Equinae

Equinae is a subfamily of the family Equidae, known from the Hemingfordian stage of the Early Miocene (16 million years ago) onwards.^[1]^[2] They originated in North America, before dispersing to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. They are thought to be a monophyletic grouping.^[3] Members of the subfamily are referred to as equines;^[4] the only extant equines are the horses, asses, and zebras of the genus Equus, with two other genera Haringtonhippus and Hippidion becoming extinct at the beginning of the Holocene, around 11–12,000 years ago.

The subfamily contains tree tribes, the extant Equini as well as the extinct Hipparionini and Protohippini.^[5] Members of the family ancestrally had three toes, while members of the tribe Equini from the Middle Miocene onwards developed monodactyl feet.^[6] They belong to the order Perissodactyla, meaning they are odd-toed animals.

Sister taxa

Anchitheriinae
Hyracotheriinae

References

↑ "Paleobiology Database: Equinae basic info.". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=65578.
↑ Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Prado, Jose Luis L.; Hernández Fernández, Manuel; Alberdi, Mª Teresa (10 February 2017). "Decoupled ecomorphological evolution and diversification in Neogene-Quaternary horses". Science 355 (6325): 627–630. doi:10.1126/science.aag1772. PMID 28183978. Bibcode: 2017Sci...355..627C. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6325/627.full. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
↑ B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America
↑ Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Sanisdro, Oscar L.; Cantero, Enrique; Prado, Jose Luis; Alberdi, Mª Teresa Luis (4 August 2023). "Evolutionary Radiation of Equids". in Prins, Herbert H.; Gordon, Ian J.. The Equids, A Suite of Splendid Species. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer. pp. 27–45. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27144-1_2. ISBN 978-3-031-27143-4. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-27144-1_2.
↑ Janis, Christine M. (2023), Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac; van den Hoek Ostende, Lars W.; Janis, Christine M. et al., eds., "Asymmetry of Evolutionary Patterns Between New World and Old World Equids and Among New World Equine Tribes" (in en), Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 143–164, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17491-9_10, ISBN 978-3-031-17490-2, https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-17491-9_10, retrieved 2025-10-21
↑ Janis, Christine M.; Bernor, Raymond L. (2019-04-12). "The Evolution of Equid Monodactyly: A Review Including a New Hypothesis". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00119. ISSN 2296-701X.

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[:pbdb-1] "Paleobiology Database: Equinae basic info.". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=65578.

[2] Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Prado, Jose Luis L.; Hernández Fernández, Manuel; Alberdi, Mª Teresa (10 February 2017). "Decoupled ecomorphological evolution and diversification in Neogene-Quaternary horses". Science 355 (6325): 627–630. doi:10.1126/science.aag1772. PMID 28183978. Bibcode: 2017Sci...355..627C. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6325/627.full. Retrieved 13 February 2019.

[3] B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America

[4] Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Sanisdro, Oscar L.; Cantero, Enrique; Prado, Jose Luis; Alberdi, Mª Teresa Luis (4 August 2023). "Evolutionary Radiation of Equids". in Prins, Herbert H.; Gordon, Ian J.. The Equids, A Suite of Splendid Species. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer. pp. 27–45. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27144-1_2. ISBN 978-3-031-27143-4. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-27144-1_2.

[:2-5] Janis, Christine M. (2023), Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac; van den Hoek Ostende, Lars W.; Janis, Christine M. et al., eds., "Asymmetry of Evolutionary Patterns Between New World and Old World Equids and Among New World Equine Tribes" (in en), Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 143–164, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17491-9_10, ISBN 978-3-031-17490-2, https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-17491-9_10, retrieved 2025-10-21

[6] Janis, Christine M.; Bernor, Raymond L. (2019-04-12). "The Evolution of Equid Monodactyly: A Review Including a New Hypothesis". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00119. ISSN 2296-701X.

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Equinae

Topic: Biology

Sister taxa

References