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List of oldest trees

Topic: Biology

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 20 min
Short description: List of longest living trees
Pando, a colony of quaking aspen, is one of the oldest-known clonal trees. Recent estimates of its age range from 16,000 to 37,000 by the latest (2024) estimate.[1] It is located in Utah, United States.

Definitions of longevity vary between clonal trees, ones where parts of the tree continue to live after the death of the first trunk or trunks, and non-clonal trees.[2] Tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" (dendrochronological) count core samples, radiocarbon dating, girth-to-age formulas, and estimates from growth rates.[3] For these reasons, there are three lists of "oldest trees" here, using different criteria.

The three tables of trees are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the center is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.

The record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be almost five millennia old.[4]

A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 48,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed Pando), covering 106 acres (43 ha) in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. Recent estimates set the colony's age at about 16,000 to 37,000 years,[1] although tree ring samples date individual stems at rarely more than 130 years.[5][6][7][8][9] A colony of Huon pine trees covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) on Mount Read (Tasmania) is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[10]

Non-clonal trees with ages from cross-dating

Cross-dating via dendrochronology is the most exact method for dating a wood sample.[11] Cross-dating is the method of finding the age of a tree ring by matching growth patterns across multiple trees from the same location.[12] Cross-dating can date a wood sample to a precision of one year.[12]

This list contains tree ages determined from dendrochronological cross-dating. It has all trees with ages more than 2000 years, and a sample of notable trees (one per species) younger than that. If cross-dating has not been reproducible (e.g., because a tree core has become missing), the unreproduced age is listed in the section below. If there are multiple ages (e.g., due to inconsistency in tree cores or lack of reproducibility), the lowest verified age is shown here, and the highest is shown in the estimated table, below.

Name Age
(years) 		Year Germinated Species Location Country Notes
Prometheus
(WPN-114)		 4,960 2064 2936+ BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 Wheeler Peak, Nevada United States Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[13]
Methuselah 4,668 2356 2644 BCE Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States It is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[14][15]
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo 3,655
CBR26 3266 3,266


3626 1374 BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[14][16]
D-21 3220 3,220


3695 1305+ BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[14][17]
D-23 3075 3,075


3878 1122+ BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[14][17]
CMC 3 3033 3,033


3760 1240+ BCE Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[14][18]
Scofield Juniper 2675 2,675


3490 1510+ BCE Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[19]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[14][20]
BLK227 2,651 4374 626 BCE Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [21]
CB-90-11 2,468 4556 444 BCE Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Pinus aristata		 Central Colorado United States [14][22]
? 2,247 4719 222 BCE Qilian juniper
Juniperus przewalskii		 Delingha, Qinghai Province China [14][23]
Bennett Juniper 2,164 4860 140 BCE Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[19]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [24]
SHP 7 2110 2,110


9999 ? Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		 Sierra Nevada California United States [14]
BLK232 2,095 4930 70 BCE Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina) United States [21]
CRE 175 2,053 4971 29 BCE Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Northern New Mexico United States [14][25]
Miles Juniper 1,838 5188 183 Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[26]		 Sierra Nevada, California United States [14][26]
KET 3996 1,728 5297 297 Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		 Ketchum, Idaho United States [14][27]
FL117 1,687 5338 338 Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [14][28]
BCK 69 1,660 5366 366 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Bladen County, North Carolina United States [14][29]
? 1636 1,636


9999 ? Nootka cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis		 Vancouver Island Canada [14]
FL101 1567 1,567


9999 ? Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Ontario Canada [14]
Cliff Cedar 1414 1,414 9999 ? Northern White Cedar
Thuja occidentalis		 Fayette Historic State Park, Michigan United States Cliff trees, believed initially to be bushes and then to be young based on their size, discovered by Douglas Larson.[30]
Italus 1,238 5788 788 Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		 Pollino National Park Italy Alive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[31]

Non-clonal trees with estimated ages

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are estimated via methods that are less accurate than cross-dating. Some of the ages are based on tree size, which is known to have 20% error.[32] Ages in this table should be treated as speculative.

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo 5,484 Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides } 		Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile A new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of 3,655.[33][34]
?[nb 1] 5,077 Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[14][35]
Methuselah 4,860[nb 2] Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		 White Mountains (California) United States [14]
Llangernyw Yew 4,000–5,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Llangernyw, Conwy United Kingdom Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh 4,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Abarkuh, Yazd Iran Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[37][38]
Gümeli Porsuğu 4,115 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Zonguldak Turkey Alive, found in 2016.[39][40]
The Ancient Yew 4,000 Yew
Taxus baccata		 Tisbury, Wiltshire United Kingdom 37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[41]
The Senator 3,500 Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens		 Longwood, Florida United States Died in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[42][43]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601) 3,350 European olive tree

Olea europea L. var. europaea

Mouriscas, Abrantes Portugal Alive.[44][45] In 2016, José Luís Lousada, a researcher at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, estimated the tree's age at approximately 3350 years using dendrometry. According to this assessment with an estimate age precision of 2%, it is considered the oldest tree in Portugal.[46]
S'Ozzastru 3,000–4,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Luras, Sardinia Italy [47]
The President 3200 3,200 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, California United States Alive.
Fortingall Yew 3,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Fortingall, Perthshire United Kingdom Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[48][49][clarification needed]
Alishan Sacred Tree 3,000 Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis		 Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi Taiwan Collapsed on 1 July 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[50]
Patriarca da Floresta [pt; pt; Patriarca (árvore)] 3,020 Jequitibá-rosa

Cariniana legalis

Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo Brazil Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[51]
Great Camphor of Takeo 3,000+ Cinnamomum camphora
"Camphor Tree"		 Takeo, Saga Japan A large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[52] Worshipped at a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[53] Alive.
Raintree 3,000+ Great Basin bristlecone pine Spring Mountains, Nevada United States Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia ({{{2}}}) 2,850 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Iria de Azoia, Loures Portugal Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[54]
Mother of the Forest 2520 2,520 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California United States Dead.
? 2,521 Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 California United States [55]
Sarv Zibad 2,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		 Sarv Zibad, Khorasan Iran Also called "holly Sarv".[37][38]
Panke baobab 2,464 African baobab
Adansonia digitata		 Matabeleland North Zimbabwe Died in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[56]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 2,312 Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa		 Anuradhapura, North Central Province Sri Lanka A sapling claimed to be from the Bodhi tree, the legendary tree under which the Buddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE by Sanghamitra, daughter of Emperor Ashoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[57]
General Sherman 2,300–2,700 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California United States Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is the largest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on Earth.[58][59]
Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Oliveira de Santa Luzia 2,210 Olive
Olea europaea		 Santa Luzia, Tavira, Algarve Portugal Alive.[60]
Jōmon Sugi 2,170–7,200 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Yakushima Japan Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[61][62][63]
Elia Vouvon 2,000–5,000 Olive
Olea europaea		 Kolymvari, Crete Greece Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[64]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi 2,000–4,000 Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa		 Sicily Italy Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Chandelier Tree 2,000-2,500 Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Leggett, California United States The name "Chandelier Tree" comes from its unusual limbs that resemble a chandelier. The limbs, which measure from 4 to 7 ft (1.2 to 2.1 m) in diameter, begin 100 ft (30 m) above the ground. It is 2,400 years old.[65]
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu 2,000–3,000 Chinese juniper
Juniperus chinensis		 Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk South Korea Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branches was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Stara Maslina 2,249 (2,016-2482)[66] Olive
Olea europaea		 Stari Bar, Bar Montenegro
Tnjri 2,040+ Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis		 Martuni Region Azerbaijan Oldest tree in a part of Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Koca Katran 2030 2,030 Lebanon cedar
Cedrus libani		 Antalya Turkey Alive.[67]
? 2,010 Olive
Olea europaea		 Exo Hora, Zakynthos Greece [68]
? 2,010 Yew
Taxus		 Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Russia A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[69]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa 2,000 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		 Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita, Kanagawa Japan
Lady Liberty 2,000+ Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		 Longwood, Florida United States Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tejo Milenario 2,000+ Yew
Taxus baccata		 Cazorla, Jaén Spain Oldest tree in Spain.[70]
? 1,952 Subalpine larch
Larix lyallii		 Kananaskis, Alberta Canada [71]
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree 1,000[72]-2,000 Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia		 Temecula, California United States Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
Methuselah 1,800 Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		 Woodside, California United States [73]
Araucaria Madre 1,810 Araucaria araucana Araucanía Chile Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[74]
Granit oak 1,679 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Granit Bulgaria
Kongeegen 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand Denmark [75]
Stelmužė Oak 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		 Stelmužė, Zarasai Lithuania Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Likely oldest oak in Europe.
Vilémovice Yew 1,500–2,000 Common yew
Taxus baccata		 Vilémovice Czech Republic 345 cm (136 in) in circumference.[76]
Aubépines 1,500 Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna		 Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne France Oldest tree in France.[77]
Jardine Juniper 1,500 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		 Logan Canyon, Utah United States [78]
Árbol del Tule 1,433–1,600 Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum		 Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca Mexico Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine 1,300 Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		 Pirin Mountains Bulgaria Oldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.
Te Matua Ngahere 1,200–4,000 Kauri
Agathis australis		 Waipoua Forest, Northland New Zealand Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Cis Henrykowski 1270 Common Yew
Taxus Baccata		 Henryków Lubański, Lower Silesia, Poland Oldest tree in Poland. The age of the tree was estimated based on the trunk circumference and growth rate assessed by taking a core from an undamaged part of the trunk. If the trunk is the result of the fusion of two or three trunks, its age may be younger.[79]
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah" 1,163 ±131[80] Olive
Olea europaea 		Bchaaleh, North Governorate Lebanon Folk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned to Noah's Ark at the waning of the Biblical Flood.[81]

Clonal trees

Name Age
(years)		 Species Location Country Notes
? 43600,130000 43,600–130,000 King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica		 Southwest National Park, Tasmania Australia Lomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[82]
Pando 16000,37000 less than 16,000–37,000

[1][6]||Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides || Fishlake National Forest, Utah || United States || Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.

Jurupa Oak[83] 13000,13000 13,000

[84]||Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri || Jurupa Mountains, California || United States || Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[84]

Old Tjikko 9550,9550 9,550 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna Sweden The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[85][86] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[87] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[88]
Old Rasmus 9500,9500 9,500 Norway spruce
Picea abies		 Sonfjället, Härjedalen Sweden [89]
Mongarlowe mallee 3000,13000 3,000–13,000 Mongarlowe mallee
Eucalyptus recurva		 Mongarlowe, New South Wales Australia Alive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[90]
? 3000,10000 3,000

[91]–10,000[92]||Huon pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii || Mount Read, Tasmania || Australia || Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[10]

Antarctic beech 2000, 2000 2,000


Antarctic beech
Nothofagus moorei 		Repeater Station Road, Springbrook National Park, Queensland Australia Three individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[93]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Not named yet
  2. ↑ It is uncertain whether the tree was dated in 1957 or 1958, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[36] The age given here is based on this reference point.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pineau, Rozenn M.; Mock, Karen E.; Morris, Jesse; Kraklow, Vachel; et al. (2024). "Mosaic of Somatic Mutations in Earth's Oldest Living Organism, Pando". bioRxiv 10.1101/2024.10.19.619233.
  2. ↑ Farmer 2022, pp. 9–10.
  3. ↑ Farmer 2022, pp. 7, 9, 91, 282.
  4. ↑ Farmer 2022, p. 10.
  5. ↑ Rogers, Paul C.; McAvoy, Darren J. (17 October 2018). "Mule deer impede Pando's recovery: Implications for aspen resilience from a single-genotype forest". PLOS ONE 13 (10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203619. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30332420. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1303619R. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ding, Chen; Schreiber, Stefan G.; Roberts, David R.; Hamann, Andreas; Brouard, Jean S. (5 July 2017). "Post-glacial biogeography of trembling aspen inferred from habitat models and genetic variance in quantitative traits". Scientific Reports 7 (1): 4672. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04871-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 28680120. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...7.4672D. 
  7. ↑ Grant, Michael C. (1 October 1993). "The Trembling Giant". Discover Magazine. http://discovermagazine.com/1993/oct/thetremblinggian285. 
  8. ↑ "Botanical Record-Breakers". W.P. Armstrong. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm#massive. 
  9. ↑ "SPECIES: Populus tremuloides". USDA - United States Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/poptre/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/veg/pines.html. 
  11. ↑ Bossema, FGExpression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2021). "A novel method for dendrochronology of large historical wooden objects using line trajectory X-ray tomography". Sci Rep 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90135-4. PMID 34040035. Bibcode: 2021NatSR..1111024B. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Douglass, AE (1941). "Crossdating in dendrochronology". Journal of Forestry 39 (10): 825–831. doi:10.1093/jof/39.10.825. https://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/~ellisqm/outgoing/dendroecology2014/readings/douglass1941.pdf. 
  13. ↑ Salzer, Matthew; Baisan, Christopher (13–17 May 2013). "Dendrochronology of the "Currey Tree"". Second American Dendrochronology Conference. University of Arizona, Tucson. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333058921. 
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 "OldList, A Database Of Old Trees". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. May 2019. http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm. 
  15. ↑ Ofgang, Erik (October 16, 2022). "Why mystery surrounds what may be Earth's oldest tree". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/10/16/ancient-tree-secrets/. 
  16. ↑ Stephenson, Nathan L (2000). "Estimated ages of some large Giant Sequoias: General Sherman keeps getting younger". Madroño 47 (1): 61–67. Bibcode: 2000Madro..47...61S. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Douglass, Andrew Ellicott (1919). Climatic Cycles and Tree-growth: A study of the annual rings of trees in relation to climate and solar activity. United States: Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp. 26–27. 
  18. ↑ Swetnam, Thomas; Baisan, Christopher; Caprio, Anthony; Brown, Peter; Touchan, Ramzi; Anderson, R; Hallett, Douglas (2009). "Multi-Millennial Fire History of the Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California, USA". Fire Ecology 5 (3): 120–150. doi:10.4996/fireecology.0503120. Bibcode: 2009FiEco...5c.120S. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Juniperus grandis". Gymnosperm Database. 17 January 2020. https://conifers.org/cu/Juniperus_grandis.php. 
  20. ↑ "Sonora Pass Junipers, California". Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory. http://www.dendrochronology.net/juniper.asp. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Stahle, D. W.; Edmondson, J. R.; Howard, I. M.; Robbins, C. R.; Griffin, R. D.; Carl, A.; Hall, C. B.; Stahle, D. K. et al. (16 May 2019). "Longevity, climate sensitivity, and conservation status of wetland trees at Black River, North Carolina". Environmental Research Communications 1 (4): 041002. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ab0c4a. Bibcode: 2019ERCom...1d1002S. 
  22. ↑ Brunstein, F. Craig; Yamaguchi, David K. (Aug 1992). "The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research 24 (3): 253–256. doi:10.2307/1551666. Bibcode: 1992AAAR...24..253B. 
  23. ↑ Liu, Jiajia; Yang, Bao; Lindenmayer, David B (August 2019). "The oldest trees in China and where to find them". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17 (6): 319–322. doi:10.1002/fee.2046. Bibcode: 2019FrEE...17..319L. 
  24. ↑ Brown, Peter M (22 October 2024). "A revised estimated age for the Bennett Juniper from tree-ring and radiocarbon dates". Madroño 71 (3): 122–126. doi:10.3120/0024-9637-71.3.122. 
  25. ↑ "Juniperus scopulorum". The Gymnosperm Database. https://www.conifers.org/cu/Juniperus_scopulorum.php. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Miles, D.H.; Worthington, M.J. (17–21 June 1998). "Sonora Pass junipers from California USA: construction of a 3,500-year chronology". in Stravinskiene, V.; Juknys, R.. Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference. Kaunas, Lithuania: Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences. 
  27. ↑ Schulman, E. (1956). Dendroclimatic Changes in Semiarid America. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 
  28. ↑ Larson, D. W.; Kelly, P. E. (1991). "The extent of old-growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment". Canadian Journal of Botany 69 (7): 1628–1636. doi:10.1139/b91-206. Bibcode: 1991CaJB...69.1628L. 
  29. ↑ Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Hehr, J. G. (10 June 1988). "North Carolina Climate Changes Reconstructed from Tree Rings: A.D. 372 to 1985". Science 240 (4858): 1517–1519. doi:10.1126/science.240.4858.1517. PMID 17798982. Bibcode: 1988Sci...240.1517S. 
  30. ↑ "On Lake Michigan cliffs, 1,400‑year‑old trees quietly grow unnoticed". 2022-06-02. https://www.mlive.com/public-interest/2022/06/on-lake-michigan-cliffs-1400-year-old-trees-quietly-grow-unnoticed.html. 
  31. ↑ Piovesan, Gianluca; Biondi, Franco; Baliva, Michele; Saba, Emanuele Presutti; Calcagnile, Lucio; Quarta, Gianluca; D'Elia, Marisa; Vivo, Giuseppe De et al. (2018). "The oldest dated tree of Europe lives in the wild Pollino massif: Italus, a strip-bark Heldreich's pine". Ecology 99 (7): 1682–1684. doi:10.1002/ecy.2231. ISSN 1939-9170. PMID 29768656. Bibcode: 2018Ecol...99.1682P. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecy.2231. 
  32. ↑ Yao, J; Yang, M; Li, Z; Ha, D (2025). "A Method for Estimating Tree Age Based on the Tree Trunk Diameter and the Average Radial Growth Rate in Recent Years". Forests 16 (11): 1725. doi:10.3390/f16111725. Bibcode: 2025Fore...16.1725Y. 
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named oldchile
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named conaf
  35. ↑ "The Prometheus Story - Great Basin National Park". U.S. National Park Service). https://www.nps.gov/grba/learn/historyculture/the-prometheus-story.htm. "another bristlecone in the same area, proved to be 5,065 years old." 
  36. ↑ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. 17 January 2020. https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_longaeva.php. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Cypress". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cypress-sarv-cupressus-tourn. 
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  39. ↑ "Oldest yew tree found in Turkey's north". 13 June 2016. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/oldest-yew-tree-found-in-turkeys-north.aspx?pageID=238&nID=100428&NewsCatID=341. 
  40. ↑ "Bölümümüz Öğretim Üyelerinden Dr. Ercan Oktan' In Yaş Tespitini Yaptığı 4.112 Yaşındaki Porsuk Ağacı Tabiat Anıtı İlan Edecek" (in tr). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi. http://www.ktu.edu.tr/ormanmuhendisligi-etkinlik13857. 
  41. ↑ "The ancient yew tree". St Johns Tisbury. http://www.tisburyparishchurch.org/just-visiting-4/. 
  42. ↑ Pavuk, Amy. "'The Senator' Catches Fire". Orlando Sentinel. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/local/seminole/os-senator-cypress-tree-fire-20120116,0,6171920.story. 
  43. ↑ Scheper, J.. "Florida's Big Tree". Floridata.com. http://www.floridata.com/tracks/TheSenator/page2.htm. 
  44. ↑ José Luis Penetra Cerviera Lousada. "Declaraçao". Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro. http://www.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/aip/resource/docs/certificados/KNJ1-478-Declaracao.pdf. 
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  46. ↑ SAPO. "Oliveira do Mouchão: a árvore mais antiga de Portugal" (in pt). https://viagens.sapo.pt/viajar/viajar-portugal/artigos/oliveira-do-mouchao-e-a-mais-antiga-em-portugal-e-tem-mais-de-3-mil-anos. 
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  49. ↑ Hidson, Toby (2014). "Addressing the claim that the Defynnog yewsin Powysmay be 5,000 years old". Ancient Yew Group. https://www.ancient-yew.org/userfiles/file/Defynnog%20v4f5.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "Alishan Forest Recreation area has new "tree king"". Taipei Times. 2 July 2006. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/07/02/2003316816. 
  51. ↑ Botosso, Paulo Cesar (November 2002). "Conhecer a Idade das Árvores: Importância e Aplicação". Embrapa Florestas Documentos 75: 25. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15427641.pdf. Retrieved 26 October 2017. 
  52. ↑ "A town with sacred camphor trees and a new-style library". https://www.japan.travel/en/spot/766/. 
  53. ↑ "武雄神社とは". https://takeo-jinjya.jp/shrine/. 
  54. ↑ "UTAD classificou oliveira com 2.850 anos!" (in pt). CienciaPT. 8 July 2011. http://www.cienciapt.net/pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=104157&Itemid=302. 
  55. ↑ Sillett, Stephen C; Van Pelt, Robert; Carroll, Allyson L; Kramer, Russell D; Ambrose, Anthony R; Trask, D’Arcy (2015). "How Do Tree Structure and Old Age Affect Growth Potential of California Redwoods?". Ecological Monographs 85 (2): 181–212. doi:10.1890/14-1016.1. Bibcode: 2015EcoM...85..181S. 
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  59. ↑ "The General Sherman Tree - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks". U.S. National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/sherman.htm. 
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  67. ↑ "Locals want quarries out of Çığlıkara Forest". http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/locals-want-quarries-out-of-ciglikara-forest.aspx?pageID=438&n=locals-want-quarries-out-of-ciglikara-forest-2010-05-17. 
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  70. ↑ "Andalucía alberga el árbol más longevo de toda España". Cambio16. 4 May 2018. https://www.cambio16.com/arbol-mas-viejo-de-espana-andalucia/. 
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  72. ↑ "Pechanga Band of Indians: The Great Oak". https://www.pechanga-nsn.gov/index.php/history/the-great-oak. 
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  74. ↑ ""Parque de Araucarias Araucanas" - Chile: La edad milenaria e indefinida de las Araucarias Araucanas". 11 August 2013. http://parquedearaucarias.blogspot.cl/2013/08/la-edad-milenaria-e-indefinida-de-las.html. 
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  77. ↑ "Common Hawthorn next to the church in Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne, France". https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/fra/mayenne/saintmarssurlafutaie/2810_church/. 
  78. ↑ "Jardine Juniper Trail". Utah Mountain Biking. 31 August 2001. http://www.utahmountainbiking.com/trails/jardine.htm. 
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  82. ↑ Lynch, A. J. J.; Barnes, R. W.; Vaillancourt, R. E.; Cambecèdes, J. (1998). "Genetic evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) is an ancient clone". Australian Journal of Botany 46 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1071/BT96120. Bibcode: 1998AuJB...46...25L. https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Genetic_evidence_that_Lomatia_tasmanica_Proteaceae_is_an_ancient_clone/23227118/1/files/40935701.pdf. Retrieved 11 November 2013. 
  83. ↑ Connor, Steve (23 December 2009). "At 13,000 years, tree is world's oldest organism". The Independent (United Kingdom). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/at-13000-years-tree-is-worldrsquos-oldest-organism-1848009.html. 
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