Ethanol from coal

Ethanol from coal is the ethanol produced using coal as its carbon source. The anaerobic bacterium Clostridium ljungdahlii produces ethanol and acetic acid from CO, CO₂, and H₂ in synthesis gas. Early studies with C. ljungdahlii showed that relatively high concentrations of ethanol were produced. This process involves three main steps:

1. Gasification: Thermal gasification at temperatures of up to 2,200°F in a reducing, very low oxygen atmosphere transforms organic materials into simple CO, CO₂ and H₂ gases.
2. Fermentation: The acetogenic C. ljungdahlii convert the carbon monoxide into ethanol.
3. Distillation: Ethanol is separated from hydrogen and water.

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