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List of regions in the human brain

Topic: Biology

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 10 min

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The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Embryonic vertebrate subdivisions of the developing human brain
hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

Myelencephalon

Metencephalon

  • Pons
    • Pontine nuclei
    • Pontine cranial nerve nuclei
      • Chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
      • Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V)
      • Abducens nucleus (VI)
      • Facial nerve nucleus (VII)
      • Vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)
      • Superior salivatory nucleus
    • Pontine tegmentum
    • Parabrachial area
      • Medial parabrachial nucleus
      • Lateral parabrachial nucleus
      • Subparabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus)
        • Pontine respiratory group
    • Superior olivary complex
      • Medial superior olive
      • Lateral superior olive
      • Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
    • Paramedian pontine reticular formation
    • Parvocellular reticular nucleus
    • Caudal pontine reticular nucleus
    • Cerebellar peduncles
      • Superior cerebellar peduncle
      • Middle cerebellar peduncle
      • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Fourth ventricle
  • Cerebellum

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Cross-section of the midbrain.
  • Tectum
  • Pretectum
  • Tegmentum
  • Cerebral peduncle
    • Crus cerebri
  • Mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei
    • Oculomotor nucleus (III)
    • Edinger-Westphal nucleus
    • Trochlear nucleus (IV)
  • Mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius)

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Diencephalon

Diencephalon

Epithalamus

  • Pineal body (pineal gland)
  • Habenular nuclei
  • Stria medullaris
  • Taenia thalami

Third ventricle

Thalamus

  • Anterior nuclear group
    • Anteroventral nucleus (a.k.a. ventral anterior nucleus)
    • Anterodorsal nucleus
    • Anteromedial nucleus
  • Medial nuclear group
    • Medial dorsal nucleus
    • Midline nuclear group
    • Paratenial nucleus
    • Reuniens nucleus
    • Rhomboidal nucleus
    • Intralaminar nuclear group
    • Centromedian nucleus
    • Parafascicular nucleus
    • Paracentral nucleus
    • Central lateral nucleus
  • Lateral nuclear group
    • Lateral dorsal nucleus
    • Lateral posterior nucleus
    • Pulvinar
  • Ventral nuclear group
    • Ventral anterior nucleus
    • Ventral lateral nucleus
    • Ventral posterior nucleus
      • Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
      • Ventral posterior medial nucleus
  • Metathalamus
    • Medial geniculate body
    • Lateral geniculate body
  • Thalamic reticular nucleus

Hypothalamus (limbic system) (HPA axis)

  • Anterior
    • Medial area
      • Parts of preoptic area
        • Medial preoptic nucleus
        • Median preoptic nucleus
      • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
      • Paraventricular nucleus
      • Supraoptic nucleus (mainly)
      • Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
    • Lateral area
      • Parts of preoptic area
        • Lateral preoptic nucleus
      • Anterior part of Lateral nucleus
      • Part of supraoptic nucleus
    • Other nuclei of preoptic area
      • Median preoptic nucleus
      • Periventricular preoptic nucleus
  • Tuberal
    • Medial area
      • Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
      • Ventromedial nucleus
      • Arcuate nucleus
    • Lateral area
  • Posterior
  • Surface
    • Median eminence
    • Mammillary bodies
    • Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
  • Optic chiasm
  • Subfornical organ
  • Periventricular nucleus
  • Tuber cinereum
    • Tuberal nucleus
    • Tuberomammillary nucleus
  • Tuberal region
  • Mammillary nucleus

Subthalamus (HPA axis)

Pituitary gland (HPA axis)

Telencephalon (cerebrum) Cerebral hemispheres

  red: frontal lobe
  orange: parietal lobe
  yellow: occipital lobe
  green: temporal lobe
  blue: cerebellum
  black: brainstem

White matter

Subcortical

Rhinencephalon (paleocortex)

Cerebral cortex (neocortex)

Neural pathways

Motor systems / Descending fibers

Somatosensory system

Visual system

Auditory system

  • Medullary striae of fourth ventricle
  • Trapezoid body
  • Lateral lemniscus

Nerves

Neuro endocrine systems

  • Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones
    • HPA axis
    • HPG axis
    • HPT axis
    • GHRH - GH
  • Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system

Neuro vascular systems

  • Middle cerebral artery
  • Posterior cerebral artery
  • Anterior cerebral artery
  • Vertebral artery
  • Basilar artery
  • Circle of Willis (arterial system)
  • Blood–brain barrier
  • Glymphatic system
  • Venous systems
  • Circumventricular organs

Neurotransmitter pathways

Dural meningeal system

  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
  • Meningeal coverings
  • Epidural space
  • Subdural space
  • Subarachnoid space
    • Arachnoid septum
    • Superior cistern
    • Cistern of lamina terminalis
    • Chiasmatic cistern
    • Interpeduncular cistern
    • Pontine cistern
    • Cisterna magna
    • Spinal subarachnoid space
  • Ventricular system
    • Lateral ventricles
    • Third ventricle
    • Fourth ventricle
    • Foramina
      • Interventricular Foramina
      • Cerebral Aqueduct
      • Foramina of Luschka
      • Foramen of Magendie

Limbic system

The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the midbrain.[1] The classification of structures as part of the limbic system is historical and originates from the position of the structures at the boundary between two functionally distinct components (hence, the name limbus, meaning border) and the structures' shared roles in emotional processes (see limbic system for more details). Hence, there is overlap of structures in the limbic system and in other classifications of brain structures. The following areas have been considered part of the limbic system.[2][3]

  • Cortical areas:
  • Subcortical areas:
  • Diencephalic structures:
    • Hypothalamus: a center for the limbic system, connected with the frontal lobes, septal nuclei, and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle, with the hippocampus via the fornix, and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus; regulates many autonomic processes
    • Mammillary bodies: part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus
    • Anterior nuclei of thalamus: receive input from the mammillary bodies and involved in memory processing

Other areas that have been included in the limbic system include the:

  • Stria medullaris
  • Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden

References

  1. ↑ Schacter, Daniel L. 2012. Psychology.sec. 3.20
  2. ↑ Swenson, Rand. "Chapter 9 - Limbic System". http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_9.html. :
  3. ↑ "The limbic system". Indian Journal of Psychiatry 49 (2): 132–139. 2007. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.33264. PMID 20711399. 



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