Periodic table (large cells)

The periodic table is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements. It can show much information, after name, symbol and atomic number. Also, for each element mean atomic mass value for the natural isotopic composition of each element can be noted. The two layout forms originate from two graphic forms of presentation of the same periodic table. Historically, when the f-block was identified it was drawn below the existing table, with markings for its in-table location (this page uses dots or asterisks). Also, a common presentation is to put all 15 lanthanide and actinide columns below, while the f-block only has 14 columns. One lanthanide and actinide each are d-block elements, belonging to group 3 with scandium and yttrium, though whether these are the first of each series (lanthanum and actinium) or the last (lutetium and lawrencium) has been disputed. The tables below show lanthanum and actinium as group 3 elements, as this is the more common form in the literature.

Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russia n chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Mendeleev invented the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.^[1]

Contents
18-column layout
32-column layout
References
Notes

18-column layout

• v
• t
• e

Periodic table (large cells, 18-column layout)

Group →	1	2	3		4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
	Alkali metal	Alkaline earth metal												Boron group	Carbon group	Pnictogen	Chalcogen	Halogen	Noble gas
CAS:	IA	IIA	IIIB		IVB	VB	VIB	VIIB	VIIIB			IB	IIB	IIIA	IVA	VA	VIA	VIIA	VIIIA
old IUPAC:	IA	IIA	IIIA		IVA	VA	VIA	VIIA	VIII			IB	IIB	IIIB	IVB	VB	VIB	VIIB	0
Period ↓ 1 Period ↓	Hydrogen 1 H   1.008 [1.0078, 1.0082]	→element name atomic number chemical symbol standard atomic weight																	Chemistry:Helium 2 He  4.0026 4.002602(2)
2	Chemistry:Lithium 3 Li  6.94 [6.938, 6.997]	Chemistry:Beryllium 4 Be  9.0122 9.0121831(5)												Chemistry:Boron 5 B   10.81 [10.806, 10.821]	Chemistry:Carbon 6 C   12.011 [12.009, 12.012]	Chemistry:Nitrogen 7 N   14.007 [14.006, 14.008]	Chemistry:Oxygen 8 O   15.999 [15.999, 16.000]	Chemistry:Fluorine 9 F   18.998 18.998403163(6)	Chemistry:Neon 10 Ne  20.180 20.1797(6)
3	Chemistry:Sodium 11 Na  22.990 22.98976928(2)	Chemistry:Magnesium 12 Mg  24.305 [24.304, 24.307]												Chemistry:Aluminium 13 Al  26.982 26.9815384(3)	Chemistry:Silicon 14 Si  28.085 [28.084, 28.086]	Chemistry:Phosphorus 15 P   30.974 30.973761998(5)	Chemistry:Sulfur 16 S   32.06 [32.059, 32.076]	Chemistry:Chlorine 17 Cl  35.45 [35.446, 35.457]	Chemistry:Argon 18 Ar  39.95 [39.792, 39.963]
4	Chemistry:Potassium 19 K   39.098 39.0983(1)	Chemistry:Calcium 20 Ca  40.078(4) 40.078(4)	Chemistry:Scandium 21 Sc  44.956 44.955908(5)		Chemistry:Titanium 22 Ti  47.867 47.867(1)	Chemistry:Vanadium 23 V   50.942 50.9415(1)	Chemistry:Chromium 24 Cr  51.996 51.9961(6)	Chemistry:Manganese 25 Mn  54.938 54.938043(2)	Chemistry:Iron 26 Fe  55.845(2) 55.845(2)	Chemistry:Cobalt 27 Co  58.933 58.933194(3)	Chemistry:Nickel 28 Ni  58.693 58.6934(4)	Chemistry:Copper 29 Cu  63.546(3) 63.546(3)	Chemistry:Zinc 30 Zn  65.38(2) 65.38(2)	Chemistry:Gallium 31 Ga  69.723 69.723(1)	Chemistry:Germanium 32 Ge  72.630(8) 72.630(8)	Chemistry:Arsenic 33 As  74.922 74.921595(6)	Chemistry:Selenium 34 Se  78.971(8) 78.971(8)	Chemistry:Bromine 35 Br  79.904 [79.901, 79.907]	Chemistry:Krypton 36 Kr  83.798(2) 83.798(2)
5	Chemistry:Rubidium 37 Rb  85.468 85.4678(3)	Chemistry:Strontium 38 Sr  87.62 87.62(1)	Chemistry:Yttrium 39 Y   88.906 88.90584(1)		Chemistry:Zirconium 40 Zr  91.224(2) 91.224(2)	Chemistry:Niobium 41 Nb  92.906 92.90637(1)	Chemistry:Molybdenum 42 Mo  95.95 95.95(1)	Chemistry:Technetium 43 Tc  [97]	Chemistry:Ruthenium 44 Ru  101.07(2) 101.07(2)	Chemistry:Rhodium 45 Rh  102.91 102.90549(2)	Chemistry:Palladium 46 Pd  106.42 106.42(1)	Chemistry:Silver 47 Ag  107.87 107.8682(2)	Cadmium 48 Cd  112.41 112.414(4)	Chemistry:Indium 49 In  114.82 114.818(1)	Chemistry:Tin 50 Sn  118.71 118.710(7)	Chemistry:Antimony 51 Sb  121.76 121.760(1)	Chemistry:Tellurium 52 Te  127.60(3) 127.60(3)	Chemistry:Iodine 53 I   126.90 126.90447(3)	Chemistry:Xenon 54 Xe  131.29 131.293(6)
6	Chemistry:Caesium 55 Cs  132.91 132.90545196(6)	Chemistry:Barium 56 Ba  137.33 137.327(7)	Chemistry:Lanthanum 57 La  138.91 138.90547(7)	58–71	Chemistry:Hafnium 72 Hf  178.49(2) 178.486(6)	Chemistry:Tantalum 73 Ta  180.95 180.94788(2)	Chemistry:Tungsten 74 W  183.84 183.84(1)	Chemistry:Rhenium 75 Re  186.21 186.207(1)	Chemistry:Osmium 76 Os  190.23(3) 190.23(3)	Chemistry:Iridium 77 Ir  192.22 192.217(2)	Platinum 78 Pt  195.08 195.084(9)	Chemistry:Gold 79 Au  196.97 196.966570(4)	Chemistry:Mercury 80 Hg  200.59 200.592(3)	Chemistry:Thallium 81 Tl  204.38 [204.38, 204.39]	Chemistry:Lead 82 Pb  207.2±1.1 207.2(1)	Chemistry:Bismuth 83 Bi  208.98 208.98040(1)	Chemistry:Polonium 84 Po  [209]	Chemistry:Astatine 85 At  [210]	Chemistry:Radon 86 Rn  [222]
7	Chemistry:Francium 87 Fr  [223]	Chemistry:Radium 88 Ra  [226]	Chemistry:Actinium 89 Ac  [227]	90–103	Chemistry:Rutherfordium 104 Rf  [267]	Chemistry:Dubnium 105 Db  [268]	Chemistry:Seaborgium 106 Sg  [269]	Chemistry:Bohrium 107 Bh  [270]	Chemistry:Hassium 108 Hs  [269]	Chemistry:Meitnerium 109 Mt  [278]	Chemistry:Darmstadtium 110 Ds  [281]	Chemistry:Roentgenium 111 Rg  [282]	Chemistry:Copernicium 112 Cn  [285]	Chemistry:Nihonium 113 Nh  [286]	Chemistry:Flerovium 114 Fl  [289]	Chemistry:Moscovium 115 Mc  [290]	Chemistry:Livermorium 116 Lv  [293]	Chemistry:Tennessine 117 Ts  [294]	Chemistry:Oganesson 118 Og  [294]
					Chemistry:Cerium 58 Ce  140.12 140.116(1)	Chemistry:Praseodymium 59 Pr  140.91 140.90766(1)	Chemistry:Neodymium 60 Nd  144.24 144.242(3)	Chemistry:Promethium 61 Pm  [145]	Chemistry:Samarium 62 Sm  150.36(2) 150.36(2)	Chemistry:Europium 63 Eu  151.96 151.964(1)	Chemistry:Gadolinium 64 Gd  157.25(3) 157.25(3)	Chemistry:Terbium 65 Tb  158.93 158.925354(8)	Chemistry:Dysprosium 66 Dy  162.50 162.500(1)	Chemistry:Holmium 67 Ho  164.93 164.930328(7)	Chemistry:Erbium 68 Er  167.26 167.259(3)	Chemistry:Thulium 69 Tm  168.93 168.934218(6)	Chemistry:Ytterbium 70 Yb  173.05 173.045(10)	Chemistry:Lutetium 71 Lu  174.97 174.9668(1)
					Chemistry:Thorium 90 Th  232.04 232.0377(4)	Chemistry:Protactinium 91 Pa  231.04 231.03588(1)	Chemistry:Uranium 92 U   238.03 238.02891(3)	Chemistry:Neptunium 93 Np  [237]	Chemistry:Plutonium 94 Pu  [244]	Chemistry:Americium 95 Am  [243]	Chemistry:Curium 96 Cm  [247]	Chemistry:Berkelium 97 Bk  [247]	Chemistry:Californium 98 Cf  [251]	Chemistry:Einsteinium 99 Es  [252]	Chemistry:Fermium 100 Fm  [257]	Chemistry:Mendelevium 101 Md  [258]	Chemistry:Nobelium 102 No  [259]	Chemistry:Lawrencium 103 Lr  [266]

1 (red)=Gas 3 (black)=Solid 80 (green)=Liquid 109 (gray)=Unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter (at 0 °C and 1 atm)

Primordial  From decay  Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element

Standard atomic weight A_{r, std}(E)^[2]

• F: 18.998403163(6) — Standard atomic weight^[3]
• C: [12.0096, 12.0116] — Standard atomic weight is an interval^[3]
• F: 18.998, C: 12.011 — Abridged and conventional value (formal short)^[4]
• Po: [209] — mass number of the most stable isotope

Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:

Metal						Metalloid	Nonmetal			Unknown chemical properties
Alkali metal	Alkaline earth metal	Lan­thanide	Actinide	Transition metal	Post-​transition metal		Transition metal	Transition metal

32-column layout

References

Notes

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