List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens

Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1: The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

Agents

Infectious conditions

Viruses

• Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
• Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I)
• Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 66
• Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
• Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
• Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)
• Epstein-Barr virus

Bacterium

• Helicobacter pylori (infection with)

Worms

• Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)
• Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
• Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)

Chemical substances

• 2-Naphthylamine
• Acetaldehyde^[1] associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages
• 4-Aminobiphenyl
• Aflatoxins
• Aristolochic acids, and plants containing them
• Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds^{[note 1]}
• Asbestos
• Azathioprine
• Benzene
• Benzidine, and dyes metabolized to
• Benzo[a]pyrene
• Beryllium and beryllium compounds^{[note 2]}
• Chlornapazine (N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine)
• Bis(chloromethyl)ether
• Chloromethyl methyl ether
• 1,3-Butadiene
• 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan, Myleran)
• Cadmium and cadmium compounds^{[note 2]}
• Chlorambucil
• Methyl-CCNU (1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea; Semustine)
• Chromium(VI) compounds^{[note 2]}
• Ciclosporin
• Cyclophosphamide
• 1,2-Dichloropropane
• Diethylstilboestrol
• Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
• Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)
• Ethanol in alcoholic beverages^{[1][note 3]}
• Erionite
• Ethylene oxide
• Etoposide alone, and in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
• Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
• Formaldehyde
• Gallium arsenide
• Lindane
• Melphalan
• Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
• 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
• MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
• Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)
• 2-Naphthylamine
• Neutron radiation
• Nickel compounds^{[note 2]}
• 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
• N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
• 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
• 3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl(PCB-126)
• Tamoxifen^{[note 4]}
• 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
• Thiotepa (1,1',1"-Phosphinothioylidynetrisaziridine)
• Thorium-232 and its decay products, administered intravenously as a colloidal dispersion of thorium-232 dioxide
• Treosulfan
• Trichloroethylene
• o-Toluidine
• Vinyl chloride

Physical agents

• Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
• Plutonium
• Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from atomic reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation (exposure during childhood)
• Radionuclides, α-particle-emitting, internally deposited^{[note 5]}
• Radionuclides, β-particle-emitting, internally deposited^{[note 5]}
• Radium-224 and its decay products
• Radium-226 and its decay products
• Radium-228 and its decay products
• Radon-222 and its decay products
• Silica dust, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources)
• Talc containing asbestiform fibres

Complex/mixed agents

• Outdoor air pollution
• Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution

Radiations

• Ionizing radiation (all types)
• Ultraviolet radiation including solar radiation
• X-Radiation and gamma radiation

Mixtures

• Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of)
• Alcoholic beverages
• Areca nut
• Betel quid with tobacco
• Betel quid without tobacco
• Coal-tar pitches
• Coal-tars
• Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of
• Engine exhaust, diesel^[2]
• Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy, (combined)
• Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined)^{[note 6]}
• Fission products, including Strontium-90
• Leather dust
• Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated
• Paints containing benzene
• Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
• Plants containing aristolochic acid
• Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like
• Processed meats, consumption of^[3]
• Salted fish (Chinese-style)
• Shale-oils
• Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)
• Wood dust

Exposure circumstances

• Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with
• Acid mists, strong inorganic
• Aluminium production
• Auramine production
• Boot and shoe manufacture and repair (see leather dust and benzene)
• Chimney sweeping (see soot)
• Coal gasification
• Coal tar distillation
• Coke (fuel) production
• Furniture and cabinet making (see wood dust)
• Haematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon
• Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure to)
• Isopropanol manufacture (strong-acid process)
• Glass, making of
• Magenta dyes, manufacture of
• Painting (see benzene)
• Paving and roofing with coal tar pitch
• Rubber manufacturing industry
• Sandblasting (see silica dust)
• Smokeless tobacco
• Tobacco smoke, second hand
• Tobacco smoking
• Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices

Notes

References

External links

• Description of the list of classifications, IARC
  • List of classifications (latest version)
  • List of classifications by cancer site (last updated on 5 November 2015)
  • Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–119

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