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China Eastern Airlines

Topic: Company

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 14 min
Short description: Chinese airline based in Shanghai
China Eastern Airlines
中国东方航空公司
China Eastern Airlines logo.svg
IATA ICAO Callsign
MU CES CHINA EASTERN
Founded25 June 1988; 36 years ago (1988-06-25)
Hubs
  • Kunming Changshui International Airport
  • Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport
  • Shanghai Pudong International Airport
  • Xi'an Xianyang International Airport
Secondary hubs
  • Beijing Daxing International Airport
  • Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
  • Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
  • Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport
  • Nanjing Lukou International Airport
  • Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport
  • Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport
  • Wuhan Tianhe International Airport
  • Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport[1]
Focus cities
  • Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport
  • Harbin Taiping International Airport
  • Hefei Xinqiao International Airport
  • Hong Kong International Airport
  • Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport
  • Nanchang Changbei International Airport
  • Ningbo Lishe International Airport
  • Taiyuan Wusu International Airport
  • Yantai Penglai International Airport
Frequent-flyer programEastern Miles
AllianceSkyTeam
Subsidiaries
  • China Cargo Airlines
  • China Eastern Yunnan Airlines
  • China United Airlines
  • OTT Airlines
  • Shanghai Airlines
Fleet size617
Destinations248
Parent companyChina Eastern Air Holding Company
Traded asSSE: 600115
SEHK: Script error: No such module "Leading zeros".&sc_lang=en Script error: No such module "Leading zeros".
NYSE: CEA
HeadquartersNo. 2550 Hongqiao Rd, Shanghai
Key peopleLiu Shaoyong (Chairman)
RevenueIncrease CN¥85.25 billion (2012)[2]
Operating incomeIncrease CN¥4.228 billion (2012)[2]
Net incomeDecrease CN¥2.808 billion (2012)[2]
Total assetsIncrease CN¥123.82 billion (2012)[2]
Total equityIncrease CN¥22.93 billion (2012)[2]
Employees80,000 (March, 2016)
Websiteceair.com
China Eastern Airlines
Script error: No such module "Infobox multi-lingual name".
Current headquarters at Shanghai Hongqiao Airport, shared with Shanghai Airlines
China Eastern Airlines branch at Beijing Daxing International Airport

China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited (simplified Chinese: 中国东方航空公司; traditional Chinese: 中國東方航空公司), also known as China Eastern, is an airline headquartered in the China Eastern Airlines Building,[3] on the grounds of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in Changning District, Shanghai.[4] It is one of the "Big Three" airlines (alongside Air China and China Southern Airlines) of the People's Republic of China, operating international, domestic and regional routes. Hongqiao airport, along with the larger Shanghai Pudong International Airport, are China Eastern's main hubs, with secondary hubs in Beijing Daxing, Kunming, and Xi'an.[5]

It is the second largest airline in China, in terms of passenger traffic, after China Southern Airlines. In 2021, its operation revenue is 67,127 million RMB. Its total asset is 286,548 million RMB.[6] China Eastern and its subsidiary Shanghai Airlines became the 14th member of SkyTeam on 21 June 2011.[7] The parent company of China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited is China Eastern Air Holding Company.

History

China Eastern Airlines was established on 25 June 1988 under the Civil Aviation Administration of China Huadong Administration. In 1997, China Eastern took over the unprofitable China General Aviation and also became the country's first airline to offer shares on the international market. In 1998, it founded China Cargo Airlines in a joint venture with COSCO. In March 2001, it completed the takeover of Great Wall Airlines.[5] China Yunnan Airlines and China Northwest Airlines merged into China Eastern Airlines in 2003.[citation needed] The company slogan is World-Class Hospitality with Eastern Charm (世界品位，东方魅力).[citation needed]

Liu Shaoyong in 2014

The Chinese government has a majority ownership stake in China Eastern Airlines (61.64%), while some shares are publicly held (H shares, 32.19%); A shares, 6.17%. On 20 April 2006, the media broke the news of a possible sale of up to 20% of its stake to foreign investors, including Singapore Airlines, Emirates and Japan Airlines, with Singapore Airlines confirming that negotiations were underway.[8][9]

After receiving approval from the State Council of China, it was announced that on 2 September 2007, Singapore Airlines and Temasek Holdings (holding company which owns 55% of Singapore Airlines) would jointly acquire shares of China Eastern Airlines.[10][11] On 9 November 2007, investors signed a final agreement to buy a combined 24% stake in China Eastern Airlines: Singapore Airlines would own 15.73% and Temasek Holdings an 8.27% stake in the airline.[12] Singapore Airlines' pending entry into the Chinese market prompted the Hong Kong carrier Cathay Pacific to attempt to block the deal by buying a significant stake in China Eastern and voting down the deal together with Air China (which already held an 11% stake in China Eastern) at the shareholders' meeting in December 2007.[13][14] However, on 24 September, Cathay Pacific announced that it had abandoned these plans.[15]

Air China's parent company, state-owned China National Aviation Corporation, announced in January 2008 that it would offer 32% more than Singapore Airlines for the 24% stake in China Eastern, potentially complicating the deal that Singapore Airlines and Temasek had proposed by Beckett Saufley.[16] However, minority shareholders declined the offer made by Singapore Airlines. It is thought that this was due to the massive effort made by Air China to buy the 24% stake.[17]

On 11 June 2009, it was announced that China Eastern Airlines would merge with Shanghai Airlines.[18] The merger of China Eastern and Shanghai Airlines was expected to reduce excess competition between the two Shanghai-based carriers while consolidating Shanghai's status as an international aviation hub. In February 2010, the merger was completed.[19] Shanghai Airlines became a wholly owned subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines. However, Shanghai Airlines retained its brand and livery. The new combined airline was expected to have over half of the market share in Shanghai, the financial hub of China.[citation needed] China Eastern Airlines also acquired China United Airlines in October 2010.[20]

In March 2012, it was announced that China Eastern was forging a strategic alliance with the Qantas Group to set up Jetstar Hong Kong, a new low cost airline to be based at Hong Kong International Airport, which would commence operations in 2013.[21] China Eastern would hold a 50% stake in the new airline, with the Qantas Group holding the other 50%, representing a total investment of US$198 million.[22] However, in June 2015, the Hong Kong Air Transport Licensing Authority refused to issue an operating license to Jetstar Hong Kong. China Eastern and Qantas subsequently announced the end of the investment.[23]

In April 2013, China Eastern received a temporary permit to operate in the Philippines, but the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines required them to obtain a technical permit and an airport slot.[24][25]

In 2012, China Eastern was awarded the “Golden Ting Award” at the China Capital Market Annual Conference 2012, recognizing it as one of the 50 most valuable Chinese brands by WPP and ranking in the top ten of FORTUNE China's CSR ranking 2013.[citation needed]

On 9 September 2014, China Eastern introduced a new logo and new livery.[26] In 2015, the airline entered a partnership with Delta Air Lines in which Delta will buy a 3.55% share in China Eastern for $450 million.[27]

China Eastern from 30 June 2015, launched new service to the US, as the Skyteam member plans three weekly Chengdu – Nanjing – Los Angeles operation with Airbus A330-200 (twin-jet) (A332) aircraft.[28]

In 2017, China Eastern Airlines reported a net profit of CNY6.4 billion ($983 million), up 41% over net income of CNY4.5 billion in 2016.[29]

On 26 February 2020, China Eastern Airlines launched OTT Airlines as a subsidiary to operate domestically produced aircraft, such as the Comac C919 and Comac ARJ21, in the Yangtze Delta region in addition to business jet operations.[30][31]

Destinations

China Eastern Airlines has a strong presence on routes in Asia, North America and Australia. The airline looks to exploit the domestic market potential as it boosts flight frequencies from Shanghai to other Chinese cities. The airline is also accelerating the pace of international expansion by increasing flight frequencies to international destinations. In 2007, it began operations to New York City from Shanghai, making it the longest non-stop route for the airline. In 2016, China Eastern Airlines also launched direct flights from Shanghai to Prague, Amsterdam, Madrid and St. Petersburg.[citation needed]

Codeshare agreements

China Eastern Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[32]


  • Aeroflot
  • Aerolíneas Argentinas
  • Air Europa
  • Air France
  • British Airways
  • China Airlines
  • China United Airlines
  • Delta Air Lines
  • Etihad Airways
  • Garuda Indonesia
  • Hong Kong Airlines
  • Japan Airlines
  • Joy Air
  • Juneyao Airlines
  • Kenya Airways
  • KLM
  • Korean Air
  • Mandarin Airlines
  • Qantas
  • Royal Brunei Airlines
  • Shanghai Airlines
  • Sichuan Airlines
  • Vietnam Airlines
  • WestJet
  • XiamenAir


Investor Relations

Organizational Structure

Organizational Structure

[33]

Ownership Structure[34]

Owner Number of shares held Percentage of shares held
1 China Eastern Airlines Group Co. LTD 7567853802 40.1
2 HKSCC NOMINEES LIMITED 4701157885↓ 24.91
3 Shanghai Jidao Hang Enterprise Management Co., LTD 589041096 3.12
4 China Aviation Oil Group Co. LTD 502767895 2.66
5 DELTA AIRLINES INC 465910000 2.47
6 Shanghai Reed Information Technology Consulting Co. LTD 465838509 2.47
7 China Eastern Financial Holding Co. LTD 457317073 2.42
8 China Securities Finance Co. LTD 429673382 2.28
9 Shanghai Junyao (Group) Co. LTD 311831909 1.65
10 China State-owned Enterprise Restructuring Fund Co., LTD 273972602 1.45

Fleet

Current fleet

China Eastern Airlines Airbus A320-200 taxiing at Kansai International Airport
China Eastern Airlines Airbus A320neo
China Eastern Airlines Comac C919
A China Eastern Airlines Boeing 777-300ER at Los Angeles International Airport
China Eastern Yunnan Airlines Boeing 787-9 at Beijing Capital International Airport
China Eastern Airlines Airbus A350-900 at Beijing Capital International Airport

(As of December 2022), China Eastern Airlines operates the following aircraft:[35][36][37]

China Eastern Airlines Passenger Fleet
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
F J W Y Total
Airbus A319-100 35 — — 8 — 114 122
Airbus A320-200 175 — — 8 — 150 158 Largest operator.
Airbus A320neo 90 13[38] — 8 18 132 158 Second largest operator.[37]
Airbus A321-200 77 — — 20 — 155 175
12 166 178
12 170 182
Airbus A321neo — 68[38] TBA
Airbus A330-200 30 — — 30 — 202 232
30 204 234
24 240 264
Airbus A330-300 25 — — 32 32 230 294
38 — 262 300
Airbus A350-900 15 5 4[39] 36 32 216 288 Deliveries through 2023.[40][41]
Boeing 737-700 37 — — 8 — 126 134
— 140 140
Boeing 737-800 106 — — 20 — 138 158
12 150 162
8 162 170
8 18 150 176
— 18 168 186
Boeing 737 MAX 8 3 47 — 8 18 150 176
Boeing 777-300ER 20 — 6 52 — 258 316
Boeing 787-9 3 2 4[42] 26 28 227 285 Deliveries through 2023.[43]
Comac ARJ21-700 — 35[44] TBA Deliveries from 2025.
Comac C919 1 19 — 8 — 156 164 Launch customer.[45][46]
Total 617 189

China Eastern Airlines was the first Chinese airline to place an order with Airbus. The backbone of the fleet is the A320 series, which are used primarily on domestic flights.[citation needed]

In 2005, China Eastern Airlines placed an order for 15 Boeing 787 Dreamliners. The airline subsequently cancelled its order owing to continuous delays, instead swapped the 787 order for Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft,[47]

On 18 October 2011, China Eastern Airlines placed an order for 15 Airbus A330s.[48][49]

China Eastern Airlines ordered 20 Boeing 777-300ERs and received its first 777-300ER aircraft on 26 September 2014.[50]

In 2015, the airline acquired a further batch of 15 Airbus A330 aircraft for delivery in 2017 and 2018.[51]

In April 2016, China Eastern Airlines ordered 20 Airbus A350-900 and 15 Boeing 787-9 aircraft, with deliveries commencing in 2018.[43]

In May 2021, China Eastern Airlines introduced five A320neos and one ARJ21. At of the end of the month, the company operated a total of 738 aircraft.[52]

Former fleet

An Airbus A310-222 of China Eastern Airlines at the Beijing Civil Aviation Museum
A China Eastern Airlines Xian Y-7-100C at At Tianjin Binhai International
A McDonnell Douglas MD-11 of China Eastern Airlines

China Eastern Airlines has previously operated the following aircraft:[35]

China Eastern Airlines Retired Fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Airbus A300-600R 10 1989 2015
Airbus A300-600RF 3 1993 2015
Airbus A310-200 3 1988 2006
Airbus A310-300 2 1988 1994
Airbus A318-100 1 2012 2020 Operated for China Eastern Airlines Executive Air[53]
Airbus A340-300 5 1996 2012
Airbus A340-600 5 2003 2015
Boeing 737-200 3 2001 2005
Boeing 737-300 26 1998 2014
Boeing 767-300ER 3 2003 2011 Acquired from China Yunnan Airlines.
Bombardier CRJ-200ER 5 2004 2016
BAe 146-100 6 1986 2009
BAe 146-300 7 2003 2009
Embraer ERJ-135 5 2012 2021 Operated for China Eastern Airlines Executive Air[53]
Embraer ERJ-145 10 2005 2016
Fokker 100 10 1992 1999
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 4 1991 2003
McDonnell Douglas MD-11F 2 1991 2003 Transferred to China Cargo Airlines
McDonnell Douglas MD-82 16 1988 2007
McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30 9 1997 2010
Xian MA-60 Unknown Unknown Unknown Acquired from Wuhan Airlines
Yakovlev Yak-42 Unknown Unknown Unknown Acquired from China General Aviation Corporation

Special liveries gallery

In flight from Kunming to Chongqing

  • Airbus A330-343 in 2011 Xi'an International Horticultural Expo Livery

  • Airbus A320-232 in 2011 Xi'an International Horticultural Expo Livery

  • Airbus A330-343 in EXPO Shanghai 2010 Livery

  • Boeing 737-800 in special livery for promotion of tourism in Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture

  • China Eastern Yunnan Airlines Boeing 737-800 in Purple Peacock Livery

  • Airbus A330-343 in People's Daily Online Livery

  • Airbus A330-343 in Xinhua News Livery

  • Airbus A330-343 in Shanghai Disney Resort Livery

  • Airbus A330-343 in Toy Story livery

  • Airbus A321-231 in SkyTeam livery

  • Boeing 737-800 in Duffy the Disney Bear livery

  • Boeing 737-800 in Frozen livery

  • Boeing 777-300ER in China International Import Expo livery

Services

China Eastern offers first class, business class, premium economy, and economy.

First class

China Eastern offers first class on all Boeing 777s. A first-class seat comes with a flat bed seat, direct aisle access and a sliding door. The plane also comes with a bar for passengers to serve themselves snacks and socialize with others. Middle seats on the Boeing 777 can be turned into a double bed.

Business class on a Boeing 777.
Business plus/ Super premium suites

The business plus product can be found on all Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 aircraft. The suites come with bigger space along with larger suite length compared to the business class seats. The business plus suites also feature sliding door and a minibar. The middle seats can be turned into a living room with seating for four.[39][42]

Business class

Business class comes in many different versions. On China Eastern's narrow-body fleet, business class seats are recliners arranged in an 2-2 configuration. On select A330s, business class seats are either Zodiac Cirrus or Thompson Vantage XL which is in a 1-2-1 configuration, or it could be angled flat beds or fully flat beds arranged in a 2-2-2 configuration. On the A350 and 787, business class seats are modified Thompson Vantage XL with doors similar to Delta One suites.[54] On its B777, business class seats are Zodiac Cirrus.

Economy class on the Boeing 787-9.
Premium economy

Premium economy is found on all Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 aircraft.[55]

Economy

China Eastern offers complimentary meal service and select A330s, all A350s, 777s, and 787s have seatback entertainment.[56]

Eastern Miles

China Eastern Airlines's frequent-flyer program is called Eastern Miles (simplified Chinese: 东方万里行; traditional Chinese: 東方萬里行). Shanghai Airlines and China United Airlines, China Eastern subsidiaries, are also parts of the program. Eastern Miles members can earn miles on flights as well as through consumption with China Eastern's credit card. When enough miles are collected, members can be upgraded to Elite membership in three tiers: Platinum, Gold and Silver.[57]

Cargo

China Cargo Airlines Boeing 747-400ERF

After the merger with Shanghai Airlines, China Eastern Airlines signaled that it would combine the two carriers' cargo subsidiaries as well. The airline's new subsidiary cargo carrier, consisting of the assets of China Cargo Airlines, Great Wall Airlines and Shanghai Airlines Cargo, commenced operations in 2011 from its base in Shanghai, China's largest air cargo market.[58] China Eastern Airlines signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Shanghai Airport Group, which controls both Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport. The airline will allocate more capacity to Pudong Airport to open more international routes and boost flight frequencies on existing international and domestic trunk routes.[citation needed]

Subsidiaries

China Cargo Airlines

China Eastern Airlines' cargo subsidiary, China Cargo Airlines, is China's first all-cargo airline operating dedicated freight services using China Eastern Airlines' route structure. The cargo airline carries the same logo of China Eastern Airlines.

China United Airlines

China United Airlines is a low-cost carrier based in Beijing Daxing International Airport. It became a subsidiary of China Eastern in 2010 as a result of acquisitions.[20]

OTT Airlines

OTT Airlines is an airline subsidiary that was launched in February 2020 to operate domestically produced aircraft like the Comac C919 and Comac ARJ21 in the Yangtze Delta region.[30][31]

China Eastern Yunnan Airlines

China Eastern Yunnan Airlines, formerly known as China Yunnan Airlines, is China Eastern Airlines' local subsidiary in Yunnan province.

Incidents and accidents

  • On 24 April 1989, a passenger hijacked a China Eastern Xian Y-7 en route from Ningbo to Xiamen. The hijacker, armed with a dagger and carrying dynamite, stabbed a flight attendant and demanded to be flown to Taiwan. The pilot diverted to Fuzhou instead and when the hijacker realized that he had been tricked, he blew himself up, injuring two people in the process.[59]
  • On 15 August 1989, China Eastern Airlines Flight 5510 (B-3437) operating a domestic flight from Shanghai to Nanchang, crashed on takeoff following an unexplained failure of the right engine, killing 34 of 40 people on board.[60]
  • On 6 April 1993, China Eastern Airlines Flight 583, a McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 flying from Beijing to Los Angeles via Shanghai, had an inadvertent deployment of the leading edge wing slats while cruising. The aircraft progressed through several violent pitch oscillations and lost 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of altitude. Two passengers were killed, and 149 passengers and seven crew members were injured. The aircraft landed safely in Shemya, Alaska, United States.
  • On 26 October 1993, China Eastern Flight 5398 from Shenzhen to Fuzhou, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 overshot the runway and crashed at Fuzhou Yixu Airport after a failed attempt to go around on approach, killing two of 80 on board.
  • On 10 September 1998, China Eastern Airlines Flight 586, a McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 flying from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport to Beijing Capital International Airport, suffered a nose gear failure after take-off. The aircraft landed back in Shanghai with the nose gear up on a foamed runway. There were only nine reported injuries. The incident became the inspiration for the 1999 movie Crash Landing, directed by Zhang Jianya, which premiered on the 50th anniversary of the National Day of the People's Republic of China.[61]
  • On 21 November 2004, China Eastern Airlines Flight 5210, a Bombardier CRJ-200LR, crashed shortly after takeoff from Baotou Airport due to wing icing, killing all 53 on board and two people on the ground.
  • On 7 June 2013, China Eastern Airlines Flight 2947, an Embraer ERJ-145LI (B-3052), ran off the runway on landing at Hongqiao Airport; all 49 on board survived. Investigation revealed that a servo valve in the nosewheel steering assembly was clogged.[62]
  • On 21 March 2022, China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 (operated by China Eastern Yunnan Airlines), a Boeing 737-89P flying from Kunming Changshui International Airport to Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, crashed in a mountainous region in Molang Village, Teng County, Guangxi, killing all 123 passengers and 9 crew.[63][64]

See also

  • Civil aviation in China
  • List of airlines of the People's Republic of China
  • List of airports in China
  • List of companies of the People's Republic of China
  • Transport in China
  • China Cargo Airlines (Cargo King)

References

  1. ↑ 东航“四梁八柱”航线战略：“四梁”为上海、北京、昆明、西安四大枢纽市场，“八柱”则为广州、深圳、成都、厦门、南京、杭州、青岛、武汉八个重要市场。
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Form 20-F China Eastern Airlines Corporation Limited". sec.gov. 2012. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1030475/000114420413023527/v341666_20f.htm. 
  3. ↑ "Exhibit B." p. 2. "2550 Hongqiao Road Hongqiao International Airport China Eastern Airlines Building" (Archive)
  4. ↑ "China Eastern Airlines Corp. Ltd. (CEA) ." Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International: p. 64. 3 April 2007. 
  6. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.ceair.com/. 
  7. ↑ Cantle, Katie (23 June 2011). "China Eastern becomes 14th SkyTeam member". ATWOnline. http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/china-eastern-becomes-14th-skyteam-member-0622. 
  8. ↑ Shanghai Daily[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  9. ↑ "Channelnewsasia.com". 30 September 2007. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific_business/view/220300/1/.html. 
  10. ↑ SIA approved to buy into China Eastern Flight Global, 31 August 2007
  11. ↑ "SIA, China Eastern Airlines announce strategic tie-up". Channel NewsAsia. 2 September 2007. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/297472/1/.html. 
  12. ↑ "Singapore Airlines, Temasek sign China Eastern deal". Channel NewsAsia. 9 November 2007. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/310621/1/.html. 
  13. ↑ "Cathay Pacific to try and block Singapore Airlines: report". Agence France-Presse (Channel NewsAsia). 22 September 2007. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific_business/view/301392/1/.html. 
  14. ↑ BBC News. 10 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/low/newsid_7000000/newsid_7009900/7009931.stm. 
  15. ↑ Markets (24 September 2007). "Cathay Pacific abandons China Eastern plan". London: Telegraph.co.uk. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2816357/Cathay-Pacific-abandons-China-Eastern-plan.html. 
  16. ↑ Dyer, Geoff (6 January 2008). "/ Companies / Transport - Air China pursues China Eastern stake". Ft.com. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e00a08e8-bc7f-11dc-bcf9-0000779fd2ac.html. 
  17. ↑ Anderlini, Jamil (8 January 2008). "Shareholders reject Singapore Air offer". FT.com. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a074aaaa-bdcc-11dc-8bc9-0000779fd2ac.html. 
  18. ↑ "China Eastern Airlines announces detailed merger plan with Shanghai Airlines". News.xinhuanet.com. 12 July 2009. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/12/content_11697906.htm. 
  19. ↑ "China Eastern Air Holding Company". Center for Aviation. https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airline-groups/china-eastern-air-holding-company. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh). China United Airlines. http://info.flycua.com/jcms/publish/newb2c/aboutus_newb2c/. 
  21. ↑ "China Eastern Airlines and Qantas announce Jetstar Hong Kong". Jetstar Airways. 26 March 2012. http://www.jetstar.com/mediacentre/latest-announcements/detail?Id=0632ec10-347c-425f-b87d-80742c38b758&language=en. 
  22. ↑ "Qantas creates Jetstar Hong Kong". Sky News Australia. 26 March 2012. http://www.skynews.com.au/businessnews/article.aspx?id=732865&vId=. 
  23. ↑ "China Eastern moves to end involvement with Jetstar Hong Kong" (in en-AU). https://australianaviation.com.au/2015/08/china-eastern-moves-to-end-involvement-with-jetstar-hong-kong/. 
  24. ↑ "China Eastern Airlines bags temporary permit - Civil Aeronautics Board :: Philippines". Cab.gov.ph. http://www.cab.gov.ph/news/1069-china-eastern-airlines-bags-temporary-permit. 
  25. ↑ "China Eastern Airlines bags temporary permit | BusinessWorld Online". Bworldonline.com. 2013-04-17. http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Corporate&title=China-Eastern-Airlines-bags-temporary-permit&id=68851. 
  26. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". China Eastern Airlines. http://easternmiles.ceair.com/about/dhxw/t201499_18176.html. 
  27. ↑ "East-West Partnership". Airliner World: 15. October 2015. 
  28. ↑ Ltd. 2019, UBM (UK). "China Eastern Adds Chengdu / Nanjing – Los Angeles Service from late-June 2015". https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/247979/china-eastern-adds-chengdu-nanjing-los-angeles-service-from-late-June-2015/. 
  29. ↑ "China Eastern's 2017 net profit up 41% as demand, exchange rates improve | Aviation Week Network". http://atwonline.com/airline-financials/china-eastern-s-2017-net-profit-41-demand-exchange-rates-improve. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "China Eastern unveils OTT Airlines to operate Chinese-made jets". Reuters. 26 February 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-eastern-comac/china-eastern-unveils-ott-airlines-to-operate-chinese-made-jets-idUSKCN20K0R9. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Zhou, Senhao (1 March 2020). "OTT Airlines unveiled, mainly to operate China-made aircraft like ARJ21 and C919". Comac. http://english.comac.cc/news/latest/202003/01/t20200301_7205558.shtml. 
  32. ↑ "Profile on China Eastern Airlines". Centre for Aviation. http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/airlines/china-eastern-airlines-mu. 
  33. ↑ "中国东方航空". https://www.ceair.com/global/static/AboutChinaEasternAirlines/intoEasternAirlines/InvestorRelations/corporateGovernance/. 
  34. ↑ "中国东航(600115)主要股东_新浪财经_新浪网". https://vip.stock.finance.sina.com.cn/corp/go.php/vCI_StockHolder/stockid/600115/displaytype/30.phtml. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "China Eastern Airlines Fleet Details and History". planespotters.net. 3 December 2019. https://www.planespotters.net/airline/China-Eastern-Airlines. 
  36. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh-cn). http://www.ceair.com/guide2/dhjd/jxzs.html. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Airbus Orders & Deliveries". Airbus. 30 November 2020. https://www.airbus.com/aircraft/market/orders-deliveries.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Aircraft orders in 2022". Airbus. https://www.airbus.com/sites/g/files/jlcbta136/files/2022-08/ODs-July-2022-Airbus-Commercial-Aircraft.xlsx. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "China Eastern Airbus A350 to fly Sydney-Shanghai from March 31" (in en). 17 January 2019. https://www.executivetraveller.com/china-eastern-airbus-a350-to-fly-sydney-shanghai-from-march-31. 
  40. ↑ Bloomberg News (28 April 2016). "China Eastern to Buy 20 Airbus A350 Jets, 15 Boeing 787s". Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-28/boeing-airbus-win-wide-body-jetliner-orders-from-china-eastern. 
  41. ↑ "Industry News / Opinions - Shanghai Airlines 787-9" (in en-US). http://asklucky.onemileatatime.com/threads/shanghai-airlines-787-9.28349/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "China Eastern Boeing 787 brings business class suites to Melbourne" (in en). 8 January 2019. https://www.executivetraveller.com/china-eastern-boeing-787-brings-business-class-suites-to-melbourne. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "China Eastern orders 20 A350-900s, 15 Boeing 787-9s | Aviation Week Network". http://atwonline.com/airframes/china-eastern-orders-20-a350-900s-15-boeing-787-9s. 
  44. ↑ "China's top airlines to buy ARJ21 jets from COMAC". reuters.com. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-air-china-comac/chinas-top-airlines-to-buy-arj21-jets-from-comac-idUSKCN1VK139/. 
  45. ↑ "China Eastern To operate Comac C919 on Shanghai-Beijing Route". ATW Online. http://m.atwonline.com/airports-routes/china-eastern-operate-comac-c919-shanghai-beijing-route. 
  46. ↑ "CHINA EASTERN TAKES DELIVERY OF WORLD'S FIRST COMAC C919 (10 December 2022)". https://samchui.com/2022/12/10/china-eastern-takes-delivery-of-worlds-first-comac-c919/. 
  47. ↑ "China Eastern abandons 787 order for 737s". Flightglobal.com. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-eastern-abandons-787-order-for-737s-363530/. 
  48. ↑ "China Eastern orders 15 A330s, drops five A340s". Flightglobal.com. 5 May 2011. http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-eastern-orders-15-a330s-drops-five-a340s-363531/. 
  49. ↑ "China Eastern orders 15 Airbus 330s". Channel NewsAsia. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific_business/view/1160012/1/.html. 
  50. ↑ "China Eastern takes delivery of first B777-300ER" (in en-GB). https://www.businesstraveller.com/news/2014/09/26/china-eastern-takes-delivery-of-first-b777-300er/. 
  51. ↑ "China Eastern Airlines". Airliner World: 17. October 2015. 
  52. ↑ "Form 6-K". https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1030475/000119312521191590/d178997d6k.htm. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "China Eastern Airlines Executive Air Fleet Details and History". planespotters.net. https://www.planespotters.net/airline/China-Eastern-Airlines-Executive-Air. 
  54. ↑ "China Eastern Airbus A350 to fly Sydney-Shanghai from March 31". Australian Business Traveler. 17 January 2019. https://www.ausbt.com.au/china-eastern-airbus-a350-to-fly-sydney-shanghai-from-march-31. 
  55. ↑ "China Eastern to introduce premium economy". TD. 24 June 2016. https://www.traveldailymedia.com/china-eastern-to-introduce-premium-economy/. 
  56. ↑ "Touring China Eastern's New 777-300ER Products". Travel Codex. 2 October 2017. https://www.travelcodex.com/tour-china-eastern-boeing-777-300er/. 
  57. ↑ "Welcome to Eastern Miles". Easternmiles.com. http://www.easternmiles.com/uk/index.jsp. 
  58. ↑ Cantle, Katie (30 September 2010). "New China Eastern cargo carrier to launch Jan. 1 from Shanghai". Atwonline.com. http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/new-china-eastern-cargo-carrier-launch-jan-1-shanghai-0929. 
  59. ↑ Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network
  60. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Antonov 24RV B-3417 Shanghai-Hongqiao Airport". Aviation-safety.net. 15 August 1989. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890815-1. 
  61. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident MD-11 B-2173 Shanghai-Hongqiao Airport". Aviation-safety.net. 10 September 1998. https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19980910-2. 
  62. ↑ Accident description for B-3052 at the Aviation Safety Network
  63. ↑ "A 737 crashed in China. What we know about the plane". 2021-03-22. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/21/business/boeing-jet-crash/index.html. 
  64. ↑ "Boeing 737 plane crashes in China's southern Guangxi with 132 people on board". 2021-03-21. https://www.scmp.com/video/china/3171307/boeing-737-plane-crashes-chinas-southern-guangxi-132-people-board. 

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