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List of birds by population

Topic: Biology

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Template:Birds by population sidebar This is a set of lists of bird species by global population, divided by avian order. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. Contributing organizations include the IUCN, BirdLife International, and Partners in Flight.

The global population of all mature birds is estimated to be 50 – 100 billion individuals.[1][2][3][4] Total species population, including immature individuals, is higher during the breeding season of each species.[3]

These lists are incomplete, because experts have not estimated all bird populations. For example, the spectacled flowerpecker was only discovered in 2010, and did not receive its scientific name (Dicaeum dayakorum) until 2019,[5] adding to the other 73 new bird species described by ornithologists from 2000 – 2009.[6][7][8] Global population estimates for many of these at this time would lack accuracy.

All numbers are estimates, because they are made via bird surveys (e.g., point counting) and extrapolating species density estimates made via observation data over a species' known range.[9] Population estimates should be interpreted with a margin of error, even when only one value is provided.

The number of species within a order corresponds to IOC guidance[10] unless otherwise noted. IUCN/Birdlife International taxonomic classifications[11] often differ from the IOC; for specific disagreements, see Order specific pages.

By taxonomy

List by taxonomic order Birds included # of quantified species / # of total species (%)1 Example of less common species Example of more common species
Accipitriformes Hawks, eagles, kites, Old World vultures 180 / 259 (69%) Template:IUCN-CR 175px Template:IUCN-LC 150px
Pop: 128-924[12] Pop: 5,000,000-50,000,000[13]
Aegotheliformes Owlet-nightjars 1 / 10 (10%)
Anseriformes Waterfowl: ducks, geese, swans, screamers 176 / 178 (99%) Template:IUCN-CR

200px

Template:IUCN-LC

200px

Pop: 150-450[14] Pop: 17,260,000-19,300,000[15]
Apodiformes Swifts, hummingbirds 167 / 480 (35%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 1-49[16] Pop: 80,000,000-142,000,000[17]
Apterygiformes Kiwis 5 / 5 (100%) Template:IUCN-VU 150px Template:IUCN-VU 200px
Pop: 350-400[18] Pop: 16,500[19]
Bucerotiformes Hornbills, hoopoes, scimitarbills 15 / 75 (20%) Template:IUCN-CR 175px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 1 - 49[20] Pop: 5,000,000 - 10,000,000[21]
Caprimulgiformes Nightjars, nighthawks, poorwills 31 / 98 (32%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 1-49[22] Pop: 23,000,000[23]
Cariamiformes Seriemas 0 / 2 (0%)
Cathartiformes New World vultures, condors 5 / 7 (71%) Template:IUCN-CR 175px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 93[24] Pop: 50,000,000-99,999,999[25]
Casuariiformes Cassowaries, emus 3 / 4 (75%) Template:IUCN-LC 175px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 10,000-19,999[26] Pop: 630,000-725,000[27]
Charadriiformes Waders, gulls, terns, auks 343 / 392 (88%)2 Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 1-50[28] Pop: 23,000,000[29]
Ciconiiformes Storks 20 / 20 (100%) Template:IUCN-EN 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 300-1,750[30] Pop: 526,000-588,000[31]
Coliiformes Mousebirds 0 / 6 (0%)
Columbiformes Doves, pigeons 147 / 352 (42%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 136-182[32] Pop: 120,000,000-140,000,000[33]
Coraciiformes Kingfishers, motmots, bee-eaters 58 / 186 (31%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 350[34] Pop: 20,000,000[35]
Cuculiformes Cuckoos 29 / 156 (19%) Template:IUCN-EN 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 1,500-6,000[36] Pop: 34,600,000-54,400,000[37]
Eurypygiformes Kagu, sunbittern 2 / 2 (100%) Template:IUCN-EN 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 250 - 299[38] Pop: 500,000-4,999,999[39]
Falconiformes Falcons and caracaras 47 / 65 (72%) Template:IUCN-EN 125px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 140 - 170[40] Pop: 9,200,000[41]
Galliformes Landfowl: pheasants, guineafowl, quails, curassows, megapodes 153 / 307 (50%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 0-49[42] Pop: 75,000,000-150,000,0003[43]
Gaviiformes Loons 5 / 5 (100%) Template:IUCN-NT 175px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 11,000 – 21,000[44] Pop: 930,000 – 1,600,000[45]
Gruiformes Cranes, rails, finfoots, trumpeters, limpkin 137 / 190 (72%)4 Template:IUCN-EN 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 200-286[46] Pop: 7,100,000[47]
Leptosomiformes Cuckoo-roller 0 / 1 (0%)
Mesitornithiformes Mesites 3 / 3 (100%) Template:IUCN-VU 200px Template:IUCN-VU 200px
Pop: 5,300[48] Pop: 65,000-110,000[49]
Musophagiformes Turacos 3 / 23 (13%)
Nyctibiiformes Potoos 3 / 7 (43%) Template:IUCN-LC 175px Template:IUCN-LC 175px
Pop: 50,000 - 499,999[50] Pop: 500,000 - 4,999,999[51]
Opisthocomiformes Hoatzin 0 / 1 (0%)
Otidiformes Bustards, floricans, korhaans 11 / 26 (42%) Template:IUCN-CR 175px Template:IUCN-NT 175px
Pop: 50-249[52] Pop: 100,000-499,999[53]
Passeriformes Passerines: New Zealand wrens, suboscines, songbirds ? / 6533 Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 50-249[54] Pop: 290,000,000 - 487,000,000[55]
Pelecaniformes Ibises, spoonbills, herons, shoebill, hamerkop, pelicans 106 / 118 (90%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC Ardea_cocoi-standing
Pop: 50-249[56] Pop: 5,000,000-49,999,999[57]
Phaethontiformes Tropicbirds 3 / 3 (100%) Template:IUCN-LC 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 16,000-30,000[58] Pop: 400,000[59]
Phoenicopteriformes Flamingos 6 / 6 (100%) Template:IUCN-VU 200px Template:IUCN-NT 200px
Pop: 38,000[60] Pop: 2,220,000 – 3,240,000[61]
Piciformes Woodpeckers, jacamars, toucans, barbets, honeyguides 133 / 448 (30%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 1-49[62] Pop: 49,000,000-78,000,000[63]
Podargiformes Frogmouths 2 / 16 (13%)
Podicipediformes Grebes 22 / 23 (96%)5 Template:IUCN-LC 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 1,000 – 5,000[64] Pop: 3,900,000 – 4,200,000[65]
Procellariiformes Albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels 143 / 149 (96%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 1-49[66] Pop: 50,000,000[67]
Psittaciformes Parrots, cockatoos 185 / 406 (46%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 20-25[68] Pop: 5,000,000-49,999,999[69]
Pterocliformes Sandgrouse 2 / 16 (13%)
Rheiformes Rheas 0 / 2 (0%)
Sphenisciformes Penguins 18 / 19 (95%) Template:IUCN-EN 200px Template:IUCN-VU 200px
Pop: 1,200[70] Pop: 12,600,000[71]
Steatornithiformes Oilbird 1 / 1 (100%)
Strigiformes Owls 96 / 254 (38%) Template:IUCN-CR 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 200-280[72] Pop: 20,000,000[73]
Struthioniformes Ostriches 1 / 2 (50%) Template:IUCN-VU 200px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: unknown[74] Pop: 300,000-900,000[75]
Suliformes Shags, frigatebirds, gannets, cormorants 44 / 60 (73%) Template:IUCN-CR 150px Template:IUCN-LC 200px
Pop: 710[76] Pop: 2,000,000[77]
Tinamiformes Tinamous 17 / 46 (37%) Template:IUCN-VU 200px Template:IUCN-LC 150px
Pop: 1,900 – 4,400[78] Pop: 5,000,000 – 49,999,999[79]
Trogoniformes Trogons, quetzals 14 / 43 (33%) Template:IUCN-VU 200px Template:IUCN-LC

200px

Pop: 2,500 – 9,999[80] Pop: 5,000,000 – 49,999,999[81]


See also

Notes

1.^ Denominator (Total Species in Order) from IOC List of Birds (version 15.1).[10]
2.^ Number of species with population estimates includes estimates for Northern New Zealand dotterel, common white tern, and little white tern, which are considered full species by IUCN/BirdLife International, but subspecies by the IOC.[82][83][11]
3.^ Values include the common pheasant's estimated population across its introduced range.[43]
4.^ Number of species with population estimates includes estimates for black-winged trumpeter and Junin crake, which are considered full species by IUCN/BirdLife International, but subspecies by the IOC.[84][11]
5.^ IOC recognizes tricolored grebe as a full species; IUCN/BirdLife International do not.[85][11] The latter splits silvery grebe into two species (northern/southern silvery grebe); which the former retains as one species.[85][86] This results in 23 total species regardless, and 22 species with populations quantified.

References

  1. ↑ Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (2018-06-19). "The biomass distribution on Earth" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (25): 6506–6511. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 29784790. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..115.6506B. 
  2. ↑ Gaston, Kevin J.; Blackburn, Tim M. (1997). "How many birds are there?". Biodiversity and Conservation 6 (4): 615–625. doi:10.1023/A:1018341530497. Bibcode: 1997BiCon...6..615G. http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1018341530497. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gaston, K. J.; Blackburn, T. M.; Goldewijk, K. K. (2003-06-22). "Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss" (in en). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270 (1521): 1293–1300. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2303. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 12816643. 
  4. ↑ Callaghan, Corey T.; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Cornwell, William K. (2021). "Global abundance estimates for 9,700 bird species". PNAS 118 (21). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023170118. 
  5. ↑ Saucier, Jacob R.; Milensky, Christopher M.; Caraballo-Ortiz, Marcos A.; Ragai, Roslina; Dahlan, N. Faridah; Edwards, David P. (2019-10-17). "A distinctive new species of flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo". Zootaxa 4686 (4). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 31719467. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/155358/1/57591-186616-1-PB.pdf. 
  6. ↑ ""Spectacled flowerpecker" bird found in Borneo". 2010-01-14. https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/spectacled-flowerpecker-bird-found-in-borneo-idUSTRE60D00R/. 
  7. ↑ Walton, Doreen (2010-01-14). "New Borneo bird species spotted". https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8457642.stm. 
  8. ↑ Pennak, Sara (18 January 2012). "State of observed species: A decade of species discovery in review". Arizona State University: International Institute for Species Exploration. http://timgostony.com/iisetemp/RetroSOS__FINAL.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Sólymos, Péter; Toms, Judith D.; Matsuoka, Steven M.; Cumming, Steven G.; Barker, Nicole K.S.; Thogmartin, Wayne E.; Stralberg, Diana; Crosby, Andrew D. et al. (2020). "Lessons learned from comparing spatially explicit models and the Partners in Flight approach to estimate population sizes of boreal birds in Alberta, Canada". The Condor 122 (2). doi:10.1093/condor/duaa007. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Orders of Birds – IOC World Bird List". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/classification/orders-of-birds-draft/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International Digital Checklist of the Birds of the World: Version 10. BirdLife International. 2025. https://datazone.birdlife.org/about-our-science/taxonomy#birdlife-s-taxonomic-checklist. 
  12. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Pithecophaga jefferyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22696012A273773083.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696012/273773083. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  13. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Rupornis magnirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695880A168800737.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22695880/168800737. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  14. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Asarcornis scutulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22680064A244637841.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680064/244637841. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  15. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Anas platyrhynchos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22680186A281835571.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680186/281835571. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  16. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Campylopterus phainopeplus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22687086A181107620.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22687086/181107620. 
  17. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Apus apus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22686800A281017590.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22686800/281017590. 
  18. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Apteryx rowi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22732871A180757495.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22732871/180757495. Retrieved 2025-12-24. 
  19. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Apteryx australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22678122A214272214.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22678122/214272214. Retrieved 2025-12-24. 
  20. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Anthracoceros montani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682447A178062684.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22682447/178062684. 
  21. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Upupa epops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682655A181836360.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22682655/181836360. 
  22. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Siphonorhis americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689738A178420953.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22689738/178420953. 
  23. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Chordeiles minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689714A189010894.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22689714/189010894. 
  24. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Gymnogyps californianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697636A181151405.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697636/181151405. 
  25. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Coragyps atratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22697624A281039099.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697624/281039099. 
  26. ↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Casuarius unappendiculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22678114A118134784.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22678114/118134784. Retrieved 2025-12-23. 
  27. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Dromaius novaehollandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678117A131902466.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22678117/131902466. Retrieved 2025-12-23. 
  28. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Rhinoptilus bitorquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22694103A217265541.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694103/217265541. 
  29. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Onychoprion fuscatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694740A168895142.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694740/168895142. 
  30. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Ciconia stormi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22697685A274423260.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697685/274423260. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  31. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Ciconia ciconia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22697691A281839847.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697691/281839847. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  32. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Leptotila wellsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22690874A178391475.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22690874/178391475. 
  33. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Zenaida macroura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22690736A264596868.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22690736/264596868. 
  34. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Todiramphus godeffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22683487A149519891.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22683487/149519891. 
  35. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Megaceryle torquata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22683634A168873464.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22683634/168873464. 
  36. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Carpococcyx viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22724459A266075416.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22724459/266075416. 
  37. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Cuculus canorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22683873A264553575.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22683873/264553575. 
  38. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Rhynochetos jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22692211A156666402.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692211/156666402. Retrieved 2025-12-21. 
  39. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eurypyga helias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22691893A163625651.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22691893/163625651. Retrieved 2025-12-21. 
  40. ↑ BirdLife International (2023). "Falco punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2023. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22696373A226885309.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696373/226885309. Retrieved 2025-12-21. 
  41. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Falco sparverius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22696395A140950605.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696395/140950605. Retrieved 2025-12-21. 
  42. ↑ BirdLife International (2024). "Lophura edwardsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T45354985A249120158.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45354985/249120158. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 BirdLife International (2025). "Phasianus colchicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T45100023A280926744.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45100023/280926744. 
  44. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Gavia adamsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697847A132607949.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697847/132607949. Retrieved 20 November 2021. 
  45. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Gavia pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697839A132607134.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697839/132607134. Retrieved 20 November 2021. 
  46. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Hypotaenidia sylvestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22692395A212806713.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692395/212806713. 
  47. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Fulica americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T62169677A281035771.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62169677/281035771. 
  48. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Mesitornis variegatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692949A129882359.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692949/129882359. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  49. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Monias benschi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692971A193815333.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692971/193815333. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  50. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Nyctibius jamaicensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689642A163601677.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22689642/163601677. 
  51. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Nyctibius grandis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689636A163599353.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22689636/163599353. 
  52. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Ardeotis nigriceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691932A134188105.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22691932/134188105. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  53. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Tetrax tetrax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22691896A129913710.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22691896/129913710. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  54. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Cotinga maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22700886A155966376.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22700886/155966376. 
  55. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Hirundo rustica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22712252A137668645.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22712252/137668645. 
  56. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Ardea insignis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697021A134201407.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697021/134201407. 
  57. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Ardea cocoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22697001A163802666.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697001/163802666. 
  58. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Phaethon aethereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22696637A155736224.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696637/155736224. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  59. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Phaethon lepturus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22696645A163887639.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696645/163887639. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  60. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Phoenicoparrus andinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697387A182422217.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697387/182422217. Retrieved 20 November 2021. 
  61. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Phoeniconaias minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697369A129912906.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697369/129912906. Retrieved 20 November 2021. 
  62. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Campephilus principalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22681425A182588014.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22681425/182588014. Retrieved 20 November 2021. 
  63. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Dendrocopos major". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22681124A280946929.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22681124/280946929. 
  64. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Poliocephalus rufopectus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22696592A209544697.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696592/209544697. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  65. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Podiceps nigricollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696610A132584321.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696610/132584321. Retrieved 20 November 2021. 
  66. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Fregetta maoriana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728808A132659638.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22728808/132659638. 
  67. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Pachyptila desolata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698114A132626218.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22698114/132626218. 
  68. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Neophema chrysogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685203A130894893.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685203/130894893. 
  69. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Pionus menstruus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T45429607A163789519.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45429607/163789519. 
  70. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Spheniscus mendiculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697825A182729677.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697825/182729677. Retrieved 20 November 2021. 
  71. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eudyptes chrysolophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697793A184720991.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697793/184720991. Retrieved 20 November 2021. 
  72. ↑ BirdLife International (2021). "Otus insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22688667A177971497.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22688667/177971497. 
  73. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Glaucidium brasilianum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22689248A217038370.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22689248/217038370. 
  74. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Struthio molybdophanes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22732795A208237218.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22732795/208237218. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  75. ↑ BirdLife International (2025). "Struthio camelus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T45020636A280828427.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45020636/280828427. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  76. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Leucocarbo onslowi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. 
  77. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Nannopterum brasilianum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. 
  78. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Tinamus osgoodi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22678145A136641166.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22678145/136641166. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  79. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Tinamus major". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22678148A189781191.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22678148/189781191. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 
  80. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Apalharpactes reinwardtii" (in en). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t22682824a178034431.en. ISSN 2307-8235. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22682824/178034431. Retrieved 22 March 2024. 
  81. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Trogon collaris" (in en). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-2.rlts.t61692251a163899552.en. ISSN 2307-8235. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61692251/163899552. Retrieved 22 March 2024. 
  82. ↑ "Noddies, skimmers, gulls, terns, skuas, auks – IOC World Bird List". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/gulls/. 
  83. ↑ "Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes – IOC World Bird List". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/buttonquail/. 
  84. ↑ "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin – IOC World Bird List". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flufftails/. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Grebes, flamingos – IOC World Bird List". https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/grebes/. 
  86. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Podiceps juninensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T62114603A181449214.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62114603/181449214. Retrieved 2025-12-22. 

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