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Ammonium nitrate disasters

Topic: Chemistry

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 11 min

When heated, ammonium nitrate decomposes non-explosively into gases including oxygen; however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, and may also detonate, as happened in the Texas City disaster of 1947, which led to major changes in the regulations for storage and handling. There are two major classes of incidents resulting in explosions:

  • In the first case, the explosion happens by the mechanism of shock to detonation transition. The initiation happens by an explosive charge going off in the mass, by the detonation of a shell thrown into the mass, or by detonation of an explosive mixture in contact with the mass. The examples are Kriewald, Morgan, Oppau, Tessenderlo, and Traskwood.
  • In the second case, the explosion results from a fire that spreads into the ammonium nitrate (AN) itself (Texas City, Brest, Tianjin), or to a mixture of an ammonium nitrate with a combustible material during the fire. The fire must be confined at least to a degree for successful transition from a fire to an explosion (a phenomenon known as "deflagration to detonation transition", or DDT). Pure, compact AN is stable and very difficult to initiate. However, there are numerous cases when even impure AN did not explode in a fire.

Ammonium nitrate decomposes in temperatures above 210 °C (410 °F). Pure AN is stable and will stop decomposing once the heat source is removed, but when catalysts are present, the reaction can become self-sustaining (known as self-sustaining decomposition, or SSD). This is a well-known hazard with some types of NPK fertilizers and is responsible for the loss of several cargo ships.

Timeline of major disasters

Country City/Location Date Deaths Notes
United Kingdom Faversham, Kent April 2, 1916 115 The Great Explosion: On April 2, 1916, a factory in Uplees, Faversham, exploded after a fire spread to a store of 25 tons of TNT and 700 tons of ammonium nitrate. The blast at the Explosives Loading Company killed 115 people and shattered windows in Southend-on-Sea across the Thames Estuary while the tremor was felt in Norwich.[1]
United States Morgan, New Jersey (now Sayreville) October 4, 1918 ~100 T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion: On October 4, 1918, an explosion at the Morgan Depot occurred leading to many artillery shells being launched into the air, some of which landed on a neighbouring warehouse where 4000 tonnes of ammonium nitrate were stored in barrels. One of the shells caused a large explosion, but the majority of the ammonium nitrate did not detonate.
Germany Kriewald July 26, 1921 19 On July 26, 1921, in this railway town (now in Poland) workers tried to dislodge 30 tonnes of ammonium nitrate that had aggregated (solidified into one mass) in two wagons. When mining explosives were used on this solid mass the wagons exploded and killed nineteen people.[2]
Germany Oppau September 21, 1921 561 Explosion at BASF plant Oppau: Another attempt at disaggregation of a fertilizer mix with industrial explosives caused the death of 561 people and left more than 2000 injured. The fertilizer was a 50:50 mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate and the factory had used this method of disaggregation over 20,000 times without incident. It is thought that, on this occasion, poor mixing had led to certain parts of the mass containing more ammonium nitrate than others. Only 450 tonnes exploded, out of 4500 tonnes of fertilizer stored in the warehouse.[3]
United States Nixon, New Jersey
(now Edison Township) 		March 1, 1924 20 1924 Nixon Nitration Works disaster: On March 1, 1924, a fire and several large explosions destroyed a warehouse containing ammonium nitrate at the Nixon Nitration Works. The explosiveness of the product was perhaps enhanced, as it had been prepared using nitric acid that had previously been used for the production of TNT.
United States Muscle Shoals, Alabama 1925 0 On April 4, 1925, and May 3, 1925, two carloads, each containing 220 barrels of ammonium nitrate, were dispatched from Muscle Shoals, Alabama, and caught fire in transportation. The barrels had been stored in a warehouse with varying humidity for 6 years, so it is believed that they were ignited by friction with their nitrate-impregnated manila paper lining. Other shipments were reportedly more successful.[4]
France Miramas August 5, 1940 0 240 tonnes of ammonium nitrate in sacks exploded after being hit by a shell from a nearby fire in a munitions train.[5]
Belgium Tessenderlo April 29, 1942 189 Another attempt to disaggregate a pile of 150 tonnes of ammonium nitrate with industrial explosives ended tragically on April 29, 1942: 189 people were killed, 900 wounded.[6]
United States Texas City April 16, 1947 581 Texas City disaster: The cargo ship Grandcamp was being loaded on April 16, 1947, when a fire was detected in the hold: at this point, 2300 tons of ammonium nitrate in sacks were already aboard.[7] The captain responded by closing the hold and pumping in pressurised steam. One hour later, the ship exploded, killing several hundred people and setting fire to another vessel, the High Flyer, which was moored 250 metres away and which contained 1050 tonnes of sulfur and 960 tons of ammonium nitrate. The Grandcamp explosion also created a powerful earthshock that broke windows as far as 40 miles away and knocked two small planes flying at 1,500 feet (460 m) out of the sky. The High Flyer exploded the next day, after having burned for sixteen hours. 500 tonnes of ammonium nitrate on the quayside also burned, but without exploding, probably because it was less tightly packed. All but one member of the Texas City fire department died.
France Brest July 28, 1947 29 The Norwegian cargo ship Ocean Liberty was loaded with 3300 tonnes of ammonium nitrate and various flammable products when it caught fire at 12:30 July 28, 1947. The captain ordered the hold to be sealed and pressurised steam was pumped in. As this did not stop the fire, the vessel was towed out of the harbour at 14:00, and exploded at 17:00. The explosion caused 29 deaths and serious damage to the port of Brest.[8]
- Red Sea 1953 0 A fire was detected on the cargo ship Tirrenia on January 23, 1953, while it was carrying 4000 tonnes of ammonium nitrate. Attempts to extinguish the fire with steam were unsuccessful, and the ship was abandoned before it exploded later in the night.[9]
United States Roseburg, Oregon August 7, 1959 14 The Roseburg Blast: A truck carrying dynamite and ammonium nitrate caught fire early in the morning of August 7, 1959. When it exploded it killed 14 people and injured 125 more. Several blocks of downtown Roseburg were destroyed. The accident is locally referred to as "The Blast".
United States Traskwood, Arkansas December 17, 1960 0 On December 17, 1960, a 96 freight car train suffered partial derailment, in which the last 23 cars were derailed. The derailed cars included: four fuel oil tank cars, two tank cars of gasoline, three tank cars of petroleum oil, four cars of lube oil drums, three cars of liquid fertilizer, one car of fuming nitric acid and two cars of fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate. In this particular accident, neither car of ammonium nitrate exploded.[10] However, the nitric acid reacted with the fuel oil, essentially creating ANFO to feed the conflagration, resulting in the spread of the ammonium nitrate material around the incident site.[11]
Australia Taroom, Queensland August 30, 1972 3 A truck carrying ammonium nitrate experienced an electrical fault and caught fire north of Taroom. After the driver stopped and parked the burning truck, two brothers from a nearby cattle property who saw the fire rode up on motorbikes to assist. The three men were killed when the truck exploded. The explosion burnt out more than 2000 acres of surrounding bushland, and left a deep crater where the truck had been parked. A memorial to the three men was unveiled at the accident site in 2013.[12][13][14][15]
United States Kansas City, Missouri November 29, 1988 6 On November 29, 1988, at 4:07 AM two trailers containing approximately 50,000 lb (23,000 kg) of the explosive ANFO (ammonium nitrate with fuel oil) exploded at a construction site located near the 87th street exit of Highway 71 in Kansas City, Missouri. The explosives were to be used in the blasting of rock while constructing Highway 71. The result of the explosions were the deaths of six firemen from the Kansas City Fire Department's Pumper Companies 30 and 41. Both companies were dispatched after 911 calls indicated that a pickup truck located near the trailers had been set on fire. The responding companies were warned that there were explosives on-site; however, they were unaware that the trailers were essentially magazines filled with explosives. At 4:07 AM one of the "magazines" caught fire and a catastrophic explosion occurred, killing all six firemen instantly — only sparing remains were found. A second blast occurred 40 minutes later, although all fire crews had been pulled back at this time. The blasts created two craters, each approximately 100 feet (30 m) wide and 8 feet (2.4 m) deep. The explosions also shattered windows within a 10-mile (16 km) area and could be heard 40 miles (64 km) away. It was later determined that the explosions were acts of arson, set by individuals embroiled in a labor dispute with the construction company contracted to build the highway.[16][17]
Papua New Guinea Porgera Gold Mine August 2, 1994 11 At 9:45 am, 2 August 1994, 11 workers were killed when the sensitised AN emulsion plant they were working on exploded at the Porgera Gold Mine. The fatal explosion involved at most a few tonnes of explosive. A larger explosion of about 80 tonnes of emulsion (Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion, ANE, UN 3375) was caused by fires under storage facilities at the site at 11:02 AM. There were no fatalities in the second explosion because the site had been evacuated. A mushroom cloud was seen to rise.[18]

ANE is an emulsion of ammonium nitrate, fuel and water.

United States Port Neal, Iowa December 13, 1994 4 Port Neal fertilizer plant explosion: At about 6:06 AM on December 13, 1994, two explosions rocked the Port Neal, Iowa, ammonium nitrate processing plant operated by Terra Industries. Four people were killed and 18 injured. Approximately 5,700 tons of anhydrous ammonia were released and releases of ammonia continued for six days after the explosions. Groundwater under the processing plant was contaminated by chemicals released as a result of the blast. The timing of the explosion occurred prior to the start of the arrival of the 8:00 AM shift personnel, or the death toll might have been larger.[19][20]
China Xingping, Shaanxi January 6, 1998 22 At midnight on January 6, 1998, the Xinghua Fertilizer company had a series of explosions in the plant. About 27.6 tons of ammonium nitrate liquor was in a container there. The explosion claimed 22 lives, with a further 56 wounded. The explosion was officially announced as an accident.[21][citation needed]
France Toulouse September 21, 2001 31 AZF: On September 21, 2001, at 10:15 AM, in the AZF (Azote de France) fertiliser factory in Toulouse, France, an explosion occurred in a warehouse where the off-specification granular AN was stored flat, separated by partitions. About 200–300 tons were said to be involved in the explosion, resulting in 31 people dead and 2,442 injured, 34 of them seriously. The blast wave shattered windows up to 3 km away, and the resulting crater was 10 m deep and 50 m wide. The exact cause remains unknown. The material damage was estimated at 2.3 billion euros. France's Environment Minister initially suggested the explosion "may have been a terrorist attack" as it occurred soon after the September 11 attacks and one worker may have had militant views.
Spain Cartagena, Murcia January 2003 0 The fertilizer storage facility of Fertiberia held a self-sustained decomposition (SSD) fire in January 2003. The fire was controlled after most of the material was removed by mechanical means.[citation needed]
France Saint-Romain-en-Jarez October 2, 2003 0 A fire broke out in Saint-Romain-en-Jarez (Loire) in a barn, which at the time of the accident contained a gasoline-powered forklift, a battery charger, two 13-kg gas bottles, miscellaneous farm machinery, 500 kg of quicklime, 500 wooden crates, 6,000 to 7,000 plastic crates,and between 3 and 5 tonnes of ammonium nitrate packaged in big-bags. Bales of hay and straw were being stored on the mezzaanine and ≈500 kg apples kept in the cold storage rooms. The fire started around 3 PM, and fire-fighters were notified of the blaze at 4:02 PM. They arrived on the scene at 4:23 and started to extinguish the fire. At 5:12 PM the explosion occurred. Twenty six people were injured from the blast, most of them fire-fighters.[22]
Spain Barracas March 9, 2004 2 A truck carrying 25 tonnes of ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded half an hour after a traffic accident on March 9, 2004, killing two people and injuring five others. The explosion, which could be heard at a distance of several kilometers caused a crater five metres deep.[23]
Romania Mihăileşti, Buzău May 24, 2004 18 Mihăileşti explosion: A truck carrying 20 tonnes of ammonium nitrate tipped over on the European road E85 near Mihăileşti at 4:57 AM on May 24, 2004. Shortly afterwards, a fire started in the cabin. Two reporters got to the site of the accident and started filming while firemen were trying to stop the fire. Around 5:50 AM the truck exploded, killing 18 and wounding 13 people. A crater 6.5 meters deep and 42 meters in diameter was formed by the explosion.
North Korea Ryongchŏn April 22, 2004 162 Ryongchon disaster: A freight train carrying ammonium nitrate exploded in this important railway town near the China border on April 22, 2004, killing 162 people and injuring over 3,000 others. The train station was destroyed, as were most buildings within 500 metres, and nearly 8,000 homes were destroyed or damaged. Two craters of about ten metres in depth were seen at the site of the explosion. The authorities blamed "human error" for the explosion, although rumours persist that it was in fact an attempt to assassinate the North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il, who was due to be passing through the station at the time.
Spain Estaca de Bares 2007 0 The NPK fertilizer cargo of the ship Ostedijk sustained a self-sustained decomposition (SSD) fire for 11 days. The fire plume reached 10 m in diameter and several hundred meters in length. Special water spears were inserted inside the cargo to extinguish the fire.[24]
Mexico Monclova, Coahuila September 10, 2007 40 On September 10, 2007, near Monclova, Coahuila, México, a pickup truck lost control and crashed into a trailer loaded with 22 tons of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil explosives (ANFO) leaving three occupants in the pick-up truck dead in the crash. A fire then started in the trailer's cabin and approximately 40 minutes after that, a huge explosion occurred, resulting in 37 deaths and around 150 more people injured. A crater 30 ft (9.1 m) wide and 6 ft (1.8 m) deep was created due to the explosion.[25]
United States Bryan, Texas July 30, 2009 0 A plant in Bryan, Texas (El Dorado Chemical Company), which processes ammonium nitrate into fertilizer, caught fire at about 11:40 AM on July 30, 2009. Over 80,000 residents in the Bryan/College Station area were asked to evacuate south of town due to the toxic fumes this fire generated. Texas A&M University provided shelter at Reed Arena, a local venue on campus. Only minor injuries were reported.[26][27]
United States West, Texas April 17, 2013 15 West Fertilizer Company explosion: A fertilizer company in West, Texas, caught fire. Around 20 minutes later, ammonium nitrate stored there exploded, leveling roughly 80 homes and a middle school. 133 residents of a nearby nursing home were trapped in the ruins. In all, 15 were killed, and about 200 injured. There were reports that the facility had stored more ammonium nitrate than it was allowed to, without regulation by the Department of Homeland Security.[28][29]
Australia Wyandra, Queensland September 6, 2014 0 A truck carrying 56 tonnes rolled on a rural road, exploding shortly after the driver was rescued. The explosion was heard 30 km away with debris being thrown 2 km, it totally destroyed a highway bridge. The driver and 6 firemen were injured.[30]
China Port of Tianjin August 12, 2015 173 2015 Tianjin explosions: Nitrocellulose stored at a hazardous goods warehouse spontaneously combusted after becoming overly hot and dry, resulting in a fire that 40 minutes later triggered the detonation of about 800 tonnes of ammonium nitrate stored nearby. 110 emergency personnel and 55 residents and employees were killed, while 8 are missing. 798 people were injured.[31] There was extensive damage to structures and goods at the port, damage to surrounding apartment blocks, and severe damage to a railway station.

See also

  • List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions, many of which involved ammonium nitrate

References

  1. ↑ "Tales of horror and heroism after the great explosion". Faversham Times (Faversham): p. 8. March 29, 2012. ProQuest document ID 957148980. 
  2. ↑ "Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant 21 September 1921". French Ministry of Environment. March 2008. p. 5. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130425002155/http://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/ressources/14373_gb.pdf. Retrieved April 18, 2013. 
  3. ↑ French Ministry of Environment, Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant (at this time BASF was occupied by french authorities
  4. ↑ C. E. Munroe (1925). "Destruction of Muscle Shoals Ammonium Nitrate by Fire and Explosion". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 17 (8): 819. doi:10.1021/ie50188a015. 
  5. ↑ Miramas 1940
  6. ↑ Tessenderlo Group
  7. ↑ "Texas City, Texas, Disaster". Texas City Firefighters Local 1259. April 29, 1947. http://www.local1259iaff.org/report.htm. Retrieved January 16, 2017. 
  8. ↑ Société Française de Chimie, Explosions Following A Fire: Major Catastrophies
  9. ↑ Middleton, Ned, Miscellaneous Shipwrecks of the Red Sea Not Found in Egyptian Waters
  10. ↑ Some Major Hazards in Government-Sponsored Activities, NASA, 1964 Some Major Hazards in Government-Sponsored Activities
  11. ↑ "Explosions Following a Fire". The French Chemical Society. http://www.societechimiquedefrance.fr/extras/Guiochon%20VO/exincendieVO.htm. 
  12. ↑ Three die in chemical blast, The Canberra Times, 1 September 1972. Retrieved 11 November 2016
  13. ↑ Fire blamed, The Canberra Times, 2 September 1972. Retrieved 11 November 2016
  14. ↑ Truck explosion memorial unveiled , Jacquie Mackay, Breakfast with Jacquie Mackay, ABC Capricornia, 4 April 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2016
  15. ↑ Enduring tribute binds community, Rebecca Elliot, Central Telegraph, 5 April 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  16. ↑ Mike McGraw (February 18, 2007). "New Questions In Deadly Blast". Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081012074337/http://www.kansascity.com/581/story/38883.html. 
  17. ↑ Police Seek Clues In KC Blast , Atchison Daily News (via GenDisasters), December 1, 1988.
  18. ↑ Inquiry Report Department of Mining and Petroleum, Government of Papua New Guinea 1994
  19. ↑ EPA Chemical Accident Investigation Report Terra Industries, Inc., Nitrogen Fertilizer Facility, Port Neal, Iowa (PDF available for download at this website)
  20. ↑ Exponent Engineering & Scientific Consulting Process Plant Explosion
  21. ↑ "In Chinese". http://www.chinabaike.com/z/aq/hg/266152.html. 
  22. ↑ "Fire inside a barn and explosion of fertiliser 2 October 2003 Saint Romain-en-Jarez (Loire) France". http://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/wp-content/files_mf/FD_25669stromainenjarez_2003_angl.pdf. Retrieved 4 March 2014. 
  23. ↑ María Fabra (10 March 2004). "Un camión lleno de nitrato estalla tras un choque y causa dos muertos en Castelló" (in Spanish). El País. http://elpais.com/diario/2004/03/10/espana/1078873233_850215.html. Retrieved 17 April 2013. 
  24. ↑ Hadden, Rory M.; Rein, Guillermo (2011), "Small-scale experiments of self-sustaining decomposition of NPK fertilizer and application to events aboard the Ostedijk in 2007", Journal of Hazardous Materials 186 (1): 731–7, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.047, PMID 21146295, https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/11939958/Hadden_3.pdf 
  25. ↑ McKinley, James C. (September 10, 2007). "Truck Explosion in Mexico Kills 37". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/10/world/americas/10cnd-mexico.html. Retrieved March 3, 2013. 
  26. ↑ "Evacuation Lifted, Fire at Texas Chemical Plant Under Control". Fox News. July 30, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,535761,00.html. 
  27. ↑ "El Dorado Chemical Company goes up in smoke!". 2009-08-03. http://www.justicenewsflash.com/2009/08/03/el-dorado-chemical-company-smoke_200908031806.html. 
  28. ↑ "West, Texas, Fertilizer Plant Explosion: Some Residents Allowed to Return Home". https://abcnews.go.com/US/west-texas-fertilizer-plant-explosion-residents-allowed-return/story?id=19006786#.UXM290rNnTo. 
  29. ↑ "Texas Fertilizer Plant Kept Quiet About Huge Stores Of Explosive Substance". Huffington Post. April 20, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/20/west-fertilizer-company_n_3121110.html. 
  30. ↑ "Truck explosion injures eight, closes Mitchell Highway". Brisbane Times. September 6, 2014. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/truck-explosion-injures-eight-closes-mitchell-highway-20140906-10dam3.html. 
  31. ↑ "Tianjin Port Accident Investigation Report" (in Chinese). The State Council of the People’s Republic of China. 5 February 2016. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-02/05/content_5039785.htm. Retrieved 22 March 2016. 




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