Indian Vaccination Act of 1832

Indian Vaccination Act of 1832
Long title	An Act to provide the means of extending the benefits of vaccination, as a preventive of small-pox, to the Indian tribes, and thereby, as far as possible, to save them from the destructive ravages of that disease.
Enacted by	the 22nd United States Congress
Effective	May 5, 1832
Citations
Public law	Pub.L. 22–75
Statutes at Large	4 Stat. 514
Legislative history
	Introduced in the House as H.R. 526; Passed the House on April 9, 1832 (Passed); Passed the Senate on April 24, 1832 (31-10); Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 5, 1832;

Short description: Act to vaccinate Indian Americans for smallpox

Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 is a US federal law passed by the US Congress in 1832.^[2] The purpose of the act was to vaccinate the American Indians against smallpox to prevent the spread of the disease.

History

The act was first passed on May 5, 1832. Lewis Cass, Secretary of War, designed the act.^[3] Members of Congress appropriated US$12,000 (approximately $350,000 in current money) to vaccinate them.^[4] By February 1, 1833, more than 17,000 Indians had been vaccinated.^[5]

Congress allocated $12,000 for the entire program, to be administered by Indian agents and sub-agents. Some US army surgeons refused to participate due to the lack of funds, leaving agents themselves and others with no medical training to produce and administer vaccines.^[6] However, not everyone was included. As a result, a few years later, smallpox killed 90% of the Mandan Indians, who had been excluded from the act.^[7] It also excluded Hidatsas and Arikaras.^[5]

References

↑ "H.R. 526 — 22nd Congress (1831-1833)". U.S. Library of Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/22nd-congress/house-bill/526/.
↑ "U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox - Timeline - Native Voices". National Institutes of Health. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/282.html.
↑ Pearson, J. Diane (2003-08-28). "Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832" (in en). Wíčazo Ša Review 18 (2): 9–35. doi:10.1353/wic.2003.0017. ISSN 1533-7901. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/46131.
↑ Bloch Rubin, Ruth. "Public Health, Indian Removal, and the Growth of State Capacity, 1800-1850". University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://apw.polisci.wisc.edu/APW_Papers/Public%20Health%20Indian%20Removal%20and%20the%20Growth%20of%20State%20Capacity%20Revised%20Draft.pdf.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 "Section 2: Smallpox Among Indian Tribes | North Dakota Studies". https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-ii-time-transformation-1201-1860/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-1-smallpox-epidemics-1781-1837-1851/section-2-smallpox-among-indian-tribes.
↑ SHRAKE, PETER (2012). "The Silver Man: JOHN H. KINZIE AND THE FORT WINNEBAGO INDIAN AGENCY". The Wisconsin Magazine of History 96 (2): 9–10. ISSN 0043-6534. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24399556. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
↑ Pearson, J. Diane (1997). The politics of disease: The Indian Vaccination Act, 1832. American Indian studies at the University of Arizona (Thesis). Retrieved 2020-03-30.

Plenipotentiary letters regarding smallpox in Colonial America

Jefferson, Thomas (March 20, 1764). "Medicine". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/medicine/.
Washington, George (January 1, 1775). "Disease in the Revolutionary War". The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/disease-in-the-revolutionary-war.
Washington, George (January 1, 1777). "Smallpox". The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/smallpox.
Washington, George (March 12, 1777). "Smallpox Inoculation Letter". The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/smallpox-inoculation-letter.
Jefferson, Thomas (December 27, 1777). "Bill concerning Inoculation for Smallpox". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-02-02-0040.
Jefferson, Thomas (June 18, 1779). "77. A Bill to Prevent the Spreading of the Small-Pox". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-02-02-0132-0004-0077.
Madison, James (October 31, 1785). "Bills for a Revised State Code of Laws". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-08-02-0205.
Waterhouse, Benjamin (December 1, 1800). "To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Waterhouse, 1 December 1800". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-32-02-0177.
Jenner, Edward (1800). "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae: A Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox". Sampson Low. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325107182.
Waterhouse, Benjamin (1800). "A Prospect of Exterminating the Small-Pox: Being the History of the Variolae Vaccinae, or Kine-Pox, commonly called the Cow-Pox". Cambridge Press. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hw2104.
Waterhouse, Benjamin (June 8, 1801). "To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Waterhouse, 8 June 1801". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-34-02-0233.
Waterhouse, Benjamin (November 16, 1801). "To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Waterhouse, 16 November 1801". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-35-02-0519.
Jefferson, Thomas (1801). "Inoculation". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/inoculation/.
Waterhouse, Benjamin (January 11, 1802). "To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Waterhouse, 11 January 1802". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-36-02-0211.
Coxe, John Redman (December 10, 1802). "To Thomas Jefferson from John Redman Coxe, 10 December 1802". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-39-02-0116.
Coxe, John Redman (1802). "Practical Observations on Vaccination or Inoculation for the Cow-Pock". James Humphreys. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t50g4vs3m.
Jefferson, Thomas (May 14, 1806). "From Thomas Jefferson to George C. Jenner, 14 May 1806". Monticello, Virginia: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-3718.

General Court of Massachusetts Province Laws

"Chapter 13: An Act To Prevent Persons Concealing The Small-Pox". Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth. February 3, 1732. pp. 621-622. https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstreams/27f0e59f-5a21-4e5d-8e64-b07569117292/download.
"Chapter 17: An Act To Prevent The Spreading Of The Small-Pox And Other Infectious Sickness, And To Prevent The Concealing Of The Same". Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth. January 17, 1743. pp. 35-37. https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstreams/d7d3812b-eece-443b-83ec-c991666beb22/download.
"Chapter 17: An Act To Prevent, If Possible, The Further Spreading Of The Smallpox In The Town Of Boston". Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth. January 20, 1764. p. 668. https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstreams/de982acc-6740-4158-b880-313dd1a92b1d/download.

Audio media archive

The Ravages of the Small Pox: Jefferson and Inoculation (Podcast). Monticello, Virginia: Thomas Jefferson Foundation.
Thomas Jefferson's Health Habits (Podcast). Monticello, Virginia: Thomas Jefferson Foundation.

External links

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian Vaccination Act of 1832. Read more

[1] "H.R. 526 — 22nd Congress (1831-1833)". U.S. Library of Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/22nd-congress/house-bill/526/.

[2] "U.S. vaccinates Native peoples on the frontier against smallpox - Timeline - Native Voices". National Institutes of Health. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/282.html.

[:0-3] Pearson, J. Diane (2003-08-28). "Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832" (in en). Wíčazo Ša Review 18 (2): 9–35. doi:10.1353/wic.2003.0017. ISSN 1533-7901. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/46131.

[4] Bloch Rubin, Ruth. "Public Health, Indian Removal, and the Growth of State Capacity, 1800-1850". University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://apw.polisci.wisc.edu/APW_Papers/Public%20Health%20Indian%20Removal%20and%20the%20Growth%20of%20State%20Capacity%20Revised%20Draft.pdf.

[:1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "Section 2: Smallpox Among Indian Tribes | North Dakota Studies". https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-ii-time-transformation-1201-1860/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-1-smallpox-epidemics-1781-1837-1851/section-2-smallpox-among-indian-tribes.

[6] SHRAKE, PETER (2012). "The Silver Man: JOHN H. KINZIE AND THE FORT WINNEBAGO INDIAN AGENCY". The Wisconsin Magazine of History 96 (2): 9–10. ISSN 0043-6534. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24399556. Retrieved 9 November 2021.

[:2-7] Pearson, J. Diane (1997). The politics of disease: The Indian Vaccination Act, 1832. American Indian studies at the University of Arizona (Thesis). Retrieved 2020-03-30.

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History of Variola Inoculation
Benjamin Waterhouse	Ottoman Smallpox Inoculation
Edward Jenner	Smallpox Vaccine
James Smith	Vaccine Act of 1813
John Redman Coxe	Valentine Seaman
Norfolk Anti-Inoculation Riot of 1768	Variolation