Terek sandpiper

Terek sandpiper
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Scolopacidae
Genus:	Xenus; Kaup, 1829
Species:	X. cinereus
Binomial name
	Xenus cinereus; (Güldenstädt, 1775)
Synonyms
	Tringa cinerea; Tringa terek

Short description: Species of bird

The Terek sandpiper (Xenus cinereus) is a small migratory Palearctic wader species and is the only member of the genus Xenus. It is named after the Terek River which flows into the west of the Caspian Sea, as it was first observed around this area.^[1] The genus name Xenus is from Ancient Greek xenos stranger, and cinereus is Latin for "ash-grey" from cinis, cineris, "ashes".^[2]

Description and systematics

Slightly larger than the common sandpiper at 22–25 cm (8.7–9.8 in) length, its long upcurved bill – somewhat reminiscent of an avocet's, but not as strongly curved – makes it very distinctive. As the scientific specific name implies, this wader has a grey back, face and breast in all plumages; a white supercilium may appear more or less distinct. The belly is whitish and the feet yellow; the bill has a yellowish base, with the rest being black.

The call is a high whistle.

Among the Scolopacidae, Xenus is part of the shank-tattler-phalarope clade and less closely related to the calidrid sandpipers. Based on the degree of DNA sequence divergence and putative shank and phalarope fossils from around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary some 23–22 million years ago, the Terek sandpiper presumably diverged from their relatives in the Late Oligocene. Given the numerous basal fossils of the group found in Eurasia it is likely that the Terek sandpiper lineage originated there, possibly by being isolated as the remains of the Turgai Sea dried up, which happened just around this time.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Distribution and ecology

This bird breeds near water in the taiga from Finland through northern Siberia to the Kolyma River, and migrate south in winter to tropical coasts in east Africa, south Asia and Australia , usually preferring muddy areas. It is a rare vagrant in western Europe, and particularly in autumn it is sometimes seen passing through the Marianas on migration; on Palau, further off its usual migration route, it is decidedly uncommon on the other hand. Almost annually and apparently more and more often in recent times, a few birds stray to Alaska and the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands. Every few years, individual vagrants are recorded in the Neotropics, where they arrive either as migrating birds from Africa, or as North American strays accompanying local waders south for winter. Such vagrants have been recorded as far south as Argentina .^[6]^[7]^[8]

The overall genetic variation in Terek sandpipers across their range is low, with some evidence of contractions followed by expansion. Although the geographically isolated Dniephe River population in Eastern Europe does show significant genetic differentiation.^[9]

It feeds in a distinctive and very active way, chasing insects and other mobile prey, and sometimes then running to the water's edge to wash its catch.

It lays three or four eggs in a lined ground scrape.

The Terek sandpiper likes to associate with ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres), smallish calidrids, and Charadrius (but maybe not Pluvialis) plovers; a vagrant bird at Paraty (Rio de Janeiro state) was noted to pair up with a spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius).^[8] Thus it may be that the Terek sandpiper under natural conditions may mate with common sandpiper (A. hypoleucos), the Old World sister species of spotted sandpiper (A. macularius). As hybridisation in shorebirds is extremely commonplace and Actitis is among the closer relatives of the Terek sandpiper, such pairings (should they indeed occur) may produce hybrid offspring.

This is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. Widespread and often quite commonly seen, the Terek sandpiper is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.^[10]

Gallery

Terek sandpiper Xenus cinereus, little stint Calidris minuta and marsh sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis in Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India .
Eating ragworm in Shōnai River, Japan .
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
In flight

References

↑ Carnaby, Trevor (2009). Beat About the Bush Birds. Jacana Media. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-77009-241-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=hh11gLdZyDgC&pg=PA77. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 107, 411. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling.
↑ Mlíkovský, Jiří (2002). Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Prague: Ninox Press. OCLC 156629447. http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf.
↑ Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J.; Groth, J.G.; Barrowclough, G.F. (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29 (2): 268–278. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8. PMID 13678682.
↑ Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A.; Székely, Tamás (2004). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMID 15329156.
↑ Wiles, Gary J.; Johnson, Nathan C.; de Cruz, Justine B.; Dutson, Guy; Camacho, Vicente A.; Kepler, Angela Kay; Vice, Daniel S.; Garrett, Kimball L. et al. (2004). "New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003". Micronesica 37 (1): 69–96. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228788814.
↑ VanderWerf, Eric A.; Wiles, Gary J.; Marshall, Ann P.; Knecht, Melia (2006). "Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit". Micronesica 39 (1): 11–29. http://www.micronesica.org/sites/default/files/2_vanderwerf-palau.pdf.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 White, Richard W.; Lehnhausen, Bud; Kirwan, Guy M. (2006). "The first documented record of Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus for Brazil" (in English, Portuguese). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14 (4): 460–462. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237570613.
↑ Rönkä, N.; Pakanen, V.; Blomqvist, D.; Degtyaryev, M.; Golovatin, M.; Isakov, G.; Karlionova, N.; Lehikoinen, A. et al. (2019). "Near panmixia at the distribution‐wide scale but evidence of genetic differentiation in a geographically isolated population of the Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus". Ibis 161 (3): 632–647. doi:10.1111/ibi.12651.
↑ "Species factsheet: Xenus cinereus". BirdLife International. 2008. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/factsheet/22693251.

External links

Terek sandpiper species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
"Xenus cinereus". Avibase. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=.
"Terek sandpiper media". Internet Bird Collection. http://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/terek-sandpiper-xenus-cinereus.
Terek sandpiper photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)

Wikidata ☰ Q18856 entry

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[Carnaby2009-1] Carnaby, Trevor (2009). Beat About the Bush Birds. Jacana Media. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-77009-241-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=hh11gLdZyDgC&pg=PA77. Retrieved 5 June 2012.

[job-2] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 107, 411. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling.

[Mlikovsky2002-3] Mlíkovský, Jiří (2002). Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Prague: Ninox Press. OCLC 156629447. http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf.

[Paton2003-4] Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J.; Groth, J.G.; Barrowclough, G.F. (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29 (2): 268–278. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8. PMID 13678682.

[Thomas2004-5] Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A.; Székely, Tamás (2004). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMID 15329156.

[Wiles2004-6] Wiles, Gary J.; Johnson, Nathan C.; de Cruz, Justine B.; Dutson, Guy; Camacho, Vicente A.; Kepler, Angela Kay; Vice, Daniel S.; Garrett, Kimball L. et al. (2004). "New and Noteworthy Bird Records for Micronesia, 1986–2003". Micronesica 37 (1): 69–96. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228788814.

[VanderWerf2006-7] VanderWerf, Eric A.; Wiles, Gary J.; Marshall, Ann P.; Knecht, Melia (2006). "Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April–May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit". Micronesica 39 (1): 11–29. http://www.micronesica.org/sites/default/files/2_vanderwerf-palau.pdf.

[White2006-8] 8.0 ^8.1 White, Richard W.; Lehnhausen, Bud; Kirwan, Guy M. (2006). "The first documented record of Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus for Brazil" (in English, Portuguese). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 14 (4): 460–462. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237570613.

[9] Rönkä, N.; Pakanen, V.; Blomqvist, D.; Degtyaryev, M.; Golovatin, M.; Isakov, G.; Karlionova, N.; Lehikoinen, A. et al. (2019). "Near panmixia at the distribution‐wide scale but evidence of genetic differentiation in a geographically isolated population of the Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus". Ibis 161 (3): 632–647. doi:10.1111/ibi.12651.

[BLI-10] "Species factsheet: Xenus cinereus". BirdLife International. 2008. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/factsheet/22693251.

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