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The Brodmann areas of a human brain
Most famous parts of the brain highlighted in different colours
The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Embryonic vertebrate subdivisions of the developing human brain
hindbrain or
rhombencephalon is a
developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
- Pons
- Pontine nuclei
- Pontine cranial nerve nuclei
- Chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
- Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V)
- Abducens nucleus (VI)
- Facial nerve nucleus (VII)
- Vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)
- Superior salivatory nucleus
- Pontine tegmentum
- Parabrachial area
- Medial parabrachial nucleus
- Lateral parabrachial nucleus
- Subparabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus)
- Pontine respiratory group
- Superior olivary complex
- Medial superior olive
- Lateral superior olive
- Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
- Paramedian pontine reticular formation
- Parvocellular reticular nucleus
- Caudal pontine reticular nucleus
- Cerebellar peduncles
- Superior cerebellar peduncle
- Middle cerebellar peduncle
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Fourth ventricle
- Cerebellum
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Cross-section of the midbrain.
- Tectum
- Pretectum
- Tegmentum
- Periaqueductal gray
- Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Midbrain reticular formation
- Dorsal raphe nucleus
- Red nucleus
- Ventral tegmental area
- Parabrachial pigmented nucleus
- Paranigral nucleus
- Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
- Caudal linear nucleus
- Rostral linear nucleus of the raphe
- Interfascicular nucleus
- Substantia nigra
- Interpeduncular nucleus
- Cerebral peduncle
- Mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei
- Oculomotor nucleus (III)
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus
- Trochlear nucleus (IV)
- Mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius)
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
- Pineal body (pineal gland)
- Habenular nuclei
- Stria medullaris
- Taenia thalami
Third ventricle
- Anterior nuclear group
- Anteroventral nucleus (a.k.a. ventral anterior nucleus)
- Anterodorsal nucleus
- Anteromedial nucleus
- Medial nuclear group
- Medial dorsal nucleus
- Midline nuclear group
- Paratenial nucleus
- Reuniens nucleus
- Rhomboidal nucleus
- Intralaminar nuclear group
- Centromedian nucleus
- Parafascicular nucleus
- Paracentral nucleus
- Central lateral nucleus
- Lateral nuclear group
- Lateral dorsal nucleus
- Lateral posterior nucleus
- Pulvinar
- Ventral nuclear group
- Ventral anterior nucleus
- Ventral lateral nucleus
- Ventral posterior nucleus
- Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
- Ventral posterior medial nucleus
- Metathalamus
- Medial geniculate body
- Lateral geniculate body
- Thalamic reticular nucleus
- Anterior
- Medial area
- Parts of preoptic area
- Medial preoptic nucleus
- Median preoptic nucleus
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Paraventricular nucleus
- Supraoptic nucleus (mainly)
- Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
- Lateral area
- Parts of preoptic area
- Anterior part of Lateral nucleus
- Part of supraoptic nucleus
- Other nuclei of preoptic area
- Median preoptic nucleus
- Periventricular preoptic nucleus
- Tuberal
- Medial area
- Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
- Ventromedial nucleus
- Arcuate nucleus
- Lateral area
- Posterior
- Surface
- Median eminence
- Mammillary bodies
- Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
- Optic chiasm
- Subfornical organ
- Periventricular nucleus
- Tuber cinereum
- Tuberal nucleus
- Tuberomammillary nucleus
- Tuberal region
- Mammillary nucleus
Subcortical
- Hippocampus (Medial Temporal Lobe)
- Dentate gyrus
- Cornu ammonis (CA fields)
- Cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1)
- Cornu ammonis area 2 (CA2)
- Cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3)
- Cornu ammonis area 4 (CA4)
- Amygdala (limbic system) (limbic lobe)
- Central nucleus (autonomic nervous system)
- Medial nucleus (accessory olfactory system)
- Cortical and basomedial nuclei (main olfactory system)
- Lateral and basolateral nuclei (frontotemporal cortical system)
- Extended amygdala
- Claustrum
- Basal ganglia
- Basal forebrain
- Frontal lobe
- Cortex
- Gyri
- Brodmann areas: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 25, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Cortex
- Primary auditory cortex (A1)
- Secondary auditory cortex (A2)
- Inferior temporal cortex
- V5/MT
- Posterior inferior temporal cortex
- Gyri
- Brodmann areas: 20, 21, 22, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42
- Other
- Insular cortex
- Cingulate cortex
- Extrapyramidal system
- Pyramidal tract
- Corticomesencephalic tract
- Tectospinal tract
- Interstitiospinal tract
- Rubrospinal tract
- Rubro-olivary tract
- Olivocerebellar tract
- Olivospinal tract
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Lateral vestibulospinal tract
- Medial vestibulospinal tract
- Reticulospinal tract
- Lateral raphespinal tract
- Alpha system
- Gamma system
Somatosensory system
- Medullary striae of fourth ventricle
- Trapezoid body
- Lateral lemniscus
Nerves
Neuro endocrine systems
- Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones
- HPA axis
- HPG axis
- HPT axis
- GHRH - GH
- Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system
- Middle cerebral artery
- Posterior cerebral artery
- Anterior cerebral artery
- Vertebral artery
- Basilar artery
- Circle of Willis (arterial system)
- Blood–brain barrier
- Glymphatic system
- Venous systems
- Circumventricular organs
Neurotransmitter pathways
- Noradrenaline system
- Dopamine system
- Serotonin system
- Cholinergic system
- GABA
- Neuropeptides
Dural meningeal system
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
- Meningeal coverings
- Epidural space
- Subdural space
- Subarachnoid space
- Arachnoid septum
- Superior cistern
- Cistern of lamina terminalis
- Chiasmatic cistern
- Interpeduncular cistern
- Pontine cistern
- Cisterna magna
- Spinal subarachnoid space
- Ventricular system
- Lateral ventricles
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Foramina
- Interventricular Foramina
- Cerebral Aqueduct
- Foramina of Luschka
- Foramen of Magendie
The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the midbrain.[1] The classification of structures as part of the limbic system is historical and originates from the position of the structures at the boundary between two functionally distinct components (hence, the name limbus, meaning border) and the structures' shared roles in emotional processes (see limbic system for more details). Hence, there is overlap of structures in the limbic system and in other classifications of brain structures. The following areas have been considered part of the limbic system.[2][3]
- Cortical areas:
- Subcortical areas:
- Diencephalic structures:
- Hypothalamus: a center for the limbic system, connected with the frontal lobes, septal nuclei, and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle, with the hippocampus via the fornix, and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus; regulates many autonomic processes
- Mammillary bodies: part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus
- Anterior nuclei of thalamus: receive input from the mammillary bodies and involved in memory processing
Other areas that have been included in the limbic system include the:
- Stria medullaris
- Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden
Related topics
References
External links
| Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of regions in the human brain. Read more |