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Defense Distributed

Topic: Company

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 13 min
Short description: American non-profit developing digital firearm schematics
Defense Distributed
TypeNonprofit
FoundedOctober 16, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-10-16) in Austin, Texas
FoundersCody Wilson
Benjamin Denio
[1]
ProductsGhost Gunner
DEFCAD
Websitedefdist.org

Defense Distributed is an online, open-source hardware and software organization that develops digital schematics of firearms in CAD files, or "wiki weapons", that may be downloaded from the Internet and used in 3D printing or CNC milling applications.[2] Among the organization's goals is to develop and freely publish firearms-related design schematics that can be downloaded and reproduced by anyone with a 3D printer or milling machine, facilitating the popular production of homemade firearms.[3][4]

The company is best known for developing and releasing the files for the Liberator, the world's first completely 3D printed gun.[5][6] On May 5, 2013, Defense Distributed made these printable STL files public,[7] and within days the United States Department of State demanded they be removed from the Internet, citing a violation of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations.[8][9]

On May 6, 2015, Defense Distributed, joined by the Second Amendment Foundation (SAF), filed Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State in the Western District of Texas, leading the State Department to eventually offer a settlement in 2018. On July 27, 2018, Defense Distributed released ten CAD files to the public domain at DEFCAD before a federal judge in Washington State enjoined the settlement in Defense Distributed I.[10][11][12] On April 27, 2021, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated the injunction, and ordered the district court to dismiss the suit challenging the settlement.[13] Shortly thereafter, Defense Distributed again released its library of files to the public domain.[14] Multiple federal and state lawsuits are pending which challenge the legality and of this settlement, and the protected speech content of 3D printable gun files.

History

Founding

After raising US$2,000 via a suspended crowd-funding appeal, suffering the confiscation of its first 3D printer, and partnering with private manufacturing firms,[15] the organization began live fire testing of the first generation of printable firearms in December 2012.[16][17]

In its first year of operation the organization produced a durable printed receiver for the AR-15, the first printed standard capacity AR-15 magazine, and the first printed magazine for the AK-47.[18][19] These 3D printable files were available for download at the organization's publishing site DEFCAD,[20] but are now largely hosted on file sharing websites.[21]

The organization has been predominantly represented in public since July 2012 by Cody Wilson, who is described as a founder and spokesperson.[22][23] In September 2018, Wilson briefly resigned from the company while under indictment for sexual assault, returning to his role in late 2019.[24]

Purpose

According to the Defense Distributed website, the nonprofit was founded as "the first private defense contractor in service of the general public," in order to "[advance] the state of the art in small scale, digital, personal gunsmithing." In court records the organization claims "to publish and distribute... such information and knowledge in promotion of the public interest".[25][15]

The organization's motivations have been described as "less about [a] gun... than about democratizing manufacturing technology,"[26] In an interview with Slashdot, Cody Wilson described the Wiki Weapon project as a chance to "experiment with Enlightenment ideas… to literally materialize freedom.”[27]

At Bitcoin 2012 in London, Wilson explained the organization as interested in inspiring libertarian forms of social organization and technologically driven inversions of authority.[28]

DEFCAD

Main page: Company:DEFCAD

In December 2012, as a response to Makerbot Industries' decision to remove firearms-related 3D printable files at the popular repository Thingiverse, Defense Distributed launched a companion site at defcad.org to publicly host the removed 3D printable files and its own.[29][30] Public and community submissions to DEFCAD rose rapidly,[20][30] and in March 2013, at the SXSW Interactive festival, Wilson announced a repurposed and expanded DEFCAD as a separate entity that would serve as a 3D search engine and development hub, while maintaining the spirit of access endemic to Defense Distributed.[31][32][33] DEFCAD has been called "The Pirate Bay of 3D Printing"[34] and "the anti-Makerbot."[33]

Ghost Gunner

Main page: Company:Ghost Gunner

In October 2014, Defense Distributed began selling to the public a miniature CNC mill for completing receivers for the AR-15 semi-automatic rifle.[35] For a review of the machine in Wired, Andy Greenberg manufactured a series of lowers and called the machine "absurdly easy to use."[36] Since 2016 the Ghost Gunner has been recognized as the most popular machine tool for the production of ghost guns.[37]

Administration

Legal history

Defense Distributed once sought 501(c)(3) federal tax exemption, but its application was denied by the IRS.[38]

The organization operates to publish intellectual property and information developed by licensed firearms manufacturers and the public.[15]

Cody Wilson has had a Type 7 Federal Firearms License (FFL).[39]

Legal challenges

Stratasys confiscation

Learning of Defense Distributed's plans in 2012, manufacturer Stratasys, Ltd threatened legal action and demanded the return of the 3D printer it had leased to Wilson. On September 26, before the printer was assembled for use, Wilson received an email from Stratasys suggesting that he might use the printer "...for illegal purposes..." Stratasys immediately canceled its lease with Wilson and sent a team to confiscate the printer the next day. Wilson was subsequently questioned by the ATF when visiting an ATF field office in Austin, Texas , Texas to inquire about legalities and regulations relating to the Wiki Weapons project.[40]

The Undetectable Firearms Act

Defense Distributed's efforts have prompted renewed discussion and examination of the Undetectable Firearms Act.[22][39][41][42] The Liberator pistol was cited in White House and Congressional calls to renew the Act in 2013.[43][44]

International Traffic in Arms Regulations

Letter from the United States Department of State to Defense Distributed (May 8, 2013).

On May 9, 2013, The United States Department of State Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) directed Defense Distributed to remove the download links to its publicly accessible CAD files.[45] The State Department's letter, likely prompted by the Liberator Pistol, referenced § 127.1 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), interpreting the regulations to impose a prior approval requirement on publication of Defense Distributed's files into the public domain, a legal position noted at the time to suffer from First and Second Amendment infirmities.[46][47]

Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State

On May 6, 2015, Defense Distributed filed a Constitutional challenge against the State Department in the Western District of Texas, suing agents of the DDTC and accusing the federal government of knowingly violating the company's First, Second, and Fifth amendment liberties. Defense Distributed was joined in its suit by the Second Amendment Foundation.[48][49]

After three years of procedural wrangling, on July 10, 2018, Wired magazine reported Defense Distributed and SAF had accepted a settlement offer from the Department of State. Cody Wilson explained his intention to immediately relaunch DEFCAD and release 3D gun files into the public domain.[50] These new public domain releases occurred on July 27, 2018, days before any court orders.[11]

State of Washington et al v. United States Department of State et al

A coalition of state attorneys general sued to enjoin the settlement in Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State in 2018, citing "...irreparable harm if the [firearm CAD files] are published on the internet."[51] Defense Distributed joined the suit as a necessary party, claiming the states lacked Article III standing and protections of its activity under the First Amendment.[52][53] U.S. District Judge Robert Lasnik issued a temporary restraining order against the State Department on July 31, 2018,[54] and granted a permanent injunction on November 12, 2019, ruling the State Department failed to give an adequate explanation of its settlement with Defense Distributed as required by the Administrative Procedure Act, a controversial decision since the department's designations are typically deemed unable to be judicially reviewed.[55][56][57]

Defense Distributed appealed Lasnik's injunction to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which rejected the case in July 2020, ruling the organization lacked the standing to appeal a decision directed at the State Department.[58][59] On April 27, 2021, however, the Ninth Circuit vacated an injunction in a related case, holding that Congress had expressly prohibited judicial review of the agency decisions in question.[13] Defense Distributed again released its full library of files to the public domain.[14]

Defense Distributed v. Gurbir Grewal

In July 2018, at the same time as State of Washington v. Department of State, Defense Distributed filed a civil lawsuit under section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act against New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir Grewal, who sent a cease and desist letter directing the firm to not publish the files subject to their settlement with the U.S. Department of State.[60] Defense Distributed argued New Jersey law had no power over their settlement and its use to impede their file publication was unconstitutional.

The suit was originally dismissed in district court over a question of personal jurisdiction, but in August 2020 the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the lower court and allowed the lawsuit to proceed in Texas.[61][62] On March 29, 2021, the Supreme Court denied Grewal's petition for a writ of certiorari, affirming the Fifth Circuit's decision, and remanding the case to the district court.[63]

Defense Distributed v. Bruck

After remand to Texas, and after Andrew Bruck succeeded Gurbir Grewal as Attorney General of his state, the district court severed Defense Distributed's claims against New Jersey and transferred them to a federal court there.[64] Defense Distributed again appealed the district court to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, who again reversed the lower court and held its order severing and transferring the claims against the AG to the District of New Jersey was a clear abuse of discretion.[65] In its opinion, the Fifth Circuit made the rare request to the district court in New Jersey to transfer the 3D gun case back to Texas, which this court has so far refused, creating an unprecedented judicial "turf fight".[65]

Definition of Frame or Receiver

In late 2022, Defense Distributed, joined by the Second Amendment Foundation, intervened in VanDerStok v. Garland, a suit challenging the ATF's 2021 "Frame or Receiver" rule, ATF2021R-05F.[66] On March 3, 2023, Judge Reed O'Connor of the Northern District of Texas granted Defense Distributed injunctive relief against the ATF, and on June 30, 2023, he granted the company's motion for summary judgment against the agency.[67]

Reception

Despite the years of legal challenges, Defense Distributed's and other firearms CAD files have always been on the internet.[68][8][9] The files remain available on mirror websites, Twitter, Reddit, Thingiverse, and GitHub, and have been downloaded millions of times on Odysee and via peer-to-peer torrent services.[69][70]

The company has been endorsed by the Gun Owners of America (GOA).[71] However, the National Rifle Association (NRA) has offered no official comment on the organization or its activities.

Open-source software advocate Eric S. Raymond has endorsed the organization and its efforts, calling Defense Distributed "friends of freedom" and writing "I approve of any development that makes it more difficult for governments and criminals to monopolize the use of force. As 3D printers become less expensive and more ubiquitous, this could be a major step in the right direction."[72][73]

Aaron Timms of Blouin News has written Defense Distributed has performed “...the greatest piece of political performance art of [the 21st] century.”[74]

For its activities, Defense Distributed has been accused of endangering public safety and attempting to frustrate and alter the US system of government.[75][76] However, critics have also noted that Defense Distributed has merely offered the means of production back to the masses in a way not too dissimilar from the effect the printing press had on the spread of information and the decentralization of power in societies.[77]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "A Crypto-Anarchist Will Help You Build a DIY AR-15". Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-cody-wilson-ghost-gunner-ar-15/. 
  2. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (August 23, 2012). "'Wiki Weapon Project' Aims To Create A Gun Anyone Can 3D-Print At Home". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/08/23/wiki-weapon-project-aims-to-create-a-gun-anyone-can-3d-print-at-home/. 
  3. ↑ "Hobbyist builds working assault rifle using 3D printer". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/07/30/3d_printed_assault_rifle/. 
  4. ↑ Poeter, Damon (August 24, 2012). "Could a 'Printable Gun' Change the World?". PC Magazine. https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2408899,00.asp. 
  5. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (May 5, 2013). "Meet The 'Liberator': Test-Firing The World's First Fully 3D-Printed Gun". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/05/05/meet-the-liberator-test-firing-the-worlds-first-fully-3d-printed-gun/. 
  6. ↑ Morelle, Rebecca (May 6, 2013). "Working gun made with 3D printer". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22421185. 
  7. ↑ Hutchinson, Lee (May 3, 2013). "The first entirely 3D-printed handgun is here". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/the-first-entirely-3d-printed-handgun-is-here/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "3D-printed gun blueprints pulled from Internet, at request of State Department". CBS News. May 10, 2013. https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57583855/3d-printed-gun-blueprints-pulled-from-internet-at-request-of-state-department/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nozowitz, Dan (May 10, 2013). "U.S. State Department Tells Defense Distributed To Take Down 3-D Printed Gun Plans". Popular Science. http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-05/us-state-department-tells-defense-distributed-take-down-3-d-printed-gun-plans. 
  10. ↑ "US judge blocks release of blueprints for 3D printed guns". August 1, 2018. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/31/seattle-judge-blocks-release-of-blueprints-for-3d-printed-guns. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Are Downloadable Plans for 3D Printed Guns Legal?". August 30, 2018. https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/are-downloadable-plans-for-3d-printed-guns-legal.html. 
  12. ↑ "Post-Cody Wilson's arrest, few know what's up with his company or legal efforts". September 22, 2018. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/09/post-cody-wilsons-arrest-few-know-whats-up-with-his-company-or-legal-efforts/?comments=1. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2021/04/27/20-35391.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Defense Distributed Releases All 3D Gun Files to the Public Following Ninth Circuit Decision". April 29, 2021. https://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/defense-distributed-releases-all-3d-gun-files-to-the-public-following-ninth-circuit-decision/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Hotz, Alexander (November 25, 2012). "3D 'Wiki Weapon' guns could go into testing by end of year, maker claims". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/25/3d-wiki-weapons-guns. 
  16. ↑ Beckhusen, Robert (December 3, 2012). "3-D Printed Gun Only Lasts 6 Shots". Wired. https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/12/weaponeers/. 
  17. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (December 3, 2012). "Here's What It Looks Like To Fire A (Partly) 3D-Printed Gun (Video)". Forbes Online. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/12/03/heres-what-it-looks-like-to-fire-a-partly-3d-printed-gun-video/. 
  18. ↑ Beckhusen, Robert (February 8, 2013). "New 3-D Printed Rifle Magazine Lets You Fire Hundreds of Rounds". Wired Danger Room. https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/02/printed-magazine/. 
  19. ↑ Branson, Michael (April 8, 2013). "Defense Distributed Releases Printable AK Magazine". The Firearm Blog. http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/04/08/defense-distributed-releases-printable-ak-magazine/. Retrieved April 12, 2013. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Bilton, Ricardo (February 19, 2013). "3D-printing gun site DEFCAD now attracting 3K visitors an hour, 250K downloads since launch". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2013/02/19/defcad-gun-traffic-growing/. 
  21. ↑ Ernesto (May 10, 2013). "Pirate Bay Takes Over Distribution of Censored 3D Printable Gun". TorrentFreak. https://torrentfreak.com/pirate-bay-takes-over-distribution-of-censored-3d-printable-gun-130510/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Doherty, Brian (December 12, 2012). "Disruptions: With a 3-D Printer, Building a Gun With the Push of a Button". Reason.com. http://reason.com/archives/2012/12/12/what-3-d-printing-means-for-gun-rights. 
  23. ↑ Brown, Rich (September 7, 2012). "You don't bring a 3D printer to a gun fight - yet - Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. https://news.yahoo.com/you-don-t-bring-a-3d-printer-to-a-gun-fight----yet.html. 
  24. ↑ Stephens, Alain (November 20, 2019). "Despite His Criminal Record, Cody Wilson Is Back in the 3D-Printed Gun Business". https://www.thetrace.org/2019/11/despite-his-criminal-record-cody-wilson-is-back-in-the-3d-printed-gun-business/. 
  25. ↑ "About Us". Defense Distributed. http://defensedistributed.com/about-us/. 
  26. ↑ Brown, Rich (September 6, 2012). "You don't bring a 3D printer to a gun fight -- yet". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57499326-76/you-dont-bring-a-3d-printer-to-a-gun-fight-yet/. 
  27. ↑ "Should We Print Guns? Cody R. Wilson Says "Yes" (Video) -Slashdot". Hardware.slashdot.org. September 5, 2012. http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/12/09/04/1837209/should-we-print-guns-cody-r-wilson-says-yes-video. 
  28. ↑ "Bitcoin2012 London". Bitcoin2012.com. http://bitcoin2012.com/. 
  29. ↑ Limer, Eric (December 21, 2012). "There's a New Site Just for 3D-Printed Gun Designs". Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/5970483/theres-a-new-site-just-for-3d+printed-gun-designs. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Robertson, Adi (December 21, 2012). "3D printed gun enthusiasts build site for firearm 3D printable files after MakerBot crackdown". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2012/12/21/3791616/defense-distributed-launches-3d-printed-gun-part-site. 
  31. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (March 11, 2013). "3D-Printable Gun Project Announces Plans For A For-Profit Search Engine Startup". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/03/11/3d-printable-gun-makers-announce-plans-for-a-for-profit-search-engine-startup/. 
  32. ↑ Farivar, Cyrus (March 11, 2013). "3D printing gunmaker forms company to flout copyright law, à la the Pirate Bay". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/3d-printing-gunmaker-forms-company-to-flout-copyright-law-a-la-the-pirate-bay/. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Bilton, Ricardo (March 11, 2013). "Expanding beyond 3D printed guns, DEFCAD is officially the anti-MakerBot". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2013/03/11/defcad-anti-makerbot/. 
  34. ↑ "'Pirate Bay' for 3D printing launched". BBC News. March 12, 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-21754915. 
  35. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (October 1, 2015). "The $1,200 Machine That Lets Anyone Make a Metal Gun at Home". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/10/cody-wilson-ghost-gunner/. Retrieved September 2, 2015. 
  36. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (June 3, 2015). "I Made an Untraceable AR-15 'Ghost Gun' in My Office—And It Was Easy". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2015/06/i-made-an-untraceable-ar-15-ghost-gun/. Retrieved September 2, 2015. 
  37. ↑ Romero, Dennis (August 1, 2018). "Officials across the country fear a new era of untraceable firearms". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/officials-across-country-fear-new-era-untraceable-firearms-n889536. 
  38. ↑ Sumagaysay, Levi (July 11, 2018). "3D-printed guns: Settlement paves way for DIY weapons". The Mercury News (Austin, TX). https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/07/11/3d-printed-guns-doj-settlement-paves-way-for-diy-weapons/. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 LeJacq, Yannick (December 10, 2012). "Defense Distributed's 'Wiki Weapon': U.S. Congressman Steve Israel Offers First Legislative Challenge". http://www.ibtimes.com/defense-distributeds-wiki-weapon-us-congressman-steve-israel-offers-first-legislative-challenge. 
  40. ↑ Beckhusen, Robert (October 1, 2012). "3-D Printer Company Seizes Machine From Desktop Gunsmith". Wired (Wired News). https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/10/3d-gun-blocked/. Retrieved October 4, 2012. 
  41. ↑ Hsu, Jeremy (December 10, 2012). "3D-Printable Guns Face Federal Ban". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2012/12/10/3d-printed-guns-ban/. 
  42. ↑ Brown, Rich (December 10, 2012). "The Undetectable Firearms Act and 3D-printed guns (FAQ)". CNET. http://news.cnet.com/8301-11386_3-57558213-76/the-undetectable-firearms-act-and-3d-printed-guns-faq/. 
  43. ↑ Pérez, Evan (November 15, 2013). "ATF tests show 3-D guns lethal as metal detection law expires". http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/14/politics/3d-guns/. 
  44. ↑ Schmidt, Michael (November 28, 2013). "Law Limiting Plastic Guns Set to Expire". The New York Times. http://nyti.ms/1n28WTJ. 
  45. ↑ Preston, Jennifer (May 10, 2013). "Printable-Gun Instructions Spread Online After State Dept. Orders Their Removal". http://nyti.ms/RIWB8H. 
  46. ↑ Morris, Kevin (September 27, 2013). "The Liberator: Cody Wilson's armed for a free speech battle". http://www.dailydot.com/politics/cody-wilson-itar-state-department-liberator-supreme-court-gun-control/. 
  47. ↑ Goldstein, Matthew (June 15, 2013). "Department of State Confirms Prior Approval Requirement for Electronic Exports to Public Domain in Case of 3D-Printable Gun". Thomson Reuters Practical Trade & Customs Strategies (Thomson Reuters) 2 (11): 3–6. https://www.scribd.com/doc/156292492/DOS-Defense-Distributed. Retrieved May 17, 2014. 
  48. ↑ Feuer, Alan (May 6, 2015). "Cody Wilson, Who Posted Gun Instructions Online, Sues State Department". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/07/us/cody-wilson-who-posted-gun-instructions-online-sues-state-department.html?_r=0. 
  49. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (May 6, 2015). "3-D Printed Gun Lawsuit Starts the War Between Arms Control and Free Speech". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2015/05/3-d-printed-gun-lawsuit-starts-war-arms-control-free-speech/. Retrieved December 11, 2020. 
  50. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (July 10, 2018). "A Landmark Legal Shift Opens Pandora's Box for DIY Guns". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/a-landmark-legal-shift-opens-pandoras-box-for-diy-guns/. Retrieved December 11, 2020. 
  51. ↑ . Text
  52. ↑ "8 states take aim at 3D gun company, sue to get files off the Internet" (in en-us). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/07/20-states-take-aim-at-3d-gun-company-sue-to-get-files-off-the-internet/. 
  53. ↑ "Defense Distributed Sues New Jersey, Los Angeles Over Legal Threats" (in en). Reason.com. July 29, 2018. https://reason.com/blog/2018/07/29/defense-distributed-sues-new-jersey-los. 
  54. ↑ "3D-printed gun website yanks CAD files after federal judicial order" (in en-us). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/08/3d-printed-gun-website-yanks-cad-files-after-federal-judicial-order/. 
  55. ↑ Mihir Zaveri (November 12, 2019). "Blueprints for 3-D Printed Guns Cannot Be Posted Online, Judge Says". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/us/3d-printed-guns-blueprints.html. 
  56. ↑ Christine Fisher (2019-11-13). "The legal battle over 3D-printed guns is far from over". Endgadget. https://www.engadget.com/2019-11-13-3d-printed-guns-ruling-overturned.html. 
  57. ↑ "8 States Sue Federal Government, Defense Distributed Over Gun-Making Computer Files". 2018-07-30. https://reason.com/2018/07/30/xx-states-sue-federal-government-defense/. 
  58. ↑ Erik Larson (November 12, 2019). "Trump's Deal Allowing 3D-Printed Guns Online Deemed Illegal". Bloomberg Technology. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-12/trump-administration-loses-battle-over-3d-printed-guns-online. 
  59. ↑ Martina Barash (2020-07-22). "Bar on 3D-Printed Gun Plans Stands as Appeal Fizzles". Bloomberg Law. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/bar-on-3d-printed-gun-plans-stands-as-appeal-fizzles. 
  60. ↑ Brian Doherty (2019-01-04). "Can New Jersey Ban the Distribution of Computer Files That Can Help Make Guns?". Reason. https://reason.com/2019/01/04/can-new-jersey/. 
  61. ↑ Alison Frankel (2020-08-20). "'Ghost gun' advocacy group can sue N.J. AG in Texas - 5th Circuit". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/legal-us-otc-ghostgun-idUSKBN25G2ME. 
  62. ↑ Nathan Mattise (2019-02-01). "Court dismisses Defense Distributed's lawsuit over New Jersey "ghost gun" law". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/02/court-dismisses-defense-distributeds-lawsuit-over-new-jersey-ghost-gun-law/. 
  63. ↑ "BREAKING: Supreme Court Denies New Jersey Cert in Defense Distributed v. Grewal". March 29, 2021. https://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/breaking-supreme-court-denies-new-jersey-cert-in-grewal-v-defense-distributed/. 
  64. ↑ "Defense Distributed v. Bruck, No. 21-50327 (5th Cir. 2022)". April 1, 2022. https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/are-downloadable-plans-for-3d-printed-guns-legal.html. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Judicial Standoff: Texas and New Jersey Are in a Turf Fight Over 'Ghost' Gun Lawsuit". September 20, 2022. https://www.law.com/texaslawyer/2022/09/20/judicial-standoff-texas-and-new-jersey-are-in-a-turf-fight-over-ghost-gun-lawsuit/?slreturn=20230518160421. 
  66. ↑ "Federal Judge Grants Preliminary Injunction In VanDerStok Case". March 3, 2023. https://www.saf.org/federal-judge-grants-preliminary-injunction-in-vanderstok-case/. 
  67. ↑ Dan Zimmerman (March 3, 2023). "Federal Judge Grants Injunction Blocking Enforcement of ATF's Frame or Receiver Rule". https://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/federal-judge-throws-out-atfs-frame-or-receiver-rule-that-redefined-what-constitutes-a-firearm/. 
  68. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (May 9, 2013). "State Department Demands Takedown Of 3D-Printable Gun Files For Possible Export Control Violations". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/05/09/state-department-demands-takedown-of-3d-printable-gun-for-possible-export-control-violation/. 
  69. ↑ Patrick Roberts (August 10, 2018). "Where To Find 3D Printed Gun Files". https://www.recoilweb.com/where-to-find-3d-printed-gun-files-140438.html. 
  70. ↑ Blake Brittain (March 3, 2023). "Gun-control group Everytown settles with 'ghost gun' sites over logo". https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/gun-control-group-everytown-settles-with-ghost-gun-sites-over-logo-2023-03-03/. 
  71. ↑ Rosenwald, Michael (February 18, 2013). "Weapons made with 3-D printers could test gun-control efforts". The Washington Post. https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-02-18/local/37160880_1_gun-control-gun-range-gun-owners. 
  72. ↑ Raymond, Eric (August 23, 2012). "Defense Distributed". Armed and Dangerous. http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=4521. 
  73. ↑ Kopfstein, Janus (April 12, 2013). "Guns want to be free: what happens when 3D printing and crypto-anarchy collide?". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/12/4209364/guns-want-to-be-free-what-happens-when-3d-printing-and-crypto-anarchy. 
  74. ↑ Timms, Aaron (March 29, 2013). "The future of 3D printing might be scarier than you thought". Blouin News. http://blogs.blouinnews.com/blouinbeattechnology/2013/03/29/the-future-of-3d-printing-might-be-scarier-than-you-thought/. 
  75. ↑ "The 15 Most Dangerous People in the World". Wired (Wired Danger Room). December 19, 2012. https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/12/most-dangerous-people/?pid=1696. Retrieved January 14, 2013. 
  76. ↑ Morozov, Evgeny (March 16, 2013). "Open and Closed". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/morozov-open-and-closed.html?_r=0. 
  77. ↑ Oremus, Will (October 2, 2012). "Designer of 3-D Printable Gun Has His 3-D Printer Seized" (in en-US). Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/10/02/_3d_printed_gun_wiki_weapon_on_hold_after_stratasys_revokes_lease_on_printer.html. 

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