List of vulnerable fishes

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Vulnerable (VU) species are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

In September 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed 1245 vulnerable fish species.[1] Of all evaluated fish species, 8.1% are listed as vulnerable. The IUCN also lists eight fish subspecies as vulnerable.

Of the subpopulations of fishes evaluated by the IUCN, 18 species subpopulations have been assessed as vulnerable.

For a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the IUCN designed to reflect "a high risk of extinction in the wild". Endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species, and are listed separately. See: List of endangered fishes, List of critically endangered fishes. Vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered species are collectively referred to as threatened species by the IUCN.

Additionally 3191 fish species (21% of those evaluated) are listed as data deficient, meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status. As these species typically have small distributions and/or populations, they are intrinsically likely to be threatened, according to the IUCN.[2] While the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa, the IUCN notes that it may be appropriate to give them "the same degree of attention as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be assessed."[3]

This is a complete list of vulnerable fish species and subspecies evaluated by the IUCN. Species and subspecies which have vulnerable subpopulations (or stocks) are indicated.

  • Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis)

Cartilaginous fishes

Chondrichthyes includes sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish. There are 121 species and eight subpopulations of cartilaginous fish assessed as vulnerable.

  • Eastern angelshark (Squatina albipunctata)
  • Japanese angelshark (Squatina japonica)
  • Clouded angelshark (Squatina nebulosa)
  • Ocellated angelshark (Squatina tergocellatoides)

Species

  • Bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus)
  • Common thresher (Alopias vulpinus)
  • Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
  • Porbeagle (Lamna nasus)
  • Smalltooth sand tiger (Odontaspis ferox)

Subpopulations

  • Shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) (2 subpopulations)

There are 74 species and one subpopulation in the order Rajiformes assessed as vulnerable.

Rhynchobatids

  • Rhynchobatus australiae
  • Giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis)
  • Smoothnose wedgefish (Rhynchobatus laevis)
  • Roughnose wedgefish (Rhynchobatus sp. A)
  • Broadnose wedgefish (Rhynchobatus springeri)

Guitarfish species

  • Spotted shovelnose ray (Aptychotrema timorensis)
  • Sharpnose guitarfish (Glaucostegus granulatus)
  • Clubnose guitarfish (Glaucostegus thouin)
  • Common shovelnose ray (Glaucostegus typus)
  • White-spotted guitarfish (Rhinobatos albomaculatus)
  • Taiwan guitarfish (Rhinobatos formosensis)
  • Spineback guitarfish (Rhinobatos irvinei)
  • Rhinobatos jimbaranensis
  • Widenose guitarfish (Rhinobatos obtusus)
  • Rhinobatos penggali
  • Shortnose guitarfish (Zapteryx brevirostris)
  • Colares stingray (Dasyatis colarensis)
  • Estuary stingray (Dasyatis fluviorum)
  • Niger stingray (Dasyatis garouaensis)
  • Pink whipray (Himantura fai)
  • Whitespotted whipray (Himantura gerrardi)
  • Mangrove whipray (Himantura granulata)
  • Hortle's whipray (Himantura hortlei)
  • Jenkins' whipray (Himantura jenkinsii)
  • Leopard whipray (Himantura leoparda)
  • Tubemouth whipray (Himantura lobistoma)
  • Round whipray (Himantura pastinacoides)
  • Whitenose whipray (Himantura uarnacoides)
  • Reticulate whipray (Himantura uarnak)
  • Honeycomb whipray (Himantura undulata)
  • Round ribbontail ray (Taeniurops meyeni)
  • Porcupine ray (Urogymnus asperrimus)

Species

  • Brazilian blind electric ray (Benthobatis kreffti)
  • Taiwanese blind electric ray (Benthobatis yangi)
  • Colombian electric ray (Diplobatis colombiensis)
  • Brownband numbfish (Diplobatis guamachensis)
  • Ocellated electric ray (Diplobatis ommata)
  • Painted electric ray (Diplobatis pictus)
  • Shortlip electric ray (Narcine brevilabiata)

Subpopulations

  • Apron ray (Discopyge tschudii) (1 subpopulation)
  • Thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata)
  • Mottled skate (Beringraja pulchra)
  • Sydney skate (Dipturus australis)
  • Madagascar skate (Dipturus crosnieri)
  • South Brazilian skate (Dipturus mennii)
  • Dipturus trachydermus
  • Onefin skate (Gurgesiella dorsalifera)
  • Shagreen ray (Leucoraja fullonica)
  • Madeira skate (Raja maderensis)
  • Melbourne skate (Spiniraja whitleyi)
  • Large-nose ray (Zearaja chilensis)
  • Eyespot skate (Atlantoraja cyclophora)
  • La Plata skate (Atlantoraja platana)
  • Whitedotted skate (Rhinoraja albomaculata)
  • Rio skate (Rioraja agassizii)
  • Bignose fanskate (Sympterygia acuta)

Other Rajiformes species

  • Ocellated eagle ray (Aetobatus ocellatus)
  • Banded eagle ray (Aetomylaeus nichofii)
  • Spiny butterfly ray (Gymnura altavela)
  • Zonetail butterfly ray (Gymnura zonura)
  • Natal electric ray (Heteronarce garmani)
  • Reef manta ray (Manta alfredi)
  • Giant oceanic manta ray (Manta birostris)
  • Lesser Guinean devil ray (Mobula rochebrunei)
  • Box ray (Mobula tarapacana)
  • Japanese sleeper ray (Narke japonica)
  • Fanray (Platyrhina sinensis)
  • Bowmouth guitarfish (Rhina ancylostoma)
  • Flapnose ray (Rhinoptera javanica)
  • Finless sleeper ray (Temera hardwickii)
  • Sandyback stingaree (Urolophus bucculentus)
  • Yellowback stingaree (Urolophus sufflavus)
  • Greenback stingaree (Urolophus viridis)
  • Reticulate round stingray (Urotrygon reticulata)
  • Fake round ray (Urotrygon simulatrix)

Species

  • Bali catshark (Atelomycterus baliensis)
  • New Caledonia catshark (Aulohalaelurus kanakorum)
  • Smoothtooth blacktip shark (Carcharhinus leiodon)
  • Oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus)
  • Dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus)
  • Sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus)
  • Night shark (Carcharhinus signatus)
  • Hooktooth shark (Chaenogaleus macrostoma)
  • School shark (Galeorhinus galeus)
  • Southern sawtail catshark (Galeus mincaronei)
  • Brown shyshark (Haploblepharus fuscus)
  • Sicklefin weasel shark (Hemigaleus microstoma)
  • Snaggletooth shark (Hemipristis elongata)
  • Common smooth-hound (Mustelus mustelus)
  • Humpback smooth-hound (Mustelus whitneyi)
  • Sicklefin lemon shark (Negaprion acutidens)
  • Lizard catshark (Schroederichthys saurisqualus)
  • Flapnose houndshark (Scylliogaleus quecketti)
  • Smalleye hammerhead (Sphyrna tudes)
  • Smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena)
  • Spotted houndshark (Triakis maculata)

Subpopulations

  • Copper shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) (1 subpopulation)
  • Spinner shark (Carcharhinus brevipinna) (1 subpopulation)
  • Blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) (1 subpopulation)
  • Dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus) (1 subpopulation)
  • Scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) (2 subpopulations)
  • Bluegrey carpetshark (Brachaelurus colcloughi)
  • Papuan epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium hallstromi)
  • Hooded carpetshark (Hemiscyllium strahani)
  • Tawny nurse shark (Nebrius ferrugineus)
  • Short-tail nurse shark (Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum)
  • Zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum)

Species

  • Lowfin gulper shark (Centrophorus lusitanicus)
  • Leafscale gulper shark (Centrophorus squamosus)
  • Angular roughshark (Oxynotus centrina)
  • Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)
  • Philippine spurdog (Squalus montalbani)

Subpopulations

  • Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) (2 subpopulations)
  • Ogilby's ghostshark (Hydrolagus ogilbyi)
  • Miller Lake lamprey (Entosphenus minimus)
  • Kern brook lamprey (Lampetra hubbsi)
  • Non-parasitic lamprey (Mordacia praecox)

There are 1114 species, eight subspecies, and four subpopulations of ray-finned fish assessed as vulnerable.

Includes sturgeons and paddlefishes.

Species

  • Shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum)
  • Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)
  • American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)
  • Shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus)

Subspecies

  • Gulf sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)

Species

Subpopulations

  • Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) (3 subpopulations)

There are 85 species and three subspecies of toothcarp assessed as vulnerable.

Pupfish species

  • Railroad Valley springfish (Crenichthys nevadae)
  • Leon Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus)
  • Desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius)
  • Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis)
  • Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis)
  • Orestias chungarensis
  • Orestias ctenolepis
  • Orestias olivaceus
  • Orestias pentlandii
  • Orestias silustani
  • Anablepsoides lineasoppilatae
  • Anablepsoides parlettei
  • Aphyolebias obliquus
  • Austrolebias affinis
  • Santa Catarina sabrefin (Campellolebias brucei)
  • Brasilia lyrefin (Cynolebias boitonei)
  • Cynolebias constanciae
  • Ginger pearlfish (Leptolebias marmoratus)
  • Minute pearlfish (Leptolebias minimus)
  • Opalescent pearlfish (Leptolebias opalescens)
  • Splendid pearlfish (Leptolebias splendens)
  • Simpsonichthys picturatus
  • Spectrolebias pilleti

Species

Subspecies

  • Aphyosemion cameronense obscurum
  • Epiplatys chaperi spillmanni
  • Epiplatys olbrechtsi kassiapleuensis
  • Aplocheilichthys keilhacki
  • Kibiti lampeye (Aplocheilichthys lacustris)
  • Ruaha lampeye (Aplocheilichthys omoculatus)
  • Rovuma topminnow (Aplocheilichthys sp. 'Rovuma')
  • Usangu lampeye (Aplocheilichthys usanguensis)
  • Yellowfin gambusia (Gambusia alvarezi)
  • San Felipe gambusia (Gambusia clarkhubbsi)
  • Big Bend gambusia (Gambusia gaigei)
  • Clear Creek gambusia (Gambusia heterochir)
  • Crescent gambusia (Gambusia hurtadoi)
  • Spotfin gambusia (Gambusia krumholzi)
  • Cuatrocienegas gambusia (Gambusia longispinis)
  • Micropanchax bracheti
  • Red striped lampeye (Plataplochilus miltotaenia)
  • Yaqui topminnow (Poeciliopsis sonorensis)
  • Procatopus nimbaensis
  • Rhexipanchax kabae
  • Lambert's lampeye (Rhexipanchax lamberti)
  • Broadstripe topminnow (Fundulus euryzonus)
  • Giant killifish (Fundulus grandissimus)
  • Saltmarsh topminnow (Fundulus jenkinsi)
  • Waccamaw killifish (Fundulus waccamensis)

Cypriniformes includes carps, minnows, loaches and relatives. There are 298 species and one subspecies in the order Cypriniformes assessed as vulnerable.

Species

Subspecies

  • Incilevrek baligi (Phoxinellus zeregi fahirae)

Includes sticklebacks and relatives.

Species

  • Indostomus crocodilus
  • Brick seamoth (Pegasus laternarius)
  • Amur stickleback (Pungitius sinensis)

Subpopulations

  • Little dragonfish (Eurypegasus draconis) (1 subpopulation)
  • Longtail seamoth (Pegasus volitans) (2 subpopulations)

Includes freshwater smelts and allies.

  • Giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus)
  • Flathead galaxias (Galaxias depressiceps)
  • Dwarf inanga (Galaxias gracilis)
  • Flathead galaxias (Galaxias rostratus)
  • Saddled galaxias (Galaxias tanycephalus)
  • Galaxiella pusilla
  • Ariakehimeshirauo (Neosalanx regani)
  • Arthurs paragalaxias (Paragalaxias mesotes)

There are 89 catfish species assessed as vulnerable.

  • Bagre de Rio Verde (Ictalurus mexicanus)
  • Smoky madtom (Noturus baileyi)
  • Yellowfin madtom (Noturus flavipinnis)
  • Frecklebelly madtom (Noturus munitus)
  • Phantom blindcat (Prietella lundbergi)
  • Widemouth blindcat (Satan eurystomus)
  • Toothless blindcat (Trogloglanis pattersoni)
  • Chrysichthys aluuensis
  • Chrysichthys dageti
  • Chrysichthys dendrophorus
  • Chrysichthys helicophagus
  • Chrysichthys longidorsalis
  • Chrysichthys nyongensis
  • Chrysichthys polli
  • Notoglanidium pallidum
  • Notoglanidium walkeri
  • Parauchenoglanis pantherinus

Other catfish species

Batrachoidiformes

  • Boulenger's toadfish (Batrachoides boulengeri)
  • Toadfish (Daector reticulata)
  • Schmitt's toadfish (Daector schmitti)
  • Whitespotted toadfish (Sanopus astrifer)
  • Whitelined toadfish (Sanopus greenfieldorum)
  • Thalassophryne uranoscopus
  • Glover's reef toadfish (Vladichthys gloverensis)

There are 405 species, one subspecies, and one subpopulation in the order Perciformes assessed as vulnerable.

Species

Subspecies

  • Sarotherodon galilaeus borkuanus
  • Western sand darter (Ammocrypta clara)
  • Crystal darter (Crystallaria asprella)
  • Sharphead darter (Etheostoma acuticeps)
  • Conchos darter (Etheostoma australe)
  • Warrior darter (Etheostoma bellator)
  • Holiday darter (Etheostoma brevirostrum)
  • Ashy darter (Etheostoma cinereum)
  • Golden darter (Etheostoma denoncourti)
  • Etowah darter (Etheostoma etowahae)
  • Barrens darter (Etheostoma forbesi)
  • Rio Grande darter (Etheostoma grahami)
  • Tuxedo darter (Etheostoma lemniscatum)
  • Spotted darter (Etheostoma maculatum)
  • Niangua darter (Etheostoma nianguae)
  • Paleback darter (Etheostoma pallididorsum)
  • Waccamaw darter (Etheostoma perlongum)
  • Mexican darter (Etheostoma pottsii)
  • Egg-mimic darter (Etheostoma pseudovulatum)
  • Citico darter (Etheostoma sitikuense)
  • Striated darter (Etheostoma striatulum)
  • Trispot darter (Etheostoma trisella)
  • Tuscumbia darter (Etheostoma tuscumbia)
  • Boulder darter (Etheostoma wapiti)
  • Halloween darter (Percina crypta)
  • Goldline darter (Percina aurolineata)
  • Chesapeake logperch (Percina bimaculata)
  • Blotchside logperch (Percina burtoni)
  • Bluestripe darter (Percina cymatotaenia)
  • Roanoke logperch (Percina rex)
  • Bankhead darter (Percina sipsi)
  • Snail darter (Percina tanasi)
  • Sickle darter (Percina williamsi)

Epinephelids

Species

Subpopulations

  • Okinawa seabream (Acanthopagrus sivicolus)
  • Acanthopagrus vagus
  • Hoshierenko (Cheimerius matsubarai)
  • Black musselcracker (Cymatoceps nasutus)
  • Common dentex (Dentex dentex)
  • Scotsman seabream (Polysteganus praeorbitalis)
  • White stumpnose (Rhabdosargus globiceps)
  • African weakfish (Atractoscion aequidens)
  • Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus)
  • Galapagos croaker (Odontoscion eurymesops)
  • Law croaker (Pseudotolithus senegallus)
  • Galápagos drum (Umbrina galapagorum)
  • Anthias regalis
  • Maya hamlet (Hypoplectrus maya)
  • Plectranthias chungchowensis
  • Socorran soapfish (Rypticus courtenayi)
  • Socorro serrano (Serranus socorroensis)

Combtooth blennies

Threefin blennies

Other Perciformes species

  • Kapingamarangi surgeonfish (Acanthurus chronixis)
  • Aioliops brachypterus
  • Bidyanus bidyanus
  • Boroda expatria
  • Ornamented dragonet (Callionymus comptus)
  • Channa diplogramme
  • Torrentfish (Cheimarrichthys fosteri)
  • Ctenopoma nebulosum
  • Datnioides undecimradiatus
  • Carolina pygmy sunfish (Elassoma boehlkei)
  • Bluebarred pygmy sunfish (Elassoma okatie)
  • Verdean nibbler (Girella zonata)
  • Bluegill bully (Gobiomorphus hubbsi)
  • Adamson's grunter (Hephaestus adamsoni)
  • Clarion angelfish (Holacanthus clarionensis)
  • Sailfish (Istiphorus platypterus)
  • Bigeye lates (Lates mariae)
  • Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)
  • Cubera snapper (Lutjanus cyanopterus)
  • Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans)
  • Mesopristes elongatus
  • Blotched mogurnda (Mogurnda spilota)
  • Striped mogurnda (Mogurnda vitta)
  • Yarra pygmy perch (Nannoperca obscura)
  • Golden pygmy perch (Nannoperca variegata)
  • Golden threadfin bream (Nemipterus virgatus)
  • Royal threadfin (Pentanemus quinquarius)
  • Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)
  • Pale dottyback (Pseudochromis pesi)
  • West African goatfish (Pseudupeneus prayensis)
  • Vermilion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens)
  • Monterrey Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus concolor)
  • Galapagos ringtail damselfish (Stegastes beebei)
  • Whitetail damselfish (Stegastes leucorus)
  • Clarion damselfish (Stegastes redemptus)
  • Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus)
  • Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis)
  • Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus)
  • Yamur Lake grunter (Varia jamoerensis)
  • White salema (Xenichthys agassizii)
  • Black-striped salema (Xenocys jessiae)
  • Chendol lubricus
  • Mastacembelus aviceps
  • Mastacembelus crassus
  • Mastacembelus latens
  • Mastacembelus taiaensis
  • Bombay swamp eel (Monopterus indicus)
  • Campylomormyrus bredoi
  • Ivindomyrus opdenboschi
  • Marcusenius brucii
  • Marcusenius cuangoanus
  • Marcusenius ntemensis
  • Marcusenius sanagaensis
  • Marcusenius sp. 'Malindi'
  • Marcusenius sp. 'Turkwell'
  • Mormyrus cyaneus
  • Mormyrus iriodes
  • Myomyrus pharao
  • Paramormyrops eburneensis
  • Paramormyrops gabonensis
  • Paramormyrops hopkinsi
  • Paramormyrops longicaudatus
  • Stomatorhinus microps
  • Apletodon barbatus
  • Galapagos clingfish (Arcos poecilophthalmus)
  • Clarion clingfish (Gobiesox aethus)
  • Socorro clingfish (Gobiesox canidens)
  • Woods' clingfish (Gobiesox woodsi)
  • Distant clingfish (Tomicodon absitus)
  • Bifid clingfish (Tomicodon bidens)
  • Vermiculate clingfish (Tomicodon vermiculatus)

Species

  • Alestopetersius smykalai
  • Niger tetra (Arnoldichthys spilopterus)
  • Astyanax cordovae
  • Astyanax trierythropterus
  • Attonitus bounites
  • Brycinus brevis
  • Brycinus carolinae
  • Brycinus derhami
  • Brycinus luteus
  • Brycon fowleri
  • Brycon moorei
  • Brycon orthotaenia
  • Bryconamericus tolimae
  • Clupeocharax schoutedeni
  • Cynopotamus atratoensis
  • Distichodus petersii
  • Genycharax tarpon
  • Hyphessobrycon nigricinctus
  • Ichthyoelephas longirostris
  • Knodus longus
  • Adonis tetra (Lepidarchus adonis)
  • Leporinus muyscorum
  • Micralestes comoensis
  • Nannocharax latifasciatus
  • Nannocharax rubrolabiatus
  • Neolebias spilotaenia
  • Pseudochalceus longianalis

Subspecies

  • Astyanax mexicanus jordani

Includes the pipefishes and seahorses.

  • West African seahorse (Hippocampus algiricus)
  • Barbour's seahorse (Hippocampus barbouri)
  • Tiger tail seahorse (Hippocampus comes)
  • Lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus)
  • Spiny seahorse (Hippocampus histrix)
  • Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens)
  • Great seahorse (Hippocampus kelloggi)
  • Spotted seahorse (Hippocampus kuda)
  • Hippocampus planifrons
  • Hedgehog seahorse (Hippocampus spinosissimus)
  • Flat-faced seahorse (Hippocampus trimaculatus)
  • Andaman pipefish (Microphis insularis)
  • Verco's pipefish (Vanacampus vercoi)

Species

  • Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis)
  • Pontic shad (Alosa immaculata)
  • Macedonian shad (Alosa macedonica)
  • Alosa sp. 'Skadar'
  • Chame point anchovy (Anchoa chamensis)
  • Denticle herring (Denticeps clupeoides)
  • Dungu sprat (Microthrissa minuta)
  • Cuban longfin herring (Neoopisthopterus cubanus)
  • Galapágos thread herring (Opisthonema berlangai)
  • Vaqueira longfin herring (Opisthopterus effulgens)
  • Lake Mweru sprat (Poecilothrissa moeruensis)
  • Madeiran sardinella (Sardinella maderensis)
  • Ronquillo's anchovy (Stolephorus ronquilloi)
  • Laotian shad (Tenualosa thibaudeaui)

Subspecies

  • Clupeonella abrau muhlisi
  • Bear Lake sculpin (Cottus extensus)
  • Cottus petiti
  • Cottus scaturigo
  • Slender sculpin (Cottus tenuis)
  • Galapagos gurnard (Prionotus miles)
  • Long-ray searobin (Prionotus teaguei)

Other ray-finned fish species

  • Shortjaw bonefish (Albula glossodonta)
  • Indonesian longfinned eel (Anguilla borneensis)
  • Apteronotus spurrellii
  • Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
  • Grasseichthys gabonensis
  • Gymnotus henni
  • Kneria ruaha
  • Kneria uluguru
  • Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus)
  • Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)
  • Candil amarillo (Myripristis clarionensis)
  • Clipperton cardinal soldierfish (Myripristis gildi)
  • Parakneria tanzaniae
  • Pouch snake eel (Paraletharchus opercularis)
  • Yellowtail flounder (Pleuronectes ferrugineus)
  • Galapagos snake eel (Quassiremus evionthas)
  • European mudminnow (Umbra krameri)
  • Zebrias lucapensis
  • Longfin hagfish (Eptatretus longipinnis)
  • Myxine garmani
  • Myxine sotoi
  • Paramyxine cheni
  • Paramyxine fernholmi
  • Paramyxine nelsoni

See also

References

  1. "IUCN Red List version 2016-2". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. http://www.iucnredlist.org/. Retrieved 8 September 2016. 
  2. "Limitations of the Data". Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/description/limitations. Retrieved 11 January 2016. 
  3. "2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)". Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1. Retrieved 11 January 2016. 





Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:List_of_vulnerable_fishes
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