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List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units

Topic: Biology

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This is a list of stratigraphic units from which mosasaur body fossils have been recovered. Units listed are all either formation rank or higher (e.g. group). Formations are listed by continent, and alphabetically within the individual lists.

Africa

Name Age Location Genera and species
Akrabou Formation Turonian
  •  Morocco
  • Tethysaurus nopcsai
Bentiaba River[1] Maastrichtian
  •  Angola
Bololo[5] Maastrichtian
  •  Congo-Kinshasa
Dukamaje Formation[6] Maastrichtian
  •  Niger
  •  Nigeria
Duwi Formation[8] Maastrichtian
  •  Egypt
Farin-Doutchi Formation[10] Maastrichtian
  •  Niger
Lapurr Sandstone Campanian-Maastrichtian
  •  Kenya
 Mosasauria indet.[11]
Ouled Abdoun Basin[8] Maastrichtian
  •  Morocco
Itombe Formation[16] Coniacian
  •  Angola
Umzamba Formation[17] Santonian
  •  South Africa

Antarctica

Name Age Location Genera and species
López de Bertodano Formation[18] Maastrichtian
Santa Marta Formation[20] Late Campanian
  • Taniwhasaurus antarcticus[20]
Snow Hill Island Formation[21] Maastrichtian

Asia

Name Age Location Genera and species
Adaffa Formation[22] Early Campanian
  •  Saudi Arabia
Amminadav Formation[23] Early Cenomanian
  • Haasiasaurus gittelmani[23]
Davutlar Formation[24] Late Maastrichtian
  •  Turkey
  • Mosasaurus hoffmannii[24]
Hakobuchi Formation Early Maastrichtian
  •  Japan
Izumi Group[25] Late Campanian - Maastrichtian
  •  Japan
Kashima Formation[27] Late Santonian
  •  Japan
Mishash Formation[28] Campanian
  •  Israel
  • Prognathodon curii[28]
Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation[29] Late Maastrichtian
  •  Jordan
Phosphorite Unit Formation[30][31] Late Campanian - Early Maastrichtian
  •  Jordan
Syria (various localities)[33] Late Campanian
  •  Syria
Toyajo Formation[34] Campanian/Maastrichtian
  •  Japan
  • Megapterygius wakayamaensis[34]

Europe

Name Age Location Genera and species
Ahlen Formation[35] Late Campanian
  •  Germany
Argille di Viano Formation[36] Cretaceous
  •  Italy
  • Mosasaurus hoffmannii[36]
Baculites Limestone Formation[37] Late Maastrichtian
  •  France
Bakla Hill[38] Maastrichtian
  •  Ukraine
Båstad Basin[39] Campanian
  •  Sweden
Chalk Group[40] Cenomanian
  •  United Kingdom
  • "Mosasaurus" gracilis[40]
Craie de Ciply Formation[8] Maastrichtian
  •  Belgium
Craie de Meudon Formation[42] Late Campanian
  •  France
Craie de Spiennes Formation[43] Late Campanian
  •  Belgium
Danish White Chalk Formation[44] Maastrichtian
  •  Denmark
Glauconie de Lonzée Formation[45] Santonian
  •  Belgium
Gulpen Formation[46] Late Campanian - Maastrichtian
  •  Belgium
  •  The Netherlands
Grünsandstein Formation[48] Cenomanian
  •  Germany
Hesseltal Formation[49] Late Cenomanian/Early Turonian
  •  Germany
Kajlâka Formation[50] Late Maastrichtian
  •  Bulgaria
Kristianstad Basin[51] Santonian - Maastrichtian
  •  Sweden
Lagerdorf Formation[56] Late Santonian
  •  Germany
Maastricht Formation[57] Maastrichtian
  •  The Netherlands
Nay Marls Formation[8] Early Campanian - Late Maastrichtian
  •  France
Opoka Formation[58] Late Campanian - Late Maastrichtian
  •  Poland
Polunino[59] Late Campanian Volgograd Oblast
  •  Russia
Raspay Formation[60] Late Maastrichtian
  •  Spain
Rybushka Formation[61] Early Campanian Saratov Oblast
  •  Russia
Scaglia Rossa Formation[62] Late Campanian - Maastrichtian
  •  Italy
Scaglia Rossa Veneta Formation[63] Early Turonian
  •  Italy
Trevino[64] Maastrichtian
  •  Spain
Vitoria Formation[65] Late Campanian
  •  Spain
Vomb Trough[53] Santonian - Maastrichtian
  •  Sweden

North America

Name Age Location Genera and species
Arcadia Park Shale Formation[67] Middle Turonian Texas
  •  United States
  • Russellosaurus coheni[67]
Bearpaw Shale Formation[68] Late Campanian Alberta, Saskatchewan
  •  Canada

Montana

  •  United States
Black Creek Group[72] Early-Middle Campanian North Carolina, South Carolina
  •  United States
Blufftown Formation[74] Campanian Georgia
  •  United States
Carlile Shale Middle Turonian Kansas
  •  United States
Cerro del Pueblo Formation[77] Late Campanian
  •  Mexico
Donoho Creek Formation Middle Campanian South Carolina
  •  United States
Eutaw Formation[78] Early Campanian Alabama, Mississippi
  •  United States
Hornerstown Formation[79] Maastrichtian New Jersey
  •  United States
Kamp Ranch Limestone Formation[83] Middle Turonian Texas
  •  United States
  • Dallasaurus turneri[83]
Lewis Shale Formation[84] Campanian Colorado
  •  United States
  • Prognathodon overtoni[84]
Mancos Shale Formation[85] Early Campanian Colorado
  •  United States
  • Prognathodon stadtmani[85]
Marshalltown Formation[86] Middle Campanian New Jersey
  •  United States
  • Clidastes iguanavus[86]
  • Halisaurus sp.
Merchantville Formation[87] Early Campanian - Maastrichtian New Jersey, Delaware
  •  United States
Mesaderve Formation[90] Campanian Wyoming
  •  United States
Mooreville Chalk Formation[92] Late Santonian Alabama
  •  United States
Moreno Formation[94] Maastrichtian California
  •  United States
  • Plesiotylosaurus crassidens[94]
  • Plotosaurus tuckeri[95]
  • Plotosaurus bennisoni[96]
Mount Laurel Formation[97] Maastrichtian New Jersey, Delaware
  •  United States
Navesink Formation[98] Maastrichtian New Jersey
  •  United States
New Egypt Formation[102] Late Maastrichtian New Jersey
  •  United States
Niobrara Formation[104] Coniacian - Campanian Kansas
  •  United States
  • Eonatator sternbergii[105]
  • Tylosaurus nepaeolicus
  • Tylosaurus proriger
  • Plesioplatecarpus planifrons
  • Platecarpus tympaniticus
  • Clidastes liodontus
  • Clidastes propython
Ojinaga Formation[106] Turonian
  •  Mexico
  • Tylosaurus kansasensis[106]
Owl Creek Formation[107] Late Maastrichtian Missouri
  •  United States
  • Mosasaurus hoffmannii[107]
Peedee Formation[108] Early-Late Maastrichtian North Carolina, South Carolina
  •  United States
Pen Formation[109] Middle Santonian Texas
  •  United States
Pender Formation[110] Late Santonian British Columbia
  •  Canada
Pierre Shale Formation[111] Campanian Nebraska, South Dakota
  •  United States

Manitoba

  •  Canada
Ripley Formation[118] Late Campanian Tennessee
  •  United States
Selma Formation[92] Santonian Alabama, Mississippi
  •  United States
Severn Formation[119] Maastrichtian Maryland
  •  United States
St. Mary River Formation[120] Campanian Alberta
  •  Canada
Tar Heel/Coachman Formation[121] Early Campanian North Carolina, South Carolina
  •  United States
Vermillion River Formation[122] Campanian Manitoba
  •  Canada
Wolfe City Formation[123] Middle Campanian Texas
  •  United States
  • Mosasaurus missouriensis[123]
  • Globidens dakotensis[123]

Oceania

Name Age Location Genera and species
Conway Formation[124] Campanian
  •  New Zealand
Laidmore Formation[125] Campanian - Maastrichtian
  •  New Zealand
  • Prognathodon waiparaensis[125]
Miria Marl Formation[126] Maastrichtian
  •  Australia
Molecap Greensand Formation[126] Cenomanian - Santonian
  •  Australia
Tahora Formation[128] Campanian - Maastrichtian
  •  New Zealand
  • Moanasaurus mangahouangae[128]
Takatika Grit

South America

Name Age Location Genera and species
Alcântara Formation[129] Late Albian - Early Cenomanian
  •  Brazil
Calumbi Formation[129] Santonian - Late Campanian
  •  Brazil
Cotinguiba Formation[129] Early Cenomanian - Middle Coniacian
  •  Brazil
Gramame Formation[129] Maastrichtian
  •  Brazil
Itamaracá Formation[129] Middle Campanian - Early Maastrichtian
  •  Brazil
La Frontera Formation[130] Late Turonian
  •  Colombia
Napo Formation Turonian-Late Coniacian
  •  Ecuador
Olini Group, Nivel de Lutitas y Arenas[131] Campanian
  •  Colombia
Quiriquina Formation[132] Late Maastrichtian
  •  Chile
Roca Formation[136] Maastrichtian
  •  Argentina
Vivián Formation[137] Santonian
  •  Peru

References 

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Mateus, O.; Polcyn, M. J.; LL, Jacobs; R., Araújo; AS, Schulp; J., Marinheiro; Pereira, B.; D, Vineyard (2012). "Cretaceous amniotes from Angola: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and turtles" (in en). V Jornadas Internacionales Sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y Su Entorno. http://docentes.fct.unl.pt/omateus/publications/cretaceous-amniotes-angola-dinosaurs-pterosaurs-mosasaurs-plesiosaurs-and-turtl. 
  2. ↑ "A new species of Prognathodon (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Maastrichtian of Angola, and the affinities of the mosasaur genus Liodon (PDF Download Available)" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228489425. 
  3. ↑ M. J. Polcyn, L. L. Jacobs, A. S. Schulp and O. Mateus. 2010. The North African Mosasaur Globidens phosphaticus from the Maastrichtian of Angola. Historical Biology 22(1-3):175-185
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 O. Mateus, M. J. Polcyn, L. L. Jacobs, R. Arujo, A. S. Schulp, J. Marinheiro, B. Pereira and D. Vineyard. 2012. Cretaceous amniotes from Angola: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles. Actas de V Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologia de Dinosaurios y su Entorno, Salas de los Infantes, Burgos71-105
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (1994-03-01). "First record of mosasaurs from the maastrichtian (upper cretaceous) of zaire" (in en). PalZ 68 (1–2): 259–265. doi:10.1007/BF02989444. ISSN 0031-0220. Bibcode: 1994PalZ...68..259L. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 R. T. J. Moody and P. J. C. Suttcliffe. 1991. The Cretaceous deposits of the Iullemmeden Basin of Niger, central West Africa. Cretaceous Research 12:137-157
  7. ↑ A. Azzaroli, C. De Giuli, G. Ficcarelli and D. Torre. 1972. An aberrant mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous of north-western Nigeria. Rendiconti della classe di fisiche, mathematiche e naturali 52:398-402
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 "The Mosasaur collections of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270447296. 
  9. ↑ M. Gemmellaro. 1921. Rettili maëstrichtiani di Egitto [Maastrichtian reptiles of Egypt]. Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche 32:340-351
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 T. Lingham-Soliar. 1998. A new mosasaur Pluridens walkeri from the Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian of the Iullemmeden Basin, southwest Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(4):709-707
  11. ↑ Agyemang, Prince C. Owusu; Roberts, Eric M.; Downie, Bob; Sertich, Joseph J. W. (August 2019). "Sedimentary provenance and maximum depositional age analysis of the Cretaceous? Lapur and Muruanachok sandstones (Turkana Grits), Turkana Basin, Kenya" (in en). Geological Magazine 156 (8): 1334–1356. doi:10.1017/S0016756818000663. ISSN 0016-7568. Bibcode: 2019GeoM..156.1334A. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0016756818000663/type/journal_article. 
  12. ↑ A. R. H. LeBlanc, M. W. Caldwell, and N. Bardet. 2012. A new mosasaurine from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) phosphates of Morocco and its implications for mosasaurine systematics. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(1):82-104
  13. ↑ M. J. Polcyn, J. Lindgren, N. Bardet, D. Cornelissen, L. Verding and A. S. Schulp. 2012. Description of new specimens of Halisaurus arambourgi Bardet & Pereda Suberbiola, 2005 and the relationships of Halisaurinae. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France183(2):123-136
  14. ↑ X. Pereda Suberbiola, N. Bardet, S. Jouve, M. Iarochène, B. Bouya and M. Amaghzaz. 2003. A new azhdarchid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco. In E. Buffetaut, J.-M. Mazin (eds.), Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 217:79-90
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 N. Bardet, X. Pereda Suberbiola, M. Iarochène, M. Amalik, and B. Bouya. 2005. Durophagous Mosasauridae (Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco, with description of a new species of Globidens. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw 84(3):167-175
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 M. T. Antunes. 1964. O Neocretacio e o Cenozoico do litoral de Angola. Junta de Investigcoes do Ultramar 1-254
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 A. W. Rogers and E. H. L. Schwarz. 1902. General survey of the rocks in the southern parts of the Transkei and Pondoland, including a description of the Cretaceous rocks of eastern Pondoland. Annual Report of the Geological Commission, Cape of Good Hope 1901:25-46
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Rodrigo A. Otero; Sergio Soto-Acuña; David Rubilar-Rogers; Carolina S. Gutstein (2017). "Kaikaifilu hervei gen. et sp. nov., a new large mosasaur (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica". Cretaceous Research 70: 209–225. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.11.002. Bibcode: 2017CrRes..70..209O. 
  19. ↑ González Ruiz, Pablo; Fernández, Marta S.; Talevi, Marianella; Leardi, Juan M.; Reguero, Marcelo A. (2019-11-01). "A new Plotosaurini mosasaur skull from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica. Plotosaurini paleogeographic occurrences". Cretaceous Research 103: 104166. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.06.012. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2019CrRes.10304166G. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667118303720. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 F. E. Novas, M. Fernández, Z. B. Gasparini, J. M. Lirio, H. J. Nuñez and P. Puerta. 2002. Lakumasaurus antarcticus, n. gen. et sp., a new mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. Ameghiniana 39(2):245-249
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 J. E. Martin, J. F. Sawyer, M. Reguero and J. A. Case. 2007. Occurrence of a young elasmosaurid plesiosaur skeleton from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Antarctica. U.S. Geological Survey and The National Academies Short Research Paper 66:1-4
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 B. P. Kear, T. H. Rich, M. A. Ali, Y. A. Al-Mufarrih, A. H. Matiri, A. M. Masary, and Y. Attia. 2008. Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) marine reptiles from the Adaffa Formation, NW Saudi Arabia. Geological Magazine 145(5):648-654
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Polcyn, Michael J; Tchernov, Eitan; Jacobs, Louis L (1999-10-15). "THE CRETACEOUS BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BASAL MOSASAUROID FROM 'EIN YABRUD, ISRAEL" (in en). National Science Museum Monographs 15. http://direct.biostor.org/reference/44718. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 N. Bardet and C. Tunoglu. 2002. The first mosasaur (Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of Turkey. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(3):712-715
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 M. Tanimoto. 2005. Mosasaur remains from the Upper Cretaceous Izumi Group of southwest Japan. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw 84(3):373-378
  26. ↑ M. Tanimoto, M. Tani, and M. Minamino. 1998. [Crocodilian-like teeth (? Mosasauridae) from the Izumi Group (Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Sobura, Kaizuka-city, Osaka Prefecture, southwest Japan]. Chigakukenkyu 47(2):91-95
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Primary reference: M. W. Caldwell, T. Konishi, I. Obata and K. Muramoto. 2008. A new species of Taniwhasaurus (Mosasauridae, Tylosaurinae) from the Upper Santonian-Lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(2):339-348
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Christiansen, P.; Bonde, N. (2002). "A new species of gigantic mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Israel". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 629. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0629:ANSOGM]2.0.CO;2.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Kaddumi, H.F. (2006). "A new genus and species of gigantic marine turtles (Chelonioidea: Cheloniidae) from the Maastrichtian of the Harrana Fauna–Jordan". Vertebrate Paleontology 3 (1). http://www.palarch.nl/wp-content/kaddumi_hf_a_new_genus_and_species_of_gigantic_marine_turtles_chelonioidea_cheloniidae_from_the_maastrichtian_of_the_harrana_fauna_jordan_palarchs_journal_of_vertebrate_palaeontology_3_1_20061.pdf. 
  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 Kaddumi, Hani Faig (2009). Fossils of the Harrana fauna: and the adjacent areas. Jordan: Eternal River Museum of Natural History. OCLC 709582892. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 "Marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous Phosphates of Jordan: Palaeobiogeographical implications (PDF Download Available)" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228871927. 
  32. ↑ E. Frey and D. M. Martill. 1996. A reappraisal of Arambourgiania (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea): one of the world's largest flying animals. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 199(2):221-247
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 33.6 33.7 N. Bardet, H. Cappetta, X. Pereda Suberbiola, M. Mouty, A. K. Al Maleh, A. M. Ahmed, O. Khrata and N. Gannoum. 2000. The marine vertebrate faunas from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Syria. Geological Magazine 137(3):269-290
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Konishi, Takuya; Ohara, Masaaki; Misaki, Akihiro; Matsuoka, Hiroshige; Street, Hallie P.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2023). "A new derived mosasaurine (Squamata: Mosasaurinae) from south-western Japan reveals unexpected postcranial diversity among hydropedal mosasaurs" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 21 (1). doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2277921. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2023JSPal..2177921K. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 R. Giers. 1964. Die Großfauna der Mukronatenkreide (unteres Obercampan) im östlichen Münsterland. Fortschr. Geol. Rheinld. u. Westf. 7:213-294
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 A. Palci, M. W. Caldwell, C. A. Papazzoni and E. Forniciari. 2014. Mosasaurine mosasaurs (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from northern Italy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(3):549-559
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 E. Buffetaut and N. Bardet. 2012. The mosasaurid (Squamata) Prognathodon in the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of the Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, northwestern France). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183(2):111-115 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 A. S. Schulp, A. O. Averianov, A. A. Yarkov, F. A. Trikolidi, and J. W. M. Jagt. 2006. First record of the Late Cretaceous durophagous mosaasaur Carinodens belgicus (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from Volgogradskaya Oblast (Russia) and Crimea (Ukraine). Russian Journal of Herpetology 213(3):175-180
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 P. O. Persson. 1960. Reptiles from the Senonian (U Cret) of Scania (S Sweden). Arkiv for Mineralogi och Geologi 2(35):431-478
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 R. Owen. 1851. Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations. Part I. Chelonia (Lacertilia, etc.). The Palaeontographical Society, London 1851:1-118
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 John, Jagt; Neda, Motchurova-Dekova; Plamen, Ivanov; Henri, Cappetta; Anne, Schulp (January 2006). "Latest Cretaceous mosasaurs and lamniform sharks from Labirinta cave, Vratsa District (northwest Bulgaria): A preliminary note" (in en). Geološki Anali Balkanskoga Poluostrva (67): 51–63. https://www.academia.edu/31842508. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 N. Bardet. 2012. The mosasaur collections of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183(1):35-53
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 W. J. Kennedy. 1993. Campanian and Maastrichtian ammonites from the Mons Basin and adjacent areas (Belgium). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 63:99-131 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Lindgren, J.; Jagt, J. W. M. (2005). "Danish mosasaurs". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84 (3): 315–320. doi:10.1017/S0016774600021090. ISSN 0016-7746. Bibcode: 2005NJGeo..84..315L. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 T. S. Bullard and M. W. Caldwell. 2010. Redescription and rediagnosis of the tylosaurine mosasaur Hainosaurus pembinensis Nicholls, 1988, as Tylosaurus pembinensis (Nicholls, 1988). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(2):416-426
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 J. W. M. Jagt. 2000. Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene echinoderms and the K/T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and the northeast Belgium. - part 3: Ophiuroids. Scripta Geologica 21:1-179 
  47. ↑ R. W. Dortangs, A. S. Schulp, E. W. A. Mulder, J. W. M. Jagt, H. H. G. Peeters and D. T. Graaf. 2002. A large new mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences/Geologie en Mijnbouw 81(1):1-8
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 A. v. Wagner. 1853. Beschreibung einer fossilen Schildkröte und etlicher anderer Reptilien-Ueberreste aus den lithographischen Schiefern und dem Grünsandstein. Abhandlungen der Mathemat.-Physikalischen Classe de Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7:241-264
  49. ↑ Smith, Krister T.; Schwermann, Achim H.; Wilmsen, Markus (2019). "The oldest articulated mosasaurian remains (earliest Turonian) from Germany". Geologie und Paläontologie in Westfalen 91: 3–23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333419376. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 J. W. M. Jagt, N. Motchurova-Dekova, P. Ivanov, H. Capetta, and A. S. Schulp. 2006. Latest Cretaceous mosasaurs and lamniform sharks from Labirinta cave, Vratsa district (northwest Bulgaria): a preliminary note. Annales Geologiques de la Peninsule Balkanique 67:51-63
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Sørensen, Anne Mehlin; Surlyk, Finn; Lindgren, Johan (2013-05-01). "Food resources and habitat selection of a diverse vertebrate fauna from the upper lower Campanian of the Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden". Cretaceous Research 42 (Supplement C): 85–92. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.02.002. Bibcode: 2013CrRes..42...85S. 
  52. ↑ "The first record of the mosasaur Clidastes from Europe and its palaeogeographic implications" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228889935. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Lindgren, Johan (2005). "The First Record of Hainosaurus (Reptilia: Mosasauridae) from Sweden". Journal of Paleontology 79 (6): 1157–1165. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1157:TFROHR2.0.CO;2]. 
  54. ↑ Lindgren, Johan; Siverson, Mikael (2005). "Halisaurus sternbergi, a Small Mosasaur with an Intercontinental Distribution". Journal of Paleontology 79 (4): 763–773. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0763:HSASMW2.0.CO;2]. 
  55. ↑ "Tylosaurus ivoensis: A giant mosasaur from the early Campanian of Sweden" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232029156. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 H.-V. Karl and C. J. Nyhuis. 2012. Ctenochelys stenoporus (Hay, 1905) (Testudines: Toxochelyidae) and Clidastes sp. (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of NW-Germany. Studia Palaeocheloniologica 4:129-142 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 W. B. Gallagher, J. W. M. Jagt, E. W. A. Mulder and A. S. Schulp. 2004. A new mosasaur specimen from Maastricht (the Netherlands), with a review of the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene marine faunas of New Jersey and Limburg. The Mosasaur 7:47-57
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 M. Machalski, J. W. M. Jagt, R. W. Dortangs, E. W. A. Mulder, and A. Radwański. 2003. Campanian and Maastrichtian mosasaurid reptiles from central Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48(3):397-408
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 "On the occurrence of a giant flying reptile (Pterosauria) in the terminal Late Cretaceous of the Lower Volga Region (PDF Download Available)" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235806607. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 N. L. Bardet, J. F. Baeza Carratalá, V. Díez Díaz Carbonell, M. García, and V. Giner. 2013. First occurrence of Mosasauridae (Squamata) in the Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) of Alicante (Valencia Community, Eastern Spain). Estudios Geológicos 69(1):97-104
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 A. O. Averianov, M. S. Arkhangelsky, and E. M. Pervushov. 2008. A new Late Cretaceous azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Volga region. Paleontological Journal 42(6):634-642 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 F. Fanti, A. Cau, and A. Negri. 2014. A giant mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) with an unusually twisted dentition from the Argille Scagliose Complex (late Campanian) of Northern Italy. Cretaceous Research49:91-104
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Palci, Alessandro; Caldwell, Michael W.; Papazzoni, Cesare A. (2013-05-01). "A new genus and subfamily of mosasaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of northern Italy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (3): 599–612. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.731024. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2013JVPal..33..599P. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 N. Bardet, J. C. Corral, and X. Pereda Superbiola. 1997. Les mosasaures (Squamata) du Cretace Superieur du Bassin Basco-Cantabrique. Geobios 20:19-26
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 N. Bardet, X. Pereda Suberbiola, J.-C. Corral, J. I. Baceta, J. A. Torres, B. Botantz, and G. Martin. 2012. A skull fragment of the mosasaurid Prognathodon cf. sectorius from the Late Cretaceous of Navarre (Basque-Cantabrian Region). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183(2):117-121
  66. ↑ N. Bardet, X. Pereda Suberbiola, and J. C. Coral. 2006. A tylosaurine Mosasauridae (Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of the Basque-Cantabrian region. Estudios Geológicos 62(1):213-218
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Russellosaurus coheni n. gen., n. sp., a 92 million-year-old mosasaur from Texas (USA), and the definition of the parafamily Russellosaurina (PDF Download Available)" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27711017. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Konishi, Takuya; Brinkman, Donald; Massare, Judy A.; Caldwell, Michael W. (2011-09-01). "New exceptional specimens of Prognathodon overtoni (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the upper Campanian of Alberta, Canada, and the systematics and ecology of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (5): 1026–1046. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.601714. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2011JVPal..31.1026K. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 E.L. Nicholls, T. T. Tokaryk, and L. V. Hills. 1990. Cretaceous marine turtles from the Western Interior Seaway of Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27(10):1288-1298
  70. ↑ C. H. Sternberg. 1915. Evidence proving that the Belly River beds of Alberta are equivalent with the Judith River beds of Montana. Science 42(1073):131-133
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 71.5 71.6 71.7 D. A. Russell. 1964. The Skull of American Mosasaurs. 1-386 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 H. W. Miller. 1966. Cretaceous vertebrate fauna from Phoebus Landing, North Carolina. The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 82(2):93
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 73.6 73.7 Schwimmer, David R.; Sanders, Albert E.; Erickson, Bruce R.; Weems, Robert E. (2015). "A Late Cretaceous Dinosaur and Reptile Assemblage from South Carolina, Usa". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 105 (2): i–157. ISSN 0065-9746. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 D. R. Schwimmer. 1986. Late Cretaceous fossils from the Blufftown Formation (Campanian) in western Georgia. The Mosasaur 3:109-123
  75. ↑ Everhart, Michael J. (2016). "Rare occurrence of mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauroidea) remains in the Blue Hill Shale (Middle Turonian) of Mitchell County, Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 119 (3/4): 375–380. doi:10.1660/062.119.0410. ISSN 0022-8443. 
  76. ↑ Schumacher, Bruce A. (2011). "A ' Woollgari -Zone Mosasaur' (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Carlile Shale (Lower Middle Turonian) of Central Kansas and the Stratigraphic Overlap of Early Mosasaurs and Pliosaurid Plesiosaurs" (in en). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 114 (1 & 2): 1–14. doi:10.1660/062.114.0101. ISSN 0022-8443. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1660/062.114.0101. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 D. Eberth, S. D. Sampson, R. A. Rodriguez-De La Rosa, M. Aguillon-Martinez, D. B. Brinkman and J. Lopez-Espinoza. 2003. Las Aguilas: an unusually rich Campanian-age vertebrate locale in southern Coahuila, Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(3):47A
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 K. R. Wright. 1988. The first record of Clidastes liodontus (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the eastern United States. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8(3):343-345
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 E. D. Cope. 1870. [The remains of a new Cretaceous tortoise]. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 11:515
  80. ↑ O. C. Marsh. 1869. Notice of some new mosasauroid reptiles from the Greensand of New Jersey. American Journal of Science, second series 48(144):392-397
  81. ↑ Gallagher, W. B. (2015). "Greensand mosasaurs of New Jersey and the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition of marine vertebrates" (in en). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 94 (1): 87–91. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.30. ISSN 0016-7746. Bibcode: 2015NJGeo..94...87G. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-journal-of-geosciences/article/greensand-mosasaurs-of-new-jersey-and-the-cretaceouspaleogene-transition-of-marine-vertebrates/60F0808E2A2A4EC08DB91CFBD5D21668. 
  82. ↑ W. B. Gallagher. 1993. The Cretaceous/Tertiary mass extinction event in the North Atlantic coastal plain. The Mosasaur 5:75-154
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 G. L. Bell and M. J. Polcyn. 2005. Dallasaurus turneri, a new primitive mosasauroid from the Middle Turonian of Texas and comments on the phylogeny of Mosasauridae (Squamata). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84(3):177-194 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 B. S. Kues and S. G. Lucas. 1985. Mosasaur remains from the Lewis Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Southwestern Colorado. Journal of Paleontology 59(6):1395-1400
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=5607. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Cope, E. D. (1868). "On Some Cretaceous Reptilia". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 20: 233–242. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf4/011724100037631.pdf. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 A. J. Robb. 2004. Vertebrate fossils from the Upper Cretaceous (Merchantville Formation: Early Campanian) Graham Brick Yards locality of New Jersey. The Mosasaur 7:75-88
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 W. B. Gallagher. 1984. Paleoecology of the Delaware Valley Region Part II: Cretaceous to Quaternary. The Mosasaur 2:9-43
  89. ↑ "The Cretaceous/Tertiary Mass Extinction Event in the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain (PDF Download Available)" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270581721. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 D. A. Russell. 1964. The Skull of American Mosasaurs. 1-386
  91. ↑ D. G. DeMar and B. H. Breithaupt. 2006. The nonmammalian vertebrate microfossil assemblages of the Mesaverde Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian) of the Wind River and Bighorn Basins, Wyoming. In S. G. Lucas and R. M. Sullivan (eds.), Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35:33-54
  92. ↑ 92.00 92.01 92.02 92.03 92.04 92.05 92.06 92.07 92.08 92.09 D. A. Russell. 1970. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama: Part VII The Mosasaurs. Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs3(7):365-380
  93. ↑ C. W. Gilmore. 1912. A new mosasauroid reptile from the Cretaceous of Alabama. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 41(1870):479-484
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 J. Lindgren. 2009. Cranial osteology of the giant mosasaur Plesiotylosaurus (Squamata, Mosasauridae). Journal of Paleontology 83(3):448-456
  95. ↑ K. W. Ford. 2006. Stratigraphic positions of marine reptile and dinosaur specimens in the Moreno Formation, in the Tumey Hills and Panoche Hills, Fresno County, California. In S. G. Lucas and R. M. Sullivan (eds.), Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35:407-410
  96. ↑ Primary reference: J. Lindgren, M. W. Caldwell, and J. W. Jagt. 2008. New data on the postcranial anatomy of the California mosasaur Plotosaurus bennisoni (Camp, 1942) (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian), and the taxonimic status of P. tuckeri (Camp, 1942). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(4):1043-1054
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 E. M. Lauginiger and E. F. Hartstein. 1983. A guide to fossil sharks, skates, and rays from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal area, Delaware. Open File Report - Delaware Geological Survey 21:1-63
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 "Faunal changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of New Jersey: Restructuring the marine community after the K-T mass-extinction event" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286887523. 
  99. ↑ Primary reference: D. Baird and G. R. Case. 1966. Rare marine reptiles from the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Journal of Paleontology 40(5):1211-1215
  100. ↑ W. B. Gallagher, D. C. Parris, and E. E. Spamer. 1986. Paleontology, biostratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition in the New Jersey coastal plain. The Mosasaur 3:1-35
  101. ↑ E. D. Cope. 1871. Supplement to the "Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:41-52
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 E. D. Cope. 1870. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 14(1):1-252
  103. ↑ M. T. W. Carter, R. O. Johnson, J. A. Chamberlain and C. Mehling. 2008. A new vertebrate fauna from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) New Egypt Formation of New Jersey. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America 40(2):78-79
  104. ↑ Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967). "Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University). http://peabody.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/scientific-publications/ypmB23_1967.pdf. 
  105. ↑ Russell, Dale. A. (6 November 1967). "Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History (Yale University). http://peabody.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/scientific-publications/ypmB23_1967.pdf. 
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 A. L. Flores. 2013. Occurrence of a tylosaurine mosasaur (Mosasauridae; Russellosaurina) from the Turonian of Chihuahua State, Mexico. Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana 65(1):99-107
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 W. B. Gallagher, C. E. Campbell, J. W. Jagt and E. W. A. Mulder. 2005. Mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) material from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary interval in Missouri. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(2):473-475
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 108.3 108.4 108.5 Rempert, Trevor H.; Martens, Brennan P.; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024). "Mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of North Carolina, USA". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 328 (3): 384–391. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.3.384. https://www.zin.ru/journals/trudyzin/eng/publication.html?id=566. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 G. L. Bell Jr., K. R. Barnes, and M. J. Polcyn. 2013. Late Cretaceous mosasauroids (Reptilia, Squamata) of the Big bend region in Texas, USA. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 103:1-11 [
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 E. L. Nicholls and D. Meckert. 2002. Marine reptiles from the Nanaimo Group (Upper Cretaceous) of Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39(11):1591-1603 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 J. Leidy. 1873. Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories. Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1-358
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 P. R. Bjork. 1981. Food habits of mosasaurs from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Abstracts with Programs, Rocky Mountain Section, Geological Society of America 13(4):191
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 E. L. Nicholls. 1988. The first record of the mosasaur Hainosaurus (Reptilia: Lacertilia) from North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25:1564-1570
  114. ↑ J. E. Martin. 2007. A new species of the durophagous mosasaur Globidens (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale Group of central South Dakota, USA. Geological Society of America Special Paper 427:177-198
  115. ↑ Zietlow, A.R.; Boyd, C.A.; Van Vranken, N.E. (2023). "Jormungandr walhallaensis: a new mosasaurine (Squamata: Mosasauroidea) from the Pierre Shale Formation (Pembina Member: Middle Campanian) of North Dakota" (in en-US). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (464). doi:10.5531/sd.sp.60. ISSN 0003-0090. https://hdl.handle.net/2246/7332. Retrieved 2023-10-30. 
  116. ↑ S. W. Williston. 1895. New or little known extinct vertebrates. Kansas University Quarterly3(3):165-176
  117. ↑ T. Konishi and M. W. Caldwell. 2011. Two new plioplatecarpine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) genera from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, and a global phylogenetic analysis of plioplatecarpines. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31(4):754-783 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 118.3 J. X. Corgan. 1976. Vertebrate fossils of Tennessee. State of Tennessee Department of Conservation Division of Geology Bulletin 77:1-100
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 119.4 119.5 D. Baird. 1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the Severn Formation of Maryland. The Mosasaur 3:63-85
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 W. Langston, Jr. 1975. The ceratopsian dinosaurs and associated lower vertebrates from the St. Mary River Formation (Maestrichtian) at Scabby Butte, southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences12:1576-1608
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 A. J. Robb. 1989. The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian, Black Creek Formation) fossil fish fauna of Phoebus Landing, Bladen County, North Carolina. The Mosasaur 4:75-92
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 D. Bardack. 1968. Fossil vertebrates from the marine Cretaceous of Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 5:145-153
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 123.2 J. T. Thurmond. 1969. Notes on mosasaurs from Texas. The Texas Journal of Science 21(1):69-80
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 J. Hector. 1874. On the fossil Reptilia of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6:333-358
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 S. P. Welles and D. R. Gregg. 1971. Late Cretaceous marine reptiles of New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9(1):1-111
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 126.3 126.4 B. P. Kear, J. A. Long, and J. E. Martin. 2005. A review of Australian mosasaur occurrences. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw 84(3):307-313
  127. ↑ J. A. Long and A. R. I. Cruickshank. 1998. Further records of plesiosaurian reptiles of Jurassic and Cretaceous age from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 19:47-55
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 J. Wiffen. 1980. Moanasaurus, a new genus of marine reptile (Family Mosasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 23:507-528
  129. ↑ 129.00 129.01 129.02 129.03 129.04 129.05 129.06 129.07 129.08 129.09 129.10 129.11 129.12 129.13 129.14 129.15 129.16 129.17 129.18 129.19 129.20 129.21 129.22 129.23 129.24 129.25 129.26 129.27 129.28 129.29 129.30 129.31 Candeiro, Carlos Roberto (January 2025). "Late Cretaceous mosasaurids of northeastern Brazil: a summary of their record and a paleobiogeographical survey". Andean Geology 52 (1): 150–161. https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/andgeol/v52n1/0718-7106-andgeol-52-1-0150.pdf. 
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 Páramo-Fonseca, Maria E. (2000-01-01). "Yaguarasaurus columbianus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae), a primitive mosasaur from the Turonian (upper cretaceous) of Colombia". Historical Biology 14 (1–2): 121–131. doi:10.1080/10292380009380560. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2000HBio...14..121P. 
  131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 M. E. Paramo-Fonseca. 2011. Mosasauroids from Colombia. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 182(2):103-109
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 Jiménez-Huidobro, Paulina; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Caldwell, Michael W. (2019-11-01). "Reassessment of cf. Plotosaurus from the upper Maastrichtian of Chile, with comments on the South American distribution of halisaurine mosasaurs". Cretaceous Research 103: 104162. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.06.008. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2019CrRes.10304162J. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667117302070. 
  133. ↑ Frey, Eberhard; Mulder, Eric W. A.; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; Salazar, Christian; Héctor Quinzio-Sinn, Luis Arturo (2016-06-01). "A mosasaur, cf. Plotosaurus, from the upper Maastrichtian Quiriquina Formation in Central Chile". Cretaceous Research 61: 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.006. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2016CrRes..61...17F. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667115301312. 
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  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 Caldwell, Michael W.; Bell, Gorden L. Jr. (1995-09-14). "Halisaurus sp. (Mosasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous (?Santonian) of east-central Peru, and the taxonomic utility of mosasaur cervical vertebrae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (3): 532–544. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011246. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 1995JVPal..15..532C. 

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