Uranyl acetate

Uranyl acetate
	UO; 2(H; 2O)2+; [CH; 3CO−; 2]; 2; Hydrated crystal structure
Names
	IUPAC name Uranium bis((acetato)-O)dioxo-dihydrate
	Other names Uranyl ethanoate; Uranyl acetate dihydrate
Identifiers
CAS Number	(anhydrous): 541-09-3 ; (dihydrate): 6159-44-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	(anhydrous) ionic form (anhydrate): Interactive image; (dihydrate): Interactive image; coordination dimer (hydrate): Interactive image; coordination dimer (anhydrous): Interactive image;
ChemSpider	(anhydrous): 10468551; (dihydrate): 11567664;
EC Number	(anhydrous): 208-767-5;
PubChem CID	(anhydrous): 10915;
UNII	(anhydrous): 285PN2K1AO ; (dihydrate): KJF3TEU4G6 ;
	InChI (anhydrous): InChI=1S/2C2H4O2.2O.U/c21-2(3)4;;;/h21H3,(H,3,4);;; Key: IXSMFXMQHOBORU-UHFFFAOYSA-N; (dihydrate): InChI=1S/2C2H4O2.2H2O.2O.U/c21-2(3)4;;;;;/h21H3,(H,3,4);2*1H2;;;/q;;;;;;+2/p-2 Key: VVAHPLNXWRLLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L;
	SMILES (anhydrous) ionic form (anhydrate): O=C(C)[O-].[O+]#[U]#[O+].O=C(C)[O-]; (dihydrate): CC(=O)[O-].CC(=O)[O-].O.O.O=[U+2]=O; coordination dimer (hydrate): O0[C-](C)O[U+6]01(=[O-2])(=[O-2])([OH2])O[C-](C)O[U+6]2(O[C-](C)O2)(=[O-2])(=[O-2])([OH2])O[C-](C)O1; coordination dimer (anhydrous): O0[C-](C)O[U+6]01(=[O-2])(=[O-2])O[C-](C)O[U+6]0(O[C-](C)O0)(=[O-2])(=[O-2])O[C-](C)O1;
Properties
Chemical formula	UO2(CH3COO)2 (anhydrous) ; UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O (dihydrate)
Molar mass	424.146 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance	yellow-green crystals (dihydrate)
Density	2.89 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
Melting point	decomposes at 80 °C (dihydrate)
Solubility in water	7-8 g/100 ml
Solubility	slightly soluble in ethanol
Hazards
Safety data sheet	External MSDS
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word	Danger
GHS hazard statements	H300, H330, H373, H411
GHS precautionary statements	P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+310, P304+340, P310, P314, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+233, P405, P501
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

Uranyl acetate is the acetate salt of uranium oxide, a toxic yellow-green powder useful in certain laboratory tests. Structurally, it is a coordination polymer with formula UO₂(CH₃CO₂)₂(H₂O)·H₂O.

Structure

File:Uranyl-acetate-dihydrate-chain-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png

Structure (from X-ray crystallography) of uranyl acetate dihydrate. Color code: red = O, gray = C, blue = U.

In the polymer, uranyl (UO₂²⁺) centers are bridged by acetate ligands. The remainder of each (heptacoordinate) coordination sphere is provided by an aquo ligand and a bidentate acetate ligand. One water of crystallization occupies the lattice.^[2]

Uranyl carboxylates are known for diverse carboxylic acids (formate, butyrate, acrylate).^[3]

Uses

Uranyl acetate is extensively used as a negative stain in electron microscopy.^[4] Most procedures in electron microscopy for biology require the use of uranyl acetate. Negative staining protocols typically treat the sample with 1% to 5% aqueous solution. Uranyl acetate staining is simple and quick to perform and one can examine the sample within a few minutes after staining. Some biological samples are not amenable to uranyl acetate staining and, in these cases, alternative staining techniques and or low-voltage electron microscopy technique may be more suitable.^{[citation needed]}

1% and 2% uranyl acetate solutions are used as an indicator, and a titrant in stronger concentrations in analytical chemistry, as it forms an insoluble salt with sodium (the vast majority of sodium salts are water-soluble). Uranyl acetate solutions show evidence of being sensitive to light, especially UV, and will precipitate if exposed.^{[citation needed]}

Uranyl acetate is also used in a standard test—American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Designation T 299—for alkali-silica reactivity in aggregates (crushed stone or gravel) being considered for use in cement concrete.^{[citation needed]}

Uranyl acetate dihydrate has been used as a starting reagent in experimental inorganic chemistry.^[5]

Preparation and reactions

The compound can be prepared by treating uranium trioxide with acetic acid:

UO
3 + 2 CH
3COOH + H
2O → UO
2(CH
3COO)
2 · 2H₂O

The acetate ligands of uranyl acetate can be replaced to give a variety of uranyl complexes.^[6] Uranyl acetate can also be reduced by zinc to give the uranium(IV) acetate (U(OAc)₄).^[7]

Safety

In general, uranium salts exhibit nephrotoxicity. Normal commercial stocks from depleted uranium have typical specific activity 0.37–0.51 microcuries per gram (14–19 kBq/g), too weak to harm from outside the body.^[8] However, uranyl acetate is very toxic if ingested, inhaled as dust, or absorbed through cut or abraded skin.^{[citation needed]}

Microbiologists have developed a number of alternative stains:^[9] neodymium acetate,^[10]^[11] platinum blue,^[12] hafnium chloride,^[13] and oolong tea extracts.^[14]^[15]

References

↑ Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 3–566, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2
↑ Howatson, J.; Grev, D.M.; Morosin, B. (1975). "Crystal and molecular structure of uranyl acetate dihydrate". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 37 (9): 1933–1935. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(75)80918-3.
↑ Klepov, Vladislav V.; Vologzhanina, Anna V.; Alekseev, Evgeny V.; Pushkin, Denis V.; Serezhkina, Larisa B.; Sergeeva, Olga A.; Knyazev, Aleksandr V.; Serezhkin, Viktor N. (2016). "Structural diversity of uranyl acrylates". CrystEngComm 18 (10): 1723–1731. doi:10.1039/C5CE01957E. Bibcode: 2016CEG....18.1723K.
↑ "Negative Staining" University of Oxford
↑ Sessler, Jonathan L.; Seidel, Daniel; Vivian, Anne E.; Lynch, Vincent; Scott, Brian L.; Keogh, D. Webster (2001). "Hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0.0): An Expanded Porphyrin Ligand for the Actinide Cations Uranyl (UO₂²⁺) and Neptunyl (NpO₂⁺)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 40 (3): 591–594. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010202)40:3<591::AID-ANIE591>3.0.CO;2-0.
↑ Moeller, Therald; Wilkins, Donald H.; Merritt, Lynne L. (1953). "Bis(8-quinolinolo)dioxouranium(VI) and its Addition Compound with 8-Quinolinol". Inorganic Syntheses. 4. pp. 101–103. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch35. ISBN 978-0-470-13163-3.
↑ Paul, R. C.; Ghetra, J. S.; Bains, M. S.; Hoekstra, Henry R. (1967). "Uranium(IV) Acetate". Inorganic Syntheses. 9. pp. 41–43. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch12. ISBN 978-0-470-13168-8.
↑ "Health Safety & Wellbeing. Uranyl acetate and uranyl nitrate" Monash University
↑ Yamaguchi K, Suzuki K, Tanaka K (2010) Examination of electron stains as a substitute for uranyl acetate for the ultrathin sections of bacterial cells. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 59:113–118
↑ Kuipers, Jeroen; Giepmans, Ben N. G. (1 April 2020). "Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy" (in en). Histochemistry and Cell Biology 153 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0. ISSN 1432-119X. PMID 32008069.
↑ Hosogi N, Nishioka H, Nakakoshi M (2015) Evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate. Microscopy (Oxf) 64:429–435
↑ Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T (2007) Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch Histol Cytol 70:43–49
↑ Ikeda K, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiuchi Y, Park P (2011) Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc Res Tech 74:825–830
↑ Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, Ghazizadeh M (2008) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J Microsc 229:17–20
↑ He X, Liu B (2017) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections based on examples of animal tissues for transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 267:27–33

v t e Acetyl halides and salts of the acetate ion
AcOH																	He
LiOAc	Be(OAc)₂ BeAcOH											B(OAc)₃	AcOAc ROAc	NH₄OAc	AcOOH	FAc	Ne
NaOAc	Mg(OAc)₂											Al(OAc)₃ ALSOL Al(OAc)₂OH Al₂SO₄(OAc)₄	Si	P	S	ClAc	Ar
KOAc	Ca(OAc)₂	Sc(OAc)₃	Ti(OAc)₄	VO(OAc)₃	Cr(OAc)₂ Cr(OAc)₃	Mn(OAc)₂ Mn(OAc)₃	Fe(OAc)₂ Fe(OAc)₃	Co(OAc)₂, Co(OAc)₃	Ni(OAc)₂	Cu(OAc)₂	Zn(OAc)₂	Ga(OAc)₃	Ge	As(OAc)₃	Se	BrAc	Kr
RbOAc	Sr(OAc)₂	Y(OAc)₃	Zr(OAc)₄	Nb	Mo(OAc)₂	Tc	Ru(OAc)₂ Ru(OAc)₃ Ru(OAc)₄	Rh₂(OAc)₄	Pd(OAc)₂	AgOAc	Cd(OAc)₂	In	Sn(OAc)₂ Sn(OAc)₄	Sb(OAc)₃	Te	IAc	Xe
CsOAc	Ba(OAc)₂		Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt(OAc)₂	Au	Hg₂(OAc)₂, Hg(OAc)₂	TlOAc Tl(OAc)₃	Pb(OAc)₂ Pb(OAc)₄	Bi(OAc)₃	Po	At	Rn
Fr	Ra		Rf	Db	Sg	Bh	Hs	Mt	Ds	Rg	Cn	Nh	Fl	Mc	Lv	Ts	Og
		↓
		La(OAc)₃	Ce(OAc)_x	Pr	Nd	Pm	Sm(OAc)₃	Eu(OAc)₃	Gd(OAc)₃	Tb	Dy(OAc)₃	Ho(OAc)₃	Er	Tm	Yb(OAc)₃	Lu(OAc)₃
		Ac	Th	Pa	UO₂(OAc)₂	Np	Pu	Am	Cm	Bk	Cf	Es	Fm	Md	No	Lr

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyl acetate. Read more

[hand-1] Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 3–566, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2

[2] Howatson, J.; Grev, D.M.; Morosin, B. (1975). "Crystal and molecular structure of uranyl acetate dihydrate". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 37 (9): 1933–1935. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(75)80918-3.

[3] Klepov, Vladislav V.; Vologzhanina, Anna V.; Alekseev, Evgeny V.; Pushkin, Denis V.; Serezhkina, Larisa B.; Sergeeva, Olga A.; Knyazev, Aleksandr V.; Serezhkin, Viktor N. (2016). "Structural diversity of uranyl acrylates". CrystEngComm 18 (10): 1723–1731. doi:10.1039/C5CE01957E. Bibcode: 2016CEG....18.1723K.

[NEGSTAIN-4] "Negative Staining" University of Oxford

[5] Sessler, Jonathan L.; Seidel, Daniel; Vivian, Anne E.; Lynch, Vincent; Scott, Brian L.; Keogh, D. Webster (2001). "Hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.0.0): An Expanded Porphyrin Ligand for the Actinide Cations Uranyl (UO₂²⁺) and Neptunyl (NpO₂⁺)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 40 (3): 591–594. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20010202)40:3<591::AID-ANIE591>3.0.CO;2-0.

[6] Moeller, Therald; Wilkins, Donald H.; Merritt, Lynne L. (1953). "Bis(8-quinolinolo)dioxouranium(VI) and its Addition Compound with 8-Quinolinol". Inorganic Syntheses. 4. pp. 101–103. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch35. ISBN 978-0-470-13163-3.

[7] Paul, R. C.; Ghetra, J. S.; Bains, M. S.; Hoekstra, Henry R. (1967). "Uranium(IV) Acetate". Inorganic Syntheses. 9. pp. 41–43. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch12. ISBN 978-0-470-13168-8.

[NOHARM-8] "Health Safety & Wellbeing. Uranyl acetate and uranyl nitrate" Monash University

[9] Yamaguchi K, Suzuki K, Tanaka K (2010) Examination of electron stains as a substitute for uranyl acetate for the ultrathin sections of bacterial cells. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 59:113–118

[NdAc-UOAc_alt-10] Kuipers, Jeroen; Giepmans, Ben N. G. (1 April 2020). "Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy" (in en). Histochemistry and Cell Biology 153 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0. ISSN 1432-119X. PMID 32008069.

[11] Hosogi N, Nishioka H, Nakakoshi M (2015) Evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate. Microscopy (Oxf) 64:429–435

[12] Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T (2007) Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch Histol Cytol 70:43–49

[13] Ikeda K, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiuchi Y, Park P (2011) Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc Res Tech 74:825–830

[14] Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, Ghazizadeh M (2008) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J Microsc 229:17–20

[15] He X, Liu B (2017) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections based on examples of animal tissues for transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 267:27–33

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