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Aviation biofuel demonstrations

Topic: Chemistry

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 12 min
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List of Aviation biofuel demonstration flights.

Demonstration flights

Date Operator Platform Biofuel Notes
2 October 2007 GreenFlight International Aero L-29 Delfín Waste Vegetable Oil Greenflight International made the very first flight of an aircraft powered entirely by 100% biofuel from the Reno, Stead airport on the afternoon of 2 October 2007. There is no citation for this entry – it was made by the pilot that flew it. In November 2008 the same aircraft and flight crew flew from Reno, NV to Leesburg, FL using 100% biofuel for the first seven of the nine legs, the remaining three were completed on a 50% biofuel 50% JetA blend.
February 2008 Virgin Atlantic Boeing 747 Coconut and Babassu Virgin flew a biofuel test flight between London and Amsterdam, using a 20% blend of biofuels in one of its engines[1][2] Supported by Boeing, GE Aviation and Imperium Renewables; Greenpeace qualified it as greenwash, as organic oil production could lead to deforestation, increasing greenhouse gas emissions.[3]
December 2008 Air New Zealand Boeing 747-400 Jatropha A two-hour test flight using a 50–50 mixture of the new biofuel with Jet A-1 in the number one position Rolls-Royce RB211 engine of 747-400 ZK-NBS, was successfully completed on 30 December 2008. The engine was then removed to be scrutinised and studied to identify any differences between the Jatropha blend and regular Jet A1. No effects to performance were found.[4] The airline expects Jatropha to avoid competing with food crops and to be cost competitive with replaced jet fuels.[5]
January 2009 Continental Airlines Boeing 737-800 Algae and Jatropha Continental Airlines ran the first flight of an algae-fueled jet. The flight from Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport completed a circuit over the Gulf of Mexico. The pilots on board executed a series of tests at 38,000 feet (12,000 m), including a mid-flight engine shutdown. Larry Kellner, chief executive of Continental Airlines, said they had tested a drop-in fuel which meant that no modification to the engine was required. The fuel was praised for having a low flash point and sufficiently low freezing point, issues that have been problematic for other bio-fuels.[6][7] Over 1.5 hours, the engine operating on a blend of 44% Jatropha oil, 6% Algae oil and 50% traditional jet fuel burned 46 kg less fuel, while producing more thrust from the same volume of fuel.[8]
January 2009 Japan Airlines Boeing 747-300 Camelina, Jatropha and algae Japan Airlines conducted a one and a half hour flight with one engine burning a 50/50 mix of Jet-A and biofuel from the Camelina plant.[9]
November 2009 KLM Boeing 747-400 Camelina KLM conducted a flight with one engine burning 50/50 mix of Jet A-1 and Sustainable Aviation fuel based on the Camelina plane.
April 2010 United States Navy F/A-18 Camelina The Navy tested this biofuel blend on the F⁄A-18 Super Hornet aka "Green Hornet". Results from those tests indicated the aircraft performed as expected through its full flight envelope with no degradation of capability.[10]
March 2010 United States Air Force A-10 Camelina On March 25, 2010, the United States Air Force conducted the first flight of an aircraft with all engines powered by a biofuel blend. The flight, performed on an A-10 at Eglin Air Force Base, used a 50/50 blend of JP-8 and Camelina-based fuel.[11]
June 2010 Dutch Military Ah-64 Apache Helicopter Waste vegetable oil
June 2010 EADS Diamond D42 Algae Occurred at an air show in Berlin in June 2010.[12]
November 2010 United States Navy Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk Camelina Flown on 50⁄50 biofuel blend Nov. 18, 2010 in Patuxent River, Md. The helicopter, from Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 21 at Naval Air Station Patuxent River tested a fuel mixture made from the Camelina seed.
November 2010 TAM Airbus A320 Jatropha A 50⁄50 biofuel blend of conventional and jatropha oil[13]
June 2011 Boeing Boeing 747-8F Camelina Boeing flew its new model 747-8F to the Paris Air Show with all four engines burning a 15% mix of biofuel from camelina[14]
June 2011 Honeywell Gulfstream G450 Camelina The first transatlantic biofuels flight using a 50/50 blend of camelina-based biofuel and petroleum-based fuel.[15][16]
August 2011 United States Navy McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk Camelina Successfully flew a T-45 training aircraft using biofuels at the Naval Air Station (NAS) in Patuxent River, Maryland. The flight was completed by the “Salty Dogs” of Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 23 flying on biofuel mixture of 50/50 petroleum-based JP-5 jet fuel and plant-based camelina.[17]
September 2011 United States Navy McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II Camelina Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, China Lake performed the first bio-fuel flight test in AV-8B Harrier from Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 31.[18]
October 2011 Air China Boeing 747-400 Jatropha Air China flew China's first flight using aviation biofuels. The flight was conducted using Chinese grown jatropha oil from PetroChina. The flight was 2 hours in duration above Beijing, and used 50% biofuel in 1 engine.[19]
November 2011 Continental Airlines Boeing 737-800 Algae United / Continental flew a biofuel flight from IAH to ORD on algae jet fuel supplied by Solazyme. The fuel was partially derived from genetically modified algae that feed on plant waste and produce oil. It was the first biofuel-powered air service in the US.[20]
November 2011 Alaska Airlines Boeing 737 and Bombardier Q400 Algae Alaska Airlines and its sister carrier, Horizon Air, converted 75 flights on their schedules to run on a fuel mixture of 80% kerosene and 20% biofuel derived from used cooking oil. The biofuel was made by Dynamic Fuels, a joint venture of Tyson Foods and Syntroleum Corp.[21]
January 2012 Etihad Airways Boeing 777-300ER Waste vegetable oil Etihad Airways conducted a biofuel flight from Abu Dhabi to Seattle using a combination of traditional jet fuel and fuel based on recycled vegetable cooking oil[22]
April 2012 Qantas Airbus A330 Refined cooking oil Qantas used 50/50 mix of biofuel supplied by SkyNRG and Jet-A fuel in one engine for a flight from Sydney to Adelaide.[23]
April 2012 Porter Airlines Bombardier Q400 Camelina and Brassica carinata Porter Airlines used 50/50 mix of biofuel (49% Camelina sativa and 1% Brassica carinataand) and Jet-A fuel in one engine for a flight from Toronto to Ottawa.[24]
October 2012 NRC Dassault Falcon 20 Brassica carinata First jet to fly on 100% biofuels that meet petroleum specifications without blending. Fuel was produced by Applied Research Associates (ARA) and Chevron Lummus Global (CLG) from carinata oil supplied by Agrisoma Biosciences.[25]
March 2013 Paramus Flying Club Cessna 182 Skylane Waste vegetable oil First piston engine aircraft to fly with a 50/50 blend of aviation biofuel and conventional Jet-A (as specified by ASTM D7566). First piston engine aircraft to fly with a biofuel blend operating under a standard (not experimental) airworthiness certificate. Demonstration flight from North Central State Airport (KSFZ) in Rhode Island to First Flight Airport (KFFA) in North Carolina took place on March 2, 2013. The Cessna 182 had been converted under STC to be powered by an SMA jet-fuel diesel cycle piston engine, and the blended biofuel was provided by SkyNRG of Holland.
December 22, 2014 United States Navy F/A-18 ATJ-SPK (Alcohol-to-Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) The United States Navy tested a 50/50 blend of alcohol-to-jet biofuel provided by Gevo, Inc in supersonic (above Mach 1) afterburner operations. The demonstration proved Gevo, Inc's ATJ-SPK to be a viable alternative for both military and commercial applications.[26]
Spring 2018 Boeing Boeing 777F Paraffinic biofuel As part of Boeing's ecoDemonstrator program, this aircraft made the world's first commercial airliner flights using 100% biofuel.[27]
July, 2018 Royal Netherlands Air Force F-16 MLU Waste vegetable oil During a two-week period the Royal Netherlands Air Force tested a fuel blend with 5% biofuel provided by AltAir Fuels, California.[28]
August 28, 2018 SpiceJet Bombardier Q400 Agricultural residues, non-edible oils and bio-degradable fractions of industrial and municipal wastes India's first biofuel-powered flight was successfully tested between Dehradun to Delhi carrying DGCA officials to ascertain the feasibility of biofuel powered flights.
January 16, 2019 Etihad Airways Boeing 787 Salicornia Etihad Airways flew the first Salicornia plant biofuel powered plane from Abu Dhabi to Amsterdam using 50–50 mix of Salicornia plant with traditional fuel.[29]
November 16, 2022 Royal Air Force Airbus A330 MRTT Voyager Refined cooking oil The RAF, in conjunction with Airbus, Rolls Royce and others, completed a replicated refuelling exercise from RAF Brize Norton, using 100% sustainable aviation fuel in both engines. It is claimed to be "the world’s first 100% SAF flight using an in-service military aircraft of its size".[30]

Commercial flights

Date Operator Platform Biofuel Notes
June 30, 2011 KLM Boeing 737-800 Waste vegetable oil KLM flew the world's first commercial biofuel flight, carrying 171 passengers from Amsterdam to Paris[31][32]
July 15, 2011 Lufthansa Airbus A321 Jatropha, Camelina and animal fats First German commercial biofuel's flight, and the start of 6-month regular series of flights from Hamburg to Frankfurt with one of the two engines use biofuel.[33] It officially ended on January 12, 2012 with a flight from Frankfurt to Washington and would not take biofuel further unless the biofuel was more widely produced.[34]
July 20, 2011 Finnair Airbus A319 Waste vegetable oil The 1,500 km journey between Amsterdam and Helsinki was fuelled with a mix of 50 per cent biofuel derived from used cooking oil and 50 per cent conventional jet fuel.[35] Finnair says it will conduct at least three weekly Amsterdam-to-Helsinki flights using the biofuel blend in both of the aircraft's engines. Refueling will be done at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.[36]
Jul 2011 Interjet Airbus A320 Jatropha Flight was powered by 27% jatropha between Mexico City and Tuxtla Gutierrez[37]
Aug 2011 AeroMexico Boeing 777-200 Jatropha Aeromexico flew the world's first trans-Atlantic revenue flight, from Mexico City to Madrid with passengers[38]
Oct 2011 Thomson Airways Boeing 757-200 Waste vegetable oil Thomson flew the UK's first commercial biofuel flight from Birmingham Airport on one engine using biofuel from used cooking oil, supplied by SkyNRG[39]
Nov 2011 Continental Airlines Boeing 737-800 Algae fuel United / Continental flew biofuel flight from IAH to ORD on algae jet fuel, which supplied by Solazyme[40]
April 19, 2012 Jetstar Airbus A320 Refined cooking oil JQ flight 705 departed Melbourne at 0950 and arrived in Hobart at 1105 supplied by SkyNRG [41]
March 13, 2013 KLM Boeing 777-206ER Waste vegetable oil KLM begins weekly flights by a Boeing 777-200 between John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City, USA and Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, Netherlands[42] using Biofuel supplied by SkyNRG[43]
May 16, 2014 KLM Airbus A330-200 Waste vegetable oil KLM begins weekly flights by an Airbus A330-200 between Queen Beatrix International Airport, in Oranjestad Aruba[44] and Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, Netherlands (with a stop-over in Bonaire)[42] using Biofuel supplied by SkyNRG[43]
Aug 4, 2014 Gol Transportes Aéreos Boeing 737-700 Inedible corn oil and Waste vegetable oil Gol Flight 2152 took off from Rio Santos Dumont Airport (SDU) towards Brasilia (BSB) with a 4% mix of bio jetfuel [45]
Nov 7, 2014 Scandinavian Airlines Boeing 737-600 Waste vegetable oil SAS Flight SK2064 flew their first ever flight using bio-fuel between Stockholm and Östersund using a 10% blend of JET A1 based on used cooking oil. It was also the first flight from Arlanda Airport[46]
Nov 11, 2014 Scandinavian Airlines Boeing 737-700 Waste vegetable oil SAS Flight SK371 flew the first ever Norwegian domestic flight using bio-fuel between Trondheim and Oslo using a 48% blend of JET A1 based on used cooking oil[47]
Mar 21, 2015 Hainan Airlines Boeing 737-800 Waste vegetable oil Hainan Airlines conducted China's first commercial biofuel flight carrying 156 passengers from Shanghai to Beijing. The fuel, supplied by Sinopec, was a fuel blend of approximately 50 percent aviation biofuel mixed with conventional petroleum jet fuel.[48]
Mar 31, 2016 KLM Embraer 190 Unknown KLM operated an Embraer 190 on Biofuel between Oslo and Schiphol, Amsterdam. Embraer used these flights to measure the efficiency of the Embraer 190 on biofuel.[49]
June 7, 2016 Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-800 ATJ-SPK (Alcohol-to-Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) Alaska Airlines conducted the first commercial flights using alcohol-to-jet fuel made from U.S. sustainable corn. The alcohol-to-jet fuel was provided by Gevo, Inc and blended at approximately 20%. Alaska Airlines flew two flights from Seattle, Washington to San Francisco, California and from Seattle, Washington to Washington D.C.[50]
Sept 8, 2016 KLM Boeing 747-400 Waste vegetable oil KLM signed a contract to operate all daily flights from LAX to Schiphol, Amsterdam. SkyNRG supplies the sustainable biofuel, which is made from used cooking oil by AltAir Fuels in Los Angeles. All flights from Los Angeles to Amsterdam are operated with biofuel until 2019.[51]
Nov 14, 2016 Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-800 ATJ-SPK (Alcohol-to-Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) Alaska Airlines conducted the first commercial flight using sustainable alternative fuel made from forest residuals. The fuel for the flight from Seattle, Washington to Washington D.C. was provided by a joint effort from Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA) and Gevo, Inc. The flight emitted approximately 70% less CO2 than conventional jet fuel.[52]
May 1, 2017 Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900 HEFA (hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) Singapore Airlines begun a series of biofuel flights using A350-900 aircraft on non-stop trans-Pacific flights between Singapore and San Francisco. The project is being undertaken by Singapore Airlines in conjunction with the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore and air navigation service providers, using enhanced flight operations and Air Traffic Management (ATM) practices along the flight route.

References

  1. ↑ Dunn, Graham (24 February 2008). "Partners carry out first biofuel flight using Virgin 747". Flight International. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/partners-carry-out-first-biofuel-flight-using-virgin-747-221790/. Retrieved 25 August 2012. 
  2. ↑ Virgin Atlantic Airways. "Virgin Atlantic Airways - Popup". http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/environment/biofuel.jsp. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  3. ↑ CBC News (24 February 2008). "Airline flies jumbo jet powered by biofuel". https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/airline-flies-jumbo-jet-powered-by-biofuel-1.754085. 
  4. ↑ 'Air New Zealand Demonstration Flight'
  5. ↑ "Air New Zealand Completes Biofuel Test". GreenBiz.com. 5 January 2009. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/air-new-zealand-completes-biofuel-test. 
  6. ↑ Lane, Jim (2009-01-08). "Continental Airlines tests aviation biofuel; first use of algae; first US biofuel test flight; first two-engine flight". Biofuels Digest. Archived from the original on 2009-12-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20091225003204/http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/blog2/2009/01/08/continental-airlines-tests-aviation-biofuel-first-use-of-algae-first-us-biofuel-test-flight-first-two-engine-flight. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 
  7. ↑ "First flight of algae-fuelled jet". BBC News. 2009-01-08. 
  8. ↑ "A Greener Future?". Aircraft Illustrated. March 2009. 
  9. ↑ "Jan 30, 2009 JAL Flight Brings Aviation One Step Closer to Using Biofuel". http://press.jal.co.jp/en/release/200901/001108.html. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  10. ↑ This story was written Robert Kaper, Naval Air Systems Command Public Affairs. "Fuels Team Plans Super Hornet Biofuels Flight Test". http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=47405. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  11. ↑ "Air Force scientists test, develop bio jet fuels". Archived from the original on 2010-04-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20100409084432/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123197415. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  12. ↑ Morris, John (2010-06-07). "EADS Sets First Public Algae-Biofuel Flight At ILA Berlin". Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=ila_2010&id=news/awx/2010/06/07/awx_06_07_2010_p0-232525.xml&headline=EADS%20Sets%20First%20Public%20Algae-Biofuel%20Flight%20At%20ILA%20Berlin. Retrieved 2010-07-12. 
  13. ↑ "Biofuel Airbus A320 completes first successful test flight". December 2010. http://www.gizmag.com/biofuel-airbus-a320/17123/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  14. ↑ "PARIS: 747-8F biofuel pilot takes landmark flight in his stride". Flightglobal.com. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-747-8f-biofuel-pilot-takes-landmark-flight-in-his-358518/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  15. ↑ Cattermole, Tannith (June 26, 2011). "Gulfstream G450 crosses the Atlantic on 50/50 biofuel-jetfuel blend". GizMag. http://www.gizmag.com/honeywell-gulstream-g450-transatlantic-biofuel/18998/. Retrieved March 7, 2012. 
  16. ↑ Paur, Jason (June 17, 2011). "Trans-Atlantic Biofuel Flights Kick Off Paris Air Show". WIRED. https://www.wired.com/autopia/2011/06/transatlantic-biofuel-flights-kick-off-paris-air-show/. Retrieved March 7, 2012. 
  17. ↑ "US Navy Completes Successful T-45 Biofuel Flight". Energy. 29 August 2011. http://domesticfuel.com/2011/08/29/us-navy-completes-successful-t-45-biofuel-flight/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  18. ↑ "NAVAIR - U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command - Navy and Marine Corps Aviation Research, Development, Acquisition, Test and Evaluation". Archived from the original on 2012-04-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20120403025638/http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.NAVAIRNewsStory&id=4766. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
  19. ↑ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2011-10/29/content_14000985.htm 'China's first biofuels flight'
  20. ↑ Hilkevitch, Jon (November 11, 2011). "Continental Airlines flight is first in U.S. to use biofuel". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/11/business/la-fi-biofuel-airlines-20111111. Retrieved April 16, 2012. 
  21. ↑ "Alaska Airlines Launching Biofuel-Powered Commercial Service In The United States" (Press release). Alaska Airlines. November 7, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  22. ↑ "Etihad conducts Seattle-Abu Dhabi biofuel flight". http://atwonline.com/eco-aviation/article/etihad-conducts-seattle-abu-dhabi-biofuel-flight-0221. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  23. ↑ "Qantas makes its first flight on refined cooking oil, to reduce reliance on traditional jet fuel". 2012-04-13. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/aviation/qantas-makes-its-first-flight-on-refined-cooking-oil-to-reduce-reliance-on-traditional-jet-fuel/story-e6frg95x-1226326010304. 
  24. ↑ Chittley, Jordan (2012-04-18). "Porter Airlines operates first biofuel-powered passenger flight in Canada". https://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/dailybrew/porter-airlines-operates-first-biofuel-powered-passenger-flight-143555317.html. 
  25. ↑ "NRC Flies World's First Civil Jet Powered by 100 Percent Biofuel". Aero-news Network. 7 November 2012. http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=a3309cef-59ee-4742-8f24-bb7d39a86cf8. Retrieved 21 November 2012. 
  26. ↑ "U.S. Navy flies supersonic with Gevo ATJ". Ethanol Producer Magazine. 22 December 2014. http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/11766/u-s-navy-flies-supersonic-with-gevo-atj. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 
  27. ↑ "Boeing's Latest 777F ecoDemonstrator Flight Programme Tests 100% Biofuel Use and Turbulence Detection". 7 April 2018. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/boeings-latest-777f-ecodemonstrator-flight-programme-tests-100-biofuel-use-and-turbulence-detection/. 
  28. ↑ "F-16 vliegt prima op frituurvet". Defensie.nl. 14 July 2018. https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2018/07/13/f-16-vliegt-prima-op-frituurvet. Retrieved 14 July 2018. 
  29. ↑ "Etihad flies world's first commercial flight using UAE-made fuel from plants". Gulf News. 16 January 2019. https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/etihad-flies-worlds-first-commercial-flight-using-uae-made-fuel-from-plants-1.1547634775232. 
  30. ↑ "Airbus A330MRTT Completes First 100% SAF Test Flight on Both Engines". Endeavor Business Media, LLC.. November 18, 2022. https://www.aviationpros.com/ground-handling/fuel-distributors-suppliers-manufacturers/sustainable-aviation-fuel/press-release/21287784/airbus-airbus-a330mrtt-completes-first-100-saf-test-flight-on-both-engines. 
  31. ↑ 'First commercial biofuel flight'
  32. ↑ "Virgin Australia's sustainable aviation fuel flies one million kilometres" (in nl-en). https://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/history/. 
  33. ↑ "Lufthansa's biofuel trial takes to the air with first commercial flight". http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/2094319/lufthansas-biofuel-trial-takes-air-commercial-flight. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  34. ↑ "Lufthansa Wraps up Biofuel Test on German Flights". January 12, 2012. http://english.kompas.com/read/2012/01/12/07124430/Lufthansa.Wraps.up.Biofuel.Test.on.German.Flights. 
  35. ↑ "Finnair's scheduled commercial biofuel flight marks a step towards more sustainable flying, says airline on GreenAir Online". http://www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=1300. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  36. ↑ Eric Loveday (20 July 2011). "Finnair to attempt longest commercial biofuel flight in aviation history". Autoblog. http://green.autoblog.com/2011/07/20/finnair-to-attempt-longest-commercial-biofuel-flight-in-aviation/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  37. ↑ "Mexico's Interjet conducts commercial biofuel flight". Flightglobal.com. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mexicos-interjet-conducts-commercial-biofuel-flight-359912/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  38. ↑ Marketing Aeroméxico. "Aeromexico United States - Travel with Aeromexico". aeromexico. http://www.aeromexico.com/us/ExperienceAeromexico/AeromexicoCorporate/PressRoom/Green-flight.html. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  39. ↑ "Thomson Airways operates Britain's first biofuel flight". Breaking Travel News. http://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/thomson-airways-operates-britains-first-biofuel-flight/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  40. ↑ Hilkevitch, Jon (2011-11-11). "Continental Airlines flight is first in U.S. to use biofuel". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-biofuel-airlines-20111111,0,3609127.story. 
  41. ↑ "First commercial sustainable aviation fuel flight to Tasmania". Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150926010629/http://www.jetstar.com/mediacentre/latest-announcements/detail?id=AE346285-0C42-46E6-AE17-23F3DF2666A3. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "KLM Takes Care". https://www.klmtakescare.com/en/content/weekly-flight-using-sustainable-biofuel. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "SkyNRG Home - SkyNRG". SkyNRG. http://skynrg.com/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  44. ↑ "KLM Takes Care". https://www.klmtakescare.com/en/content/aruba-and-bonaire-on-biofuel-. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  45. ↑ "Precisamos de bioindústria funcionando com excelência no país". Ubrabio - União Brasileira de Biodiesel e Bioquerosene. http://www.ubrabio.com.br/1891/Documentos/PrecisamosDeBioindustriaFuncionandoComExcelenciaNoPais_231150. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  46. ↑ SAS. "SAS today flew their first flight on synthetic JET A1 based on renewable sources". SAS. http://www.sasgroup.net/en/sas-today-flew-their-first-flight-on-synthetic-jet-a1-based-on-renewable-sources/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  47. ↑ SAS. "SAS tar av med biofuel". SAS. http://www.sasgroup.net/en/sas-tar-av-med-biofuel/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  48. ↑ "Boeing, Hainan Airlines Operate China's First Cooking Oil-powered Flight". CleanTechnica. http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/boeing-hainan-airlines-operate-chinas-first-cooking-oil-powered-flight/. Retrieved 25 September 2015. 
  49. ↑ KLM. "KLM's flights from Oslo to be powered by new biofuel". KLM. https://news.klm.com/klms-flights-from-oslo-to-be-powered-by-new-biofuel/. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  50. ↑ Alaska Airlines. "Alaska Airlines Flies on Gevo's Renewable Alcohol to Jet Fuel". Alaska Airlines. https://newsroom.alaskaair.com/2016-06-07-Alaska-Airlines-Flies-on-Gevos-Renewable-Alcohol-to-Jet-Fuel. Retrieved 8 June 2016. 
  51. ↑ KLM. "KLM to operate biofuel flights out of Los Angeles". KLM. https://news.klm.com/klm-to-operate-biofuel-flights-out-of-los-angeles/. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  52. ↑ Alaska Airlines. "Alaska Airlines flies first commercial flight with new biofuel made from forest residuals". Alaska Airlines. https://blog.alaskaair.com/alaska-airlines/company-news/nara-flight/. Retrieved 16 Nov 2016. 



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