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Censorship of Twitter

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Short description: Overview of censorship on Twitter


Censorship of Twitter refers to Internet censorship by governments that block access to Twitter, or censorship by Twitter itself. Twitter censorship also includes governmental notice and take down requests to Twitter, which Twitter enforces in accordance with its Terms of Service when a government or authority submits a valid removal request to Twitter indicating that specific content (such as a tweet) is illegal in their jurisdiction.

Restrictions based on government request

Twitter acts on complaints by third parties, including governments, to remove illegal content in accordance with the laws of the countries in which people use the service. On processing a successful complaint about an illegal tweet from "government officials, companies or another outside party", the social networking site will notify users from that country that they may not see it.[1]

France

Following the posting of an antisemitic and racist posts by anonymous users, Twitter removed those posts from its service. Lawsuits were filed by the Union of Jewish Students (UEJF), a French advocacy group and, on January 24, 2013, Judge Anne-Marie Sauteraud ordered Twitter to divulge the personally identifiable information about the user who posted the antisemitic post, charging that the posts violated French laws against hate speech. Twitter responded by saying that it was "reviewing its options" regarding the French charges. Twitter was given two weeks to comply with the court order before daily fines of €1,000 (about US$1,300) would be assessed. Issues over jurisdiction arise, because Twitter has no offices nor employees within France, so it is unclear how a French court could sanction Twitter.[2][3][4]

India

Main page: Software:Internet censorship in India

Twitter accounts spoofing the Prime Minister of India such as "PM0India", "Indian-pm" and "PMOIndiaa" were blocked in India in August 2012 following violence in Assam.[5]

During the curfew in Jammu and Kashmir after Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status on 5 August 2019, the Indian government approached Twitter to suspend accounts which were spreading rumours and anti-India content.[6] This included the Twitter account of Syed Ali Shah Geelani, a Kashmiri separatist leader.[7] On 3 August 2019, Geelani tweeted "India is about to launch the biggest genocide in the history of mankind",[8] leading which, his account was suspended on request by authorities. Two days later, on August 5, the Indian parliament passed resolution to bifurcate the Jammu and Kashmir state into two union territories.

In February 2021, Twitter blocked hundreds of accounts that were posting about the Indian farmers protest from being accessed by users in India, by request of the Ministry of Home Affairs; the government ministry alleged that the accounts were spreading misinformation.[9][10][11] Later that month, Twitter became subject to the national Social Media Ethics Code, which expects all social media companies operating in the country to remove content by request of the government within 36 hours, and appoint a local representative who is an Indian resident and passport holder[12]

On May 18, 2021, Bhartiya Janata Party national spokesperson Sambit Patra posted an image alleged to be from an internal Indian National Congress (INC) document, detailing a social media campaign against Prime Minister Narendra Modi to criticize his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The INC disputed the posts and claimed that they were fabricated. Twitter subsequently marked the post as containing manipulated media.[13][14] The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology issued a request for Twitter to remove the label, alleging that Twitter's decision was "prejudged, prejudiced, and a deliberate attempt to colour the investigation by the local law enforcement agency.".[13] After Twitter refused to remove the label, its offices in New Delhi were raided by police.[15]

In June 2021, Twitter lost its immunity as an "intermediary" under the Information Technology Act for its failure to appoint a local representative. It will be considered publisher of all materials posted on the platform.[16][17] Later the same month, police in Uttar Pradesh registered a case against Twitter accusing it of distribution of child pornography.[18]

Israel

In 2016, access to comments by the American blogger Richard Silverstein about a criminal investigation, which involved a minor and therefore was under a gag order according to Israeli law, was blocked to Israeli IP addresses, following a request by Israel's Ministry of Justice.[19][20]

Pakistan

As of May 2014, Twitter regularly disables the ability to view specific "tweets" inside Pakistan, at the request of the Government of Pakistan on the grounds that they are blasphemous, having done so five times in that month.[21]

On November 25, 2017, the NetBlocks internet shutdown observatory and Digital Rights Foundation collected evidence of nation-wide blocking of Twitter alongside other social media services, imposed by the government in response to the religious political party Tehreek-e-Labaik protests.[22][23][24] The technical investigation found that all major Pakistani fixed-line and mobile service providers were affected by the restrictions, which were lifted by the PTA the next day when protests abated following the resignation of Minister for Law and Justice Zahid Hamid.[25]

Russia

On May 19, 2014, Twitter blocked a pro-Ukrainian political account for Russian users. It happened soon after a Russian official had threatened to ban Twitter entirely if it refused to delete "tweets" that violated Russian law, according to the Russian news site Izvestia.[26]

On July 27, 2014, Twitter blocked an account belonging to a hacker collective that has leaked several internal Kremlin documents to the Internet.[27]

On March 10, 2021 Russia's Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media began throttling Twitter on all mobile devices and 50% of computers due to claims that Twitter regulatory board failed to remove illegal content that includes suicide, child pornography, and drug use. They issued Twitter could be blocked in Russia if it did not comply. In an e-mail statement Twitter stated it was "deeply concerned to throttle online public conversation."[28][29][30]

From March to April 2021 Roskomnadzor considered a ban and the removal of the IP of Twitter from Russia completely.[31] The government agency was met with denials and lack of urgency from the social network.[32] Roskomnadzor has the necessary “technical capabilities” to completely remove Twitter from Russian domain.[33] The severity of the situation occurred when over 3,000 posts containing child pornography in violation of Community Guidelines have been detected in 2021 by the agency that was later sent to Twitter regulatory board for verification. However Twitter sent no response back to the agency concerning the illegal content and has thereafter been charged of withholding its duty to maintain the social network's Community Guidelines.[33]

On April 2, 2021 a Russian court found Twitter guilty on three counts of "violating regulations on restricting unlawful content," and ordered Twitter to pay three fines adding up to $117,000.[34][35][36] On April 5, 2021 Russia extended its throttling of Twitter until May 15, 2021. On May 17, 2021 Roskomnadzor said that Twitter had removed 91% of the banned content and backed off on blocking Twitter. Barring 600 posts still pending removal, the government agency also said they would continue throttling Twitter on Mobile Devices only saying that Twitter needed to remove all the banned items and in the future delete reportedly illegal posts within 24 hours for all restrictions to be lifted.[37]

South Korea

In August 2010, the Government of South Korea tried to block certain content on Twitter due to the North Korean government opening a Twitter account.[38] The North Korean Twitter account created on August 12, uriminzok, loosely translated to mean "our people" in Korean, acquired over 4,500 followers in less than one week. On August 19, 2010, South Korea 's state-run Communications Standards Commission banned the Twitter account for broadcasting "illegal information."[39] According to BBC US and Canada, experts claim that North Korea has invested in "information technology for more than 20 years" with knowledge of how to use social networking sites.[40] This appears to be "nothing new" for North Korea as the reclusive country has always published propaganda in its press, usually against South Korea, calling them "warmongers."[40] With only 36 "tweets", the Twitter account was able to accumulate almost 9,000 followers. To date, the South Korean Commission has banned 65 sites, including this Twitter account.[39]

Tanzania

On October 29, 2020, the ISPs in Tanzania blocked social media in their country during the election week.[41] Other social media sites have been unblocked since then, but Twitter remains blocked across all ISPs.

Turkey

On April 20, 2014, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, FAZ, reported Twitter had blocked two regime hostile accounts in Turkey, @Bascalan and @Haramzadeler333, both known for pointing out corruption.[42] In fact, on March 26, 2014, Twitter announced that it started to use its Country Withheld Content tool for the first time in Turkey.[43] As of June 2014, Twitter was withholding 14 accounts and "hundreds of tweets" in Turkey.[44]

Turkey submitted the highest volume of removal requests to Twitter in 2014,[45] 2015,[46][47] 2016,[46] 2017[48] and 2018.[48] While in 2019 was third.[48]

Venezuela

Twitter images were temporarily blocked in Venezuela in February 2014,[49] along with other sites used to share images, including Pastebin.com and Zello, a walkie-talkie app.[50] In response to the block, Twitter offered Venezuelan users a workaround to use their accounts via text message on their mobile phones.[51]

On February 27, 2019, internet monitoring group NetBlocks reported the blocking of Twitter by state-run Internet provider CANTV for a duration of 40 minutes.[52][53] The disruption followed the sharing of a tweet made by opposition leader Juan Guaidó linking to a highly critical recording posted to SoundCloud, which was also restricted access during the incident. The outages were found to be consistent with a pattern of brief, targeted filtering of other social platforms established during the country's presidential crisis.[54]

Government blocking of Twitter access

<section begin=authmap/>

Blocking of Twitter by countries
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  Currently blocked
  Formerly blocked

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In some cases, governments and other authorities take unilateral action to block Internet access to Twitter or its content.

(As of 2019), the governments of China , Iran, North Korea, and Turkmenistan have blocked access to Twitter in those countries.

In 2021, the government of Nigeria has blocked access to Twitter, after Twitter deleted a controversial tweet by the country's president Muhammadu Buhari.

China

Twitter is officially blocked in China; however, many Chinese people circumvent the block to use it.[55] Even major Chinese companies and national medias, such as Huawei and CCTV, use Twitter through a government approved VPN.[56][57] The official account of China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs started tweeting in English in December 2019, meanwhile dozens of Chinese diplomats, embassies and consulates run their accounts on Twitter.[58] In 2010, Cheng Jianping was sentenced to one year in a labor camp for "retweeting" a comment that suggested boycotters of Japanese products should instead attack the Japanese pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai Expo. Her fiancé, who posted the initial comment, claims it was actually a satire of anti-Japanese sentiment in China.[59] According to the report of the Washington Post, in 2019, state security officials visited some users in China to request them deleting tweets.[60] The Chinese police would produce printouts of tweets and advise users to delete either the specific messages or their entire accounts. The New York Times described "the crackdown (of the twitter users in China) is unusually broad and punitive". The targets of the crackdown even included those Twitter lurkers with very few followers.[61] In 2019, a Chinese student at the University of Minnesota was arrested and sentenced to six months in prison when he returned to China, for posting tweets mocking Chinese paramount leader Xi Jinping while in US.[62] On 3 July 2020, Twitter announced that all data and information requests for Hong Kong authorities were immediately paused after Hong Kong national security law, which was imposed by the Chinese government, went into effect.[63] According to the official verdicts as of 2020, hundreds of Chinese were sentenced to prison due to their tweeting, retweeting and liking on Twitter.[64]

Egypt (2011 temporary block)

Twitter was inaccessible in Egypt on January 25, 2011 during the 2011 Egyptian protests. Some news reports blamed the government of Egypt for blocking it.[65] Vodafone Egypt, Egypt's largest mobile network operator, denied responsibility for the action in a tweet.[66] Twitter's news releases did not state who the company believed instituted the block.[67] As of January 26, Twitter was still confirming that the service was blocked in Egypt.[68] On January 27, various reports claimed that access to the entire Internet from within Egypt had been shut down.[69]

Shortly after the Internet shutdown, engineers at Google, Twitter, and SayNow, a voice-messaging startup company acquired by Google in January, announced the Speak To Tweet service. Google stated in its official blog that the goal of the service was to assist Egyptian protesters in staying connected during the Internet shutdown.[70] Users could phone in a "tweet" by leaving a voicemail and use the Twitter hashtag #Egypt. These comments could be accessed without an Internet connection by dialing the same designated phone numbers. Those with Internet access could listen to the comments by visiting twitter.com/speak2tweet.

On February 2, 2011, connectivity was re-established by the four main Egyptian service providers.[71][72][73] A week later, the heavy filtering that occurred at the height of the revolution had ended.

Iran

In 2009, during 2009 Iranian presidential election, the Iranian government blocked Twitter due to fear of protests being organised.[74] In September 2013, the blocking of both Twitter and Facebook was briefly lifted without notice due to a technical error, however, within a day the sites were blocked again.[75]

Nigeria (2021 indefinite block)

Main page: Social:Ban of Twitter in Nigeria

On June 2, 2021, President of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari made posts on Twitter that threatened retaliatory action against the Eastern Security Network (ESN), a paramilitary organization of the separatist group Indigenous People of Biafra responsible for attacks on government structures, military and police personnel in the South Eastern part of the country. President Buhari's tweets evoked the Nigerian Civil War as a theme, including the statement "those of us in the fields for 30 months, who went through the war, will treat them in the language they understand." After criticism of the posts, Twitter removed them claiming violations of its policy on abusive content, and temporarily suspended President Buhari's account.[76][77][78]

President Buhari considered the actions to be a violation of his freedom of speech,[77] while Minister of Information and Culture Lai Mohammed accused Twitter of operating under a "double standard".[79] On June 4, 2021, Mohammed announced that Twitter's operations in Nigeria would be "suspended" indefinitely, arguing that the company had been engaging in activities "capable of undermining Nigeria’s corporate existence." He also stated that the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) would be compelled to establish a licensing system for social media and "OTT" services.[80][77][81]

On June 5, under directives issued pursuant to the suspension, Twitter was blocked by all internet service providers in the country.[78][79] The block is performed by internet service providers blocking the IP addresses used by Twitter, as well as DNS filtering so that the DNS servers run by these internet service providers do not return an IP address to be communicated with when an attempt is made to connect to the Twitter domain.[82]

A large number of users attempted to bypass the blocks using VPN services; Attorney General Abubakar Malami signed a directive making any use of Twitter a prosecutable offense.[79] On June 6, the diplomatic missions of Canada, the European Union, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States issued a joint statement condemning the ban and related actions, as they "inhibit access to information and commerce and precisely the moment Nigeria needs to foster inclusive dialogue and expression of opinions".[83] The block received criticism from the Newspaper Proprietors' Association of Nigeria. The Nigerian Guild of Editors asked the government to seek other methods of resolving the dispute with Twitter.[84]

On June 7, all broadcast media outlets were ordered by the NBC to cease use of Twitter, including use of the service as a source for information gathering.[85]

North Korea

In April 2016, North Korea started to block Twitter "in a move underscoring its concern with the spread of online information".[86] Anyone who tries to access it without special permission from the North Korean government, including foreign visitors and residents, is subject to punishment.[86]

Turkey (2014 temporary block)

On March 21, 2014, access to Twitter in Turkey was temporarily blocked, after a court ordered that "protection measures" be applied to the service. This followed earlier remarks by Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan who vowed to "wipe out Twitter" following damaging allegations of corruption in his inner circle.[87] However, on March 27, 2014, Istanbul Anatolia 18th Criminal Court of Peace suspended the above-mentioned court order. Turkey's constitutional court later ruled that the ban is illegal.[88] Two weeks after the Turkish government blocked the site, the Twitter ban was lifted.[89] However, (As of 2017), Twitter reports that the government of Turkey accounts for more than 52 percent of all content removal requests worldwide.[90]

Turkmenistan

(As of 2018), foreign news and opposition websites are blocked in Turkmenistan, and international social networks such as Twitter are "often inaccessible".[91]

United Kingdom (2011 threat of temporary block)

Then-Prime Minister David Cameron threatened to shut down Twitter among other social networking sites for the duration of the 2011 England riots,[92] but no action was taken.

Suspending and restricting users

Under Twitter's Terms of Service which requiring users agreement, Twitter retains the right to temporarily or permanently suspend user accounts based on violations.[93] One such example took place on December 18, 2017, when it banned the accounts belonging to Paul Golding, Jayda Fransen, Britain First, and the Traditionalist Worker Party.. Donald Trump, the former President of the United States, faced a limited degree of censorship in 2019, and following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol has been completely suspended on January 8, 2021 according to an interpretation of two tweets by moderation.[94][95][96] Trump has used the platform extensively as a means of communication, and has escalated tensions with other nations through his tweets.[97] On January 8, 2021 at 6:21 EST, Twitter permanently suspended Trump's personal Twitter account.[98] The President then posted four status updates on the POTUS Twitter account which were subsequently removed. Twitter said they would not suspend government accounts, but will "instead take action to limit their use."[99]

Twitter's policies have been described as subject to manipulation by users who may coordinate to flag politically controversial tweets as allegedly violating the platform's policies, resulting in deplatforming of controversial users.[93] The platform has long been criticized for its failure to provide details of underlying alleged policy violations to the subjects of Twitter suspensions and bans.[100]

In 2018, Twitter rolled out a "quality filter" that hid content and users deemed "low quality" from search results and limited their visibility, leading to accusations of shadow banning. After conservatives claimed it censors users from the political right, Alex Thompson, a writer for VICE, confirmed that many prominent Republican politicians had been "shadow banned" by the filter.[101] Twitter later acknowledged the problem, stating that the filter had a software bug that would be fixed in the near future.[101]

In October 2020, Twitter prevented users from tweeting about a New York Post article about the Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory, relating to emails about Hunter Biden allegedly introducing a Ukrainian businessman to his father, Joe Biden.[102] Senators Marsha Blackburn and Ted Cruz described the blocking of the New York Post on Twitter as "election interference".[103] The New York Times reported in September 2021 that a Federal Election Commission inquiry into a complaint about the matter found Twitter had acted with a valid commercial reason, rather than a political purpose. The FEC inquiry also found that allegations Twitter had violated election laws by allegedly shadow banning Republicans and other means were "vague, speculative and unsupported by the available information."[104]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Pfanner, Eric; Somini Sengupta (January 24, 2013). "In a French Case, a Battle to Unmask Twitter Users". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/technology/twitter-ordered-to-help-reveal-sources-of-anti-semitic-posts.html. 
  3. ↑ "French court rules on hate tweets". UPI. January 25, 2013. http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Technology/2013/01/25/French-court-rules-on-hate-tweets/UPI-38951359153077/. 
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  7. ↑ Twitter told to take down handles spreading fake news about Kashmir Valley , The Economic Times (August 13, 2019)
  8. ↑ "'India is about to launch the biggest genocide in IOK': Kashmiri leader urges Muslims to 'save our souls'". Pakistan Today. 3 August 2019. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/08/03/india-is-about-to-launch-biggest-genocide-in-iok-kashmiri-leader-urges-muslims-to-save-our-souls/. 
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  14. ↑ May 19, TIMESOFINDIA COM /; 2021; Ist, 13:01. "What is 'Congress toolkit' controversy: All you need to know | India News - Times of India" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-the-congress-toolkit-controversy-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/82761578.cms. 
  15. ↑ Ramachandran, Naman (2021-05-24). "Twitter’s India Offices Raided by Delhi Police After Political Tweet" (in en-US). https://variety.com/2021/digital/global/twitter-india-offices-raid-bjp-1234980231/. 
  16. ↑ "Legal protection of Twitter as intermediary is not absolute, it is compliance-oriented". 2021-06-18. https://www.firstpost.com/india/legal-protection-of-twitter-as-intermediary-is-not-absolute-it-is-compliance-oriented-9727961.html. 
  17. ↑ Jun 2021, Times Now | 16; Ist, 09:42 Am. "Twitter loses its status as intermediary platform in India due to non-compliance with new IT rules". https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/twitter-loses-its-status-as-intermediary-platform-in-india-due-to-non-compliance-with-new-it-rules/videoshow/83563515.cms. 
  18. ↑ Reuters (June 30, 2021). "Twitter faces new case for child pornography after India map row". al-Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/30/india-twitter-kashmir-map-child-pornography. 
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  20. ↑ "Twitter Agrees To Remove Tweet At Israel's Request". Vocativ. August 11, 2016. http://www.vocativ.com/349919/twitter-agrees-to-censor-tweet-at-israels-request/. 
  21. ↑ "Twitter Agrees to Block 'Blasphemous' Tweets in Pakistan". The New York Times. May 22, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/22/world/asia/twitter-agrees-to-block-blasphemous-tweets-in-pakistan.html. 
  22. ↑ "DRF and NetBlocks find blanket and nation-wide ban on social media in Pakistan and demand it to be lifted immediately" (in en-GB). Digital Rights Foundation. November 26, 2017. https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/press-release-drf-and-netblocks-find-blanket-and-nation-wide-ban-on-social-media-in-pakistan-and-demand-it-to-be-lifted-immediately/. 
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  24. ↑ "All you need to know about nation-wide internet disruptions during dharna" (in en-US). November 27, 2017. https://www.samaa.tv/social-buzz/2017/11/need-know-nation-wide-internet-disruptions-dharna/. 
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  30. ↑ Shead, Sam (2021-03-10). "Russia says it is slowing down Twitter to protect citizens from illegal content" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/10/russia-slows-down-twitter-to-protect-citizens.html. 
  31. ↑ "Russia will block Twitter in one month unless it deletes banned content - Russian news agencies". 2021-03-16. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/russia-will-block-twitter-in-one-month-unless-it-deletes-banned-content-russian-news. 
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  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Russia threatens to block Twitter in a month" (in en-US). 2021-03-16. https://www.cbs42.com/news/business/russia-threatens-to-block-twitter-in-a-month/. 
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  37. ↑ "Russia partially halts punitive Twitter slowdown, warns other tech platforms". 2021-05-17. https://www.reuters.com/technology/russia-partially-lifts-restrictions-twitter-after-some-banned-content-deleted-2021-05-17/. 
  38. ↑ "South Korea tries to block Twitter messages from North". Washingtonpost.com. August 21, 2010. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/20/AR2010082005741.html. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Zachary Sniderman (August 19, 2010). "North Korea's Newly Launched Twitter Account Banned by South Korea". Mashable.com. http://mashable.com/2010/08/19/north-korea-twitter-banned/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Boyd, Clark (August 18, 2010). "BBC News – North Korea creates Twitter and YouTube presence". Bbc.co.uk. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11007825. 
  41. ↑ "Tanzania Restrics Social Media". October 29, 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/tanzania-restricts-social-media-during-election/a-55433057. 
  42. ↑ "Twitter sperrt regierungsfeindliche Konten". April 20, 2014. http://m.faz.net/aktuell/politik/tuerkei-twitter-sperrt-regierungsfeindliche-konten-12903503.html. 
  43. ↑ Gadde, Vijaya (March 26, 2014). "Challenging the access ban in Turkey". Twitter. https://blog.twitter.com/2014/challenging-the-access-ban-in-turkey. 
  44. ↑ Sözeri, Efe Kerem (June 28, 2014). "Twitter Yasakları: Yolsuzluk, Dedikodu ve Biraz Porno". Bianet. http://www.bianet.org/biamag/diger/156774-twitter-yasaklari-yolsuzluk-dedikodu-ve-biraz-porno. 
  45. ↑ "Turkey tops countries demanding content removal: Twitter". reuters. February 9, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-twitter/turkey-tops-countries-demanding-content-removal-twitter-idUSKBN0LD1P620150209. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Half of All Requests to Remove Twitter Posts Come From Turkey". Bloomberg L.P.. March 22, 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-22/half-of-tweet-removal-requests-come-from-turkey-twitter-says.  ...Turkey accounted for more than half of all content removal requests sent to Twitter during the second half of 2016, a ranking it has topped for three years.
  47. ↑ "Turkey leads the world in Twitter censorship — and no other country is even close". businessinsider. August 13, 2015. http://www.businessinsider.com/turkey-leads-in-twitter-censorship-2015-8. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "Removal Requests - Twitter Transparency Center". https://transparency.twitter.com/en/reports/removal-requests.html. 
  49. ↑ Knibbs, Kate (February 17, 2014). "Venezuela censors tweets amid protests, Twitter confirms". http://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/venezuela-censors-tweets-among-february-protests/#!B9IFw. 
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  52. ↑ "Twitter blocked in Venezuela" (in en-US). February 27, 2019. https://netblocks.org/reports/twitter-blocked-in-venezuela-noy9d4B3. 
  53. ↑ Carballo, Betzimar (February 27, 2019). "NetBlocks: "Por primera vez durante la crisis Twitter fue bloqueado en Venezuela"" (in es). http://www.caraotadigital.net/nacionales/bloquearon-twitter-venezuela/. 
  54. ↑ Ma, Alexandra. "Venezuela's Maduro has been blacking out social media — and sometimes the whole internet — to stifle his US-backed opposition". https://www.businessinsider.com/venezuela-maduro-social-media-internet-blackout-to-stifle-opposition-2019-1. 
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  57. ↑ "Huawei (@Huawei) | Twitter" (in en). https://twitter.com/Huawei. 
  58. ↑ Feng, Zhaoyin (29 December 2019). "China and Twitter: The year China got louder on social media". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50832915. 
  59. ↑ Shahid, Aliyah (November 18, 2010). "Chinese woman, Cheng Jianping, sentenced to a year in labor camp over Twitter post". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/11/18/2010-11-18_chinese_woman_cheng_jianping_sentenced_to_a_year_in_labor_camp_over_twitter_post.html. 
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  67. ↑ Sherman, Alex (January 26, 2011). "Twitter Says Access to Service in Egypt Is Blocked". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-01-26/twitter-says-access-to-service-in-egypt-is-blocked.html. Retrieved January 26, 2011. 
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