco; Medagli, Piero; Chetta, Francesco S. (2017). "Ophrys×montalciniae nothosubsp. cristoforettiae(O. incubacea subsp. brutia × O. sphegodes subsp. classica), nuovo ibrido naturale del Salento (Puglia)". GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur. 60 (2017:2): 427–431. 
  68. ↑ "Station - in [INARA]". https://inara.cz/station/?search=Levi-Montalcini. 
  69. ↑ "EDSM - Elite Dangerous Star Map". https://www.edsm.net/en/search/stations/index/name/levi-montalcini/sortBy/distanceSol. 
  70. ↑ "Endowed Chairs". https://www.endowedchairs.com. 

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