Table of Contents Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

Engie

Topic: Company

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 23 min
Short description: French multinational utility company
Engie SA
TypeSociété Anonyme
Euronext Paris: ENGI
CAC 40 Component
IndustryElectric utility
PredecessorGaz de France
Suez
Founded22 July 2008; 15 years ago (2008-07-22)
Headquarters
La Défense, Courbevoie
,
France
Key people
Catherine MacGregor (CEO)
Jean-Pierre Clamadieu (Chairman)
ProductsNatural gas production, sale and distribution, electricity generation and distribution, hydroelectricity, nuclear power, wind power, energy trading, Facilities Management and Business Services
RevenueIncrease €60.1 billion (2019)[1]
Increase €5.7 billion (2019)[1]
Decrease €984 millions (2019)[1]
Total assetsIncrease €159.8 billion (2019)[1]
Total equityDecrease €38 billion (2019)[1]
Owner
  • French state (23.64%)
  • Employees of the company (3.27%)
  • Blackrock 4.49%
  • Caisse des dépôts et consignations and CNP Assurances (4.59%) Public including Blackrock, institutional investor, individuals shareholders & others (67.74%)
  • Treasury stock (0.76%)
Number of employees
171,100 (2019)
SubsidiariesGRDF
GRTgaz
Elengy
Storengy
Altiservice Engie
Endel Engie
Engie Ecova
Engie Electrabel
Engie Fabricom
Engie Global Markets
Engie Home Services
Engie IT (Information et Technologies)
SHEM
Engie Lab Crigen
Engie M2M
Engie Réseaux
Solairedirect
Engie Impact
Tractebel
Culturespaces
Engie Green
La Compagnie du vent
Électricité de Tahiti Smart4Power
Websiteengie.com/en

Engie SA is a French multinational utility company, with its headquarters in La Défense, Courbevoie, which operates in the fields of electricity generation and distribution, natural gas, nuclear, renewable energy and petroleum. It is active in both upstream (engineering, purchasing, operation, maintenance) and downstream (waste management, dismantling) activities.

Engie supplies electricity in 27 countries in Europe and 48 countries worldwide. The company, formed on July 22, 2008, by the merger of Gaz de France and Suez, traces its origins to the Universal Suez Canal Company founded in 1858 to construct the Suez Canal. As of 2018, Engie employed 158,505 people worldwide with revenues of €60.6 billion.

Engie is listed on the Euronext exchanges in Paris and Brussels and is a constituent of the CAC 40 index. Engie was headed from 2016 to 2020 by Isabelle Kocher, who strongly transformed the company, notably by deciding to exit coal activities and by investing in renewable energy and energy transition services. Despite the company's commitment to diversification, the majority of its primary activities still revolve around fossil fuels.[2]

History

Background (before 2006)

Prior to the GDF Suez merger plans in 2006, the company existed as two separate French multinational corporations – Suez S.A. and Gaz de France.

Suez was (and still remains, through GDF Suez) one of the oldest continuously existing multinational corporations in the world as the result of nearly two centuries of reorganisation and corporate mergers. One line of corporate history dates back to the 1822 founded Algemeene Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter begunstiging van de volksvlijt (literally: General Dutch Company for the favouring of industry) by King William I of the Netherlands (see Société Générale de Belgique). The origin of its name 'Suez' traces back to its other founding entity – the Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez founded in 1858 to build the Suez Canal. Suez S.A. was the result of a 1997 merger between the Compagnie de Suez and Lyonnaise des Eaux (fr).

Gaz de France was created in 1946 along with its sister company Électricité de France (EDF) by the French Government. After the liberalisation of Europe's energy markets, Gaz de France also entered into the electricity sector, having developed combined natural gas-electricity offerings. The company's capital was partially floated on the Paris Stock Exchange in July 2005, raising €2.5 billion for the French Government.[3]

Evolution of GDF Suez (2006–2008)

On 25 February 2006, French Prime minister Dominique de Villepin announced the merger of water supply and treatment, waste management and energy company Suez and power firm Gaz de France, with the aim of creating the world's largest liquefied natural gas company.[4] Since the French state owned over 80% of Gaz de France, it was necessary to pass a new law in order to make the merger possible. Whilst Nicolas Sarkozy was for several months opposed to the Villepin government's plans for a merger of the two companies, preferring a three-way deal with Italy's Enel which would maintain a controlling stake for the state,[5] he subsequently accepted the government proposal.[6]

The plan for a merger between Gaz de France and Suez came under fire from the whole of the political left,[7] which feared the loss of one of the last ways of preventing the price rises experienced over the previous three years, and by the social Gaullists and trade unions.[8][9] In August 2006, the left-wing opposition submitted a record-breaking 137,449 amendments to the proposed legislation. Under normal procedure, parliament would have been required to vote on the amendments, which would have taken 10 years.[10] The French Constitution does give the government options to bypass such a filibuster, but in the end these were not used.[11]

Law No. 2006-1537 of December 7, 2006, on the energy sector authorised the privatisation of Gaz de France. On September 3, 2007, Gaz de France and Suez announced agreed terms of merger, on the basis of an exchange of 21 Gaz de France shares for 22 Suez shares via the absorption of Suez by Gaz de France.[12] Various holdings of Gaz de France and Suez had to be divested in order to satisfy the concerns of the European Commissioner for Competition: GDF agreed to sell its approximate 25% stake in Belgian electricity producer SPE for €515 million. The stake was purchased by fellow SPE shareholder Centrica which exercised its right of first refusal,[13] blocking a previous agreement to sell the stake to Électricité de France.[14] Suez, meanwhile, was forced to reduce its shareholding in natural gas distributor Fluxys[15] and sell its Belgian gas supply subsidiary Distrigas to Eni.[16]

GDF Suez (2008–2015)

The newly created GDF Suez came into existence on July 22, 2008; the world's second-largest utility with over €74 billion in annual revenues.[17] The deal resulted in the conversion of the French state's 80% stake in GDF into just over 35% of shares of the new company. The water and waste assets which formerly formed part of Suez were spun off into a new publicly traded company, Suez Environment, in which GDF Suez retains a stake.

In 1975, Ruhrgas and Gaz de France concluded a deal according to which they agreed not to sell gas in each other's home market. The deal was abandoned in 2005.[18]

In July 2009, the European Commission fined GDF Suez and E.ON €553 million both over arrangements on the MEGAL pipeline.[18][19] It was the second biggest fines imposed by the European Commission and the first one on the energy sector.[18][20]

In October 2009, GDF Suez placed 6th in an A.T. Kearney/BusinessWeek ranking of the "World's Best Companies", the highest-placed European firm.[21]

On August 10, 2010, the company announced a merger of its GDF SUEZ Energy International business unit, along with its operations within the United Kingdom and Turkey, with International Power. The acquisition created the world's biggest independent power producer, and the enlarged company retained International Power's listing on the London Stock Exchange and was 70% owned by GDF Suez.[22][23][24]

In December 2010, GDF SUEZ became the key founding member of the 'Medgrid' company[25] – a consortium of twenty plus utilities, grid operators, equipment makers, financing institutions and investors; which will implement the Medgrid project, a French renewable energy initiative within the framework of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM). The project, planned in North Africa, aims to promote and develop a Euro-Mediterranean electricity network of 20GW installed generating capacity, with 5GW being devoted for exports to Europe. The Medgrid together with the German initiated Desertec project[26] would serve as the backbone of the European Supergrid.[27][28]

On April 16, 2012, the purchase of the remaining 30% of International Power was announced by GDF Suez, and the transaction completed in July 2012.[29] GDF Suez was advised by Rothschild and Ondra Partners, while Barclays, Morgan Stanley and Nomura advised International Power.[29][30]

On August 9, 2013, GDF Suez, through its Energy Services business line, announced the purchase of Balfour Beatty's UK Facilities Management business – Balfour Beatty WorkPlace. The legacy Cofely business incorporated the legacy Balfour Beatty Workplace Business which went on to acquire Lend Lease FM in 2014 from Lendlease giving the new business a substantial platform in the operation of PFI assets in the UK.

GDF Suez becomes Engie: 2015 – present

On April 24, 2015 GDF Suez announced it was changing its name to "Engie", in an effort to further expand the company's international footprint. CEO and Chairman Gérard Mestrallet said the new name was a symbol to meet the challenges of the energy transition and accelerate the group's development.[31] The subsidiary International Power became Engie Energy International.

In July 2015, Engie acquired 95% of Solairedirect, raising its photovoltaic production from 125 to 486 MW.

On March 2, 2017, Engie acquired Keepmoat Regeneration for £330m to form the places and communities division, headed up by Keepmoat LTD's former CEO Dave Sheridan. The new division is focused on three key activities; energy, services and regeneration.[32]

GDF Suez has been ranked as among the 13th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights and resource extraction in the Arctic.[33]

In April 2019, Engie announced the acquisition of 90% of Transportadora Associada de Gás (TAG), Brazil's largest natural gas transmission system owner (2,800 miles of pipeline, 47% of the country's gas infrastructure), for €7.7 billion.

It is the largest acquisition since International Power in 2010. The operation allows Engie to develop on its strategic axis of energy infrastructure as well as in Brazil, one of the priority countries.[34]

In February 2020, the board of directors announces that it will not propose the reappointment of Isabelle Kocher at the next shareholders' meeting, which will bring to an end of her chief executive officer position.[35]

In 2021, Engie was ranked fiftieth in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI) that covers 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle.[36]

In July 2021, the company re-organised its structure to create four businesses: Renewables, Energy Solutions, Networks and Thermal & Supply, together with a new entity, Equans, which would bring together its technical services (including electrical, heating, ventilation & air conditioning, cooling, mechanical & electrical, digital & IT and facilities management) under one entity.[37]

In November 2021, Engie sold its technical services business, Equans, to Bouygues in a transaction worth €7.1bn.[38]

In August 2023, it was announced Engie had acquired the Houston-based battery storage company, Broad Reach Power.[39]

Strategy

Transformation of the company's business

Since 2014, Engie has operated a strategic shift, by reducing future exploration in fossil fuels and investing massively in renewable energies (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, hydroelectric, and nuclear) and energy efficiency services.

In 2015, Engie announced its decision to stop new investments in coal plants and to dispose of €15 billion in assets in order to reinvest into projects that promote low-carbon, distributed-energy. Engie also announced it will invest €22bn in renewable energies, energy services such as heating and cooling networks, and decentralized energy technology.

In 2016, Isabelle Kocher defined the strategy of Engie as follows: to promote decarbonized energy (oil and coal replaced by renewables and natural gas that emit less greenhouse gases), decentralized energy (energy produced and stored as close as possible to its place of consumption), and digitized energy (big data and digital tools for energy efficiency and network management). The group created Engie Digital[40][41] and planned to invest €1.5 billion on digital and new technologies related to energy.

Engie also started promoting an open innovation approach with a dedicated entity named "Engie Fab" focused on the development of intelligent networks (smart grids), Internet of objects, green mobility, energy storage, and hydrogen.[42][43]

Between 2016 and 2018, Engie invested €15 billion in new activities, financed by the sale of coal and upstream oil and gas.

2019–2021 strategic plan

In 2019, Isabelle Kocher announces the strategic plan of the company for the 2019–2021 period, with an ambition to become the world leader in the zero-carbon transition. The strategic shift includes accelerating its investments in renewable energies and focusing on high-value-added services to the clients.

Isabelle Kocher announces the definitive exit of coal activities. Engie plans to invest another €12 billion in renewable activities, partly financed by the sale of €6 billion assets (including the last coal plants).

The 12 billion break down as follows: 3 to 3.3 billion into gas infrastructure; 4 to 5 billion into client services and solutions[buzzword]; and 2.3 to 2.8 billion into renewable energies,[44] adding a 9 GWh production capacity, to reach a renewable installed capacity of 52 to 64 GW by 2026.[45]

As far as the services are concerned, Isabelle Kocher's plan is to develop "energy transition as a service"[46] for large companies and metropolises, whom she says are driving the "second wave of energy transition" by searching ways to reduce their carbon emissions (the first wave having been driven by the states). She also says it might be "the invention of a new industry" of a 1 billion dollar potential value.[47]

Engie also announces its intention to leave 20 of the 70 countries where it is active, and focus its activities on 20 countries and 30 metropolitan areas, mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa.

Operations

Power generation

France

Thanks to former Suez subsidiaries such as Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR), Electrabel and Société hydroélectrique du Midi (fr) (SHEM), GDF Suez is the second-largest generator of electricity in France[48] behind EDF.[49] The company indicated in December 2011 that ​3⁄4 of the group's production comes from sources that emit no CO2 principally hydroelectricity (through CNR and SHEM) and wind power, the latter of which both Gaz de France and Suez moved aggressively into in 2007 and 2008.[50] Recently acquired subsidiaries include Compagnie du vent (fr) (majority stake),[51] the wind farm business of Nass & Wind[52] and Erelia.[53] The company also operates a natural gas-fired combined cycle power plant (DK6) in Dunkirk. With the stated aim of reaching a total production capacity of 10 GW by 2013, three gas-fired thermal power plants at Fos-sur-Mer, Montoir-de-Bretagne and Saint-Brieuc are currently in various stages of development, as is a solar panel project in Curbans.[50]

International

Engie also generates electricity in a number of countries outside France. Most notably, the company is the leading producer in both Belgium and the Netherlands through Electrabel[54] (and the fifth-largest generator in Europe overall),[55] as well as the largest non-state owned generator in both Brazil [56] and Thailand[57] (thanks to majority stakes in Engie Brasil and Glow Energy respectively).

The company also operates in North and Latin America through its Suez Energy International unit, as well as in other European and Asian countries. The company generates electricity through various types of plants, including thermal power, nuclear power, combined heat and power, wind farms, hydroelectric and biomass.[58] Engie is currently developing a $15.8 billion nuclear power plant in Sinop, Turkey in partnership with Itochu and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.[59]

In November 2016, Engie signed an agreement with Moroccan energy company Nareva. The two companies are planning to develop energy assets in North and Western Africa that will produce 5,000 and 6,000 megawatts. The plans will take place between 2020 and 2025.[60]

In December 2016, Engie announced that Azzour North One Independent Water & Power Project (IWPP) has started full commercial operations. The power and water plant is Kuwait's most efficient source of electricity.[61]

In January 2017, Engie has been awarded the contract and achieved financial closing for the greenfield Fadhili independent power project (IPP) in Saudi Arabia, the most efficient cogeneration plant in the country.[62]

Coal-fired power plants

In October 2015, Engie announced that it will no longer build coal-fired power plants. Gérard Mestrallet said projects for which Engie had already entered into firm commitments would be honored, but projects, where contracts had not yet been signed, will de facto be suspended. As a result, Engie abandoned two coal-fired power plants projects in Ada Yumurtalik (Turkey) and in Thabametsi (South Africa ).[63] In February 2016, Engie announced the selling of its stakes in the Paiton power plant located in Indonesia and in the Meenakshi power plant located in India .[64] Engie also announced the closing of the Rugeley power station in England .[65]

In May 2016 Engie CEO Isabelle Kocher told a French Senate committee that it was planning a gradual withdrawal from coal-fired generation over the coming years. This could include closure of, or sale of its stake in, the lignite-fired Hazelwood Power Station in Victoria, Australia.[66] Hazelwood power plant closed at the end of March 2017.

Engie sold to Enea its Polaniec power plant, in Poland.[67]

In February 2019, Engie announced the definitive exit of all coal activities.

Renewable energy

Engie's renewable installed capacity represented 19.5% of its energy mix at the end of 2016. The Group's renewable energy mix is composed of hydropower, solar energy, onshore and offshore wind power, biomass, and geothermal sources.

Engie has won bids for several solar and wind projects since 2016: a 338 MW solar project in India (April 2017), 209 MW in contracts for solar and wind projects in Mexico, and a 40 MW solar project in Peru. It has begun construction of the 100 MW Kathu solar park in South Africa.

Engie invested in Heliatek, a German company pioneering technologies in organic photovoltaics, in September 2016. The Group also assumed 100% control of La Compagnie du Vent in March 2017, and a 30% stake in Unisun, a Chinese solar photovoltaics company, in April 2017.[68][69]

In Brazil, Engie's largest international hydroelectric project, and the fourth largest power plant in the country (3,750 MW) was inaugurated in December 2016.

Engie built its first international geothermal power generation plant in Indonesia. In October 2016, Engie developed France's first marine geothermal power station in Marseilles. In May 2017, Mexico's ministry of energy awarded Engie three geothermal exploration permits.

In February 2019, Engie announced plans to add 9 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy generation capacity to its portfolio by 2021, as part of its plan to accelerate the investments in renewable and low carbon energies.

In May 2019, Engie and Portuguese power company EDP announced the future creation of a 50-50 joint venture in offshore wind, starting with a total of 1.5 gigawatts (GW) under construction and 4 GW under development.[70]

Engie's Willogoleche Wind Farm (119MW) opened in South Australia on 30 July 2019. It also owns Pelican Point (500MW) and Dry Creek (156MW) gas-fired power stations and Canunda Wind Farm (46MW) in South Australia.[71]

Belgium and Engie agreed to extend the use of the country's nuclear reactors by 10 years after Russia's invasion of Ukraine prompted Belgium's governing coalition to rethink plans to rely more on natural gas in june 2023.[72]

Renewable gas

Engie covers the whole biomethane chain, from project development with farmers to distribution to the final clients. The group has announced that, by 2030, it would have invested 2 billion euros in renewable gas, 10% of which will be injected into the networks, and that it will produce 5 TWH a year of biomethane.

Natural gas

In its historic activity of gas, Engie covers the whole gas chain, from exploration and production to distribution. It is the:

  • second-largest gas transportation network in Europe
  • largest gas distribution network in Europe
  • fifth largest LNG portfolio in the world
  • largest LNG importer in Europe
  • second-largest LNG terminal operator in Europe.

In November 2016, Engie and Statoil have reached an agreement on the renegotiation of their long-term gas supply contracts to adapt them to the evolution of European natural gas markets and to better reflect current market rates.[citation needed]

In 2016, Engie has negotiated new contracts for gas supply around the world: an agreement with UkrTransGaz, Ukrainian transmission system operator, on gas transmission and storage; an agreement with AES Andres to foster growth in LNG and natural gas sales in the Caribbean. Engie also committed the Neptune, one of the two FSRU (floating storage and regasification units) of its fleet, to deliver LNG to the first floating LNG import terminal in Turkey.[citation needed]

In China, after an LNG supply agreement with Beijing Gas, Engie is looking at opportunities in the underground gas storage to hold stocks to meet seasonal demand.[73] The bunkering vessel Engie Zeebrugge performed for the first time in the port of Zeebrugge, Belgium, in June 2017. It was the first to provide ship-to-ship supplies for LNG as fuel.

In March 2017, Engie sold its licenses for shale gas exploration in the UK to petrochemicals firm Ineos, as part of its decarbonized strategy[74] In May 2017, Engie enters into exclusive negotiations with Neptune Energy for the sale of its 70% interest in Exploration & Production International ("EPI").

Engie signed in 2016 a technical and commercial cooperation contract with Göteborg Energi to push further the industrialization of the dry biomass-to-gas production approach. Engie is also involved in the Ambigo project, the first dry biomass-to-gas project which will be located in Alkmaar, Netherlands.[citation needed] As a co-investor in the canceled Nord Stream 2 project, Engie wrote off €987 million in April 2022.[75]

Energy services

Engie provides energy efficiency and environmental services. 90,000 of the group's employees are dedicated to these services.

  • Engineering: consulting, feasibility studies, engineering, project management and client support
  • Systems, installations and maintenance: electrical installations, industrial maintenance, air conditioning and refrigeration, and systems integration
  • Energetic services: energy efficiency, multi-technology maintenance management, cogeneration and facilities management
  • Housing services: cost-effective energy, energy performance improvements, renewable energy and thermal renovation
  • "Smart city": urban heating and cooling community systems, development of high-end technology, a streamlined energy mix, carbon footprint reduction of buildings
  • Micro grids and decentralized energy: local energy production and consumption systems, energy supply in isolated areas, residential self-consumption or in industrial and commercial sectors, eco-district
  • Green mobility: alternative fuels (NGV, bioNGV, hydrogen, etc.), charging stations for electric vehicles, transport infrastructures, smart transit systems and upstream design and planning

In March 2017, Engie acquired the Dutch EVBox, one of the suppliers in electric vehicle charging.

Engie (50%) and Axium Infrastructure US (50%) won a 50-year concession to ensure the sustainable energy management of the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, one of the largest university campuses in the United States with 485 buildings.[76]

Student accommodation

In 2019, Engie won a contract from the University of Leicester to oversee the development of 1,164 new student homes and the refurbishment of a grade II listed building to be used as office and study space, and the construction of a multi-storey car park and the creation of a new teaching and learning centre.[77]

Shareholder structure

  1. State of France (23.64%)[78]
  2. BlackRock (5.02%)
  3. Caisse des dépôts et consignations (1.83%)
  4. CNP Assurances (0.99%)
  5. employees of the company (3.97%)
  6. free float (63.57%)
  7. treasury stock (0.98%)

Organisation

Business units

In April 2019, as part of its strategic project to develop zero-carbon transition "as a service", Engie announced the organization of its businesses around four business lines: Thermal, Infrastructures, Customer Solutions[clarification needed] and Renewables. Engie also announces the creation of Engie Impact, a business entity in charge of strategy for the largest clients.[79]

Engie is also organised in geographic and transverse business units:[80]

  • 11 are geographic: Africa, Latin America, Northern America, Asia Pacific, Benelux, Brazil, China, Northern, Southern and Eastern Europe, "Génération Europe" (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom), Middle East, Southern, Central Asia, and Turkey, United Kingdom.
  • 8 are set up in France: "France BtoB", "France BtoC", "France Renewable Energy", "France Networks", "Natural Gas Transport" (GRTgaz), "Natural Gas Distribution" (GRDF), Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminals (Elengy), Natural Gas Storage (Storengy).
  • 5 are global: "Exploration and Production International", Global LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), Global Energy Management, Tractebel Engineering, GTT (GazTransport & Technigaz).

Subsidiaries and holdings

  • Altiservice Engie
  • Engie Axima
  • Engie Cofely
  • Engie Ineo
  • ENGIE IR Holdings LLC
  • Engie Impact
  • Engie Electrabel
  • Engie Endel
  • Engie Fabricom
  • Engie Global Markets
  • Engie Home Services
  • Engie IT (Engie Information & Technologies)
  • Engie Lab
  • Engie MtoM
  • Engie Réseaux
  • ENGIE Solutions
  • Solairedirect
  • Tractebel Engie
  • Engie Energy International
  • Engie EPS
  • ENGIE Mobisol

Engie main subsidiaries

GrDF

GrDF is the distribution subsidiary of gas, major gas distributor in France and Europe. GRDF builds, operates, and maintains the distribution network. It transports natural gas to customers. It has around 12000 employees and the actual CEO (2017) is senior executive Edouard Sauvage.[81]

Engie Cofely

Engie Cofely is a subsidiary of energy efficiency and environmental services. It employs 12000 collaborators[clarification needed] and generates a turnover of €2,5 billion. The CEO is Jean-Pierre Monéger.[82]

Engie IT

Engie IT or Engie Information & Technologies is the IT subsidiary of Engie group, founded in 2012 by CEO Jean-Michel Carboni (2012–15). Originally Engie's IT departments were managed by the DSI (€1.35bn of revenue in 2012); Carboni pooled IT departments to create a single subsidiary named Engie IT (Information & Technologies). In 2013 the turnover is around 600 million of EUR.[83][84][85]

Sportive teams

Engie Impact host the multi-championship winning team Real Impact FC (formerly Power Soccer Crusaders). In December 2019, Real Impact FC won the Tractebel championship final by 3-to-1 against Project Fusion FC.

Key figures

Revenues: €60,1 billion (2019)[86]

Revenue in each region: 

  • North America: €4,5 bn[86]
  • Latin America: €5,3 bn[86]
  • Europe: €47,3 bn[86]
  • East Middle: €1 bn[86]
  • Africa: €0,2bn[86]
  • Asia and Oceania: €1,7 bn[86]

Revenue by activity:

  • Client Solutions: €21 bn[86]
  • Renewable Energy: €2,7 bn[86]
  • Networks: €6,6 bn[86]
  • Thermal: €4,0 bn[86]
  • Other activities: €25,8 bn[86]

Capacity of installed power production: 104,3 GW[87] in 2018, of which:

Produced electricity: 420 TWh[87] in 2018

Employees: 171,100[86]

Employees in each region:

  • North America: 6,300[86]
  • Latin America: 14,300[86]
  • Europe: 137,200[86]
  • East Middle: 3,100[86]
  • Africa: 3,500[86]
  • Asia and Oceania: 6,700[86]

Employees by activity:

  • Client Solutions: 119,350[86]
  • Renewable Energy: 4,600[86]
  • Networks: 22,500[86]
  • Thermal: 5,200[86]
  • Other activities: 19,450[86]

Governance

The Engie general management:

  • Claire Waysand, Executive Vice President and Group's General Secretary, assuming the position of interim chief executive officer until the nomination of a new CEO
  • Catherine MacGregor, newly appointed company CEO, starting January 2021[88]
  • Bankole Cardoso,[89] Chairman

The members of the group executive committee are:

  • Claire Waysand, Executive Vice President and General Secretary of the group, and interim CEO after Isabelle Kocher leaves the company.
  • François Graux, group Deputy General Secretary and Group General Counsel. He reports to Claire Waysand, General Secretary and interim chief executive officer of Engie.
  • Paulo Almirante, Executive Vice President, and Chief Operating Officer. He is also supervising Brazil, NECST (North, South and Eastern Europe Business Units), and MESCAT (Middle East, South, and Central Asia and Turkey) Business Units. Until the nomination of a new CEO, he is temporarily entrusted in a collegial manner with Judith Hartmann and Claire Waysand.
  • Judith Hartmann, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer. She is responsible for steering publicly listed subsidiaries: supervision of GTT and coordination with Suez. She is also in charge of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
  • Gwenaëlle Huet, Executive Vice President, in charge of the Renewable and Hydrogen Business Units France, responsible for the Global Renewable Business Line and General Manager of the North America Business Unit.
  • Olivier Biancarelli, Executive Vice-President, Chief Executive Officer of Tractebel, responsible for Global Business Line Customer Solutions and supervision of Engie Impact.
  • Franck Bruel, Executive Vice President, supervising UK, LATAM (Latin America) and NORAM (US, Canada) Business Units.
  • Ana Busto, Executive Vice President, Brand & Communication.
  • Pierre Chareyre, Executive Vice President, supervising GEM (Global Energy Management), Generation Europe, B2C France, and Benelux Business Units. He is responsible for the Thermal Global Business Line.
  • Pierre Deheunynck, Executive Vice President, in charge of Group Human Resources, Transformation, Corporate, Global Business Support, Global Care, and Real Estate.
  • Didier Holleaux, Executive Vice President, supervising Elengy, GRDF, GRTgaz, Storengy, China, and APAC (Asia Pacific) Business Units. He is also supervising the Gas & Power Networks Global Business Line.
  • Shankar Krishnamoorthy, Executive Vice President in charge of Strategy & Innovation, Industrial Development, Research & Technology, and Procurement. He is also supervising the Africa Business Unit.
  • Yves Le Gélard, Executive Vice President, Chief Digital Officer, in charge of Group Information Systems.
  • Wilfrid Petrie, Executive Vice President, CEO France B2B and supervising France Réseaux Business Unit.

Engie is administered by a board of directors of 13 members:

  • 6 appointed by the shareholders' General Assembly: Bankole Cardoso , Fabrice Brégier, Françoise Malrieu, Ross McInnes, Marie-José Nadeau and Lord Ricketts of Shortlands
  • 1 representing the French State, appointed by ministerial order: Isabelle Bui
  • 2 appointed by the shareholders assembly upon proposal of the French State: Patrice Durand and Mari-Noëlle Jégo-Laveissière
  • 3 representing the employees: Christophe Agogué, Alain Beullier, and Philippe Lepage
  • 1 representing the employee shareholders: Christophe Aubert

The board is backed by the recommendations of four specialized committees (audit; appointments and compensations; ethics, environment and sustainable development; strategy, investment, and technology).

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Universal Registration Document Including annual financial report 2019". Engie. https://www.engie.com/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2020-03/DDR%20VA_2019.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "Financial results 2022 | ENGIE" (in en). https://www.engie.com/en/finance/results/2022. 
  3. ↑ Moya, Elena (8 July 2008). "Gaz de France Shares Jump After Public Offering". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=agF4FhEQmRPA&refer=europe. 
  4. ↑ "Dominique de Villepin a annoncé un projet de fusion entre Gaz de France et Suez" (in fr). Le Monde. 25 February 2006. http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=935728&clef=ARC-TRK-D_01. 
  5. ↑ Gow, David (15 June 2006). "EU to investigate Suez-Gaz de France deal". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/jun/15/europeanunion.france. 
  6. ↑ "Nicolas Sarkozy réaffirme son "accord" au projet de fusion GDF-Suez" (in fr). Associated Press. Le Nouvel Observateur. 15 August 2006. http://archquo.nouvelobs.com/cgi/articles?ad=politique/20060815.FAP5893.html&host=http://permanent.nouvelobs.com/. 
  7. ↑ Maitre, Marie (2 September 2007). "France launches new GDF-Suez utility merger plan". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSL0213106220070902. 
  8. ↑ "French court puts brakes on merger of Gaz de France and Suez". Bloomberg, Associated Press (International Herald Tribune). 22 January 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/22/business/merge.php. 
  9. ↑ Hotten, Russell (4 September 2007). "Suez and Gaz de France in £47bn merger". The Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/09/03/bcngaz103.xml. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  10. ↑ "TIMELINE: Key dates in Gaz de France-Suez merger". Reuters. 2 September 2007. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0257250120070902. 
  11. ↑ Kanter, James (19 September 2006). "Plan for Gaz de France advances toward a vote". International Herald Tribune. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/19/business/worldbusiness/19iht-gdf.2868154.html. 
  12. ↑ "Suez, Gaz De France Agree To New Merger Deal". RTT News. 2007-09-04. http://www.rttnews.com/sp/todaystop.asp?item=3. 
  13. ↑ Shelley, Toby (23 July 2008). "Centrica takes control of Belgium's SPE". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c03309ca-5883-11dd-a093-000077b07658.html. 
  14. ↑ Maitre, Marie (20 June 2008). "GDF agrees to sell SPE stake to EDF for $800 mln". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/mergersNews/idUKL2025360720080620. 
  15. ↑ "Suez sells 12.5 pct stake in Fluxys to UK fund Ecofin Ltd for 228 mln euros". Forbes. AFX News. 4 July 2008. https://www.forbes.com/afxnewslimited/feeds/afx/2008/07/04/afx5183695.html. 
  16. ↑ "Key moments in GDF SUEZ combination". The Boston Globe; Associated Press. 16 July 2008. http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2008/07/16/key_moments_in_gdf_suez_combination/.  [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  17. ↑ Vidalon, Dominique (1 July 2008). "Suez shares to exit French CAC-40 July 22". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKL0113342620080701. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Nikki Tait (2009-07-08). "Brussels fines GDF and Eon €1.1bn". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3bc0a53c-6b9f-11de-9320-00144feabdc0.html. 
  19. ↑ Charles Forelle (9 July 2009). "EU Slaps $1.53 Billion Fine on Natural-Gas Cartel". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124704364603110663. 
  20. ↑ Ian Traynor (2009-07-08). "Brussels levies €1.1bn fine on gas pact pair". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jul/08/gas-company-fines-european-commission. 
  21. ↑ Deprez, Esmé (1 October 2009). "World's Best Companies 2009". BusinessWeek. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-10-01/worlds-best-companies-2009businessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice. 
  22. ↑ "GDF takes control of International Power to form energy giant". Reuters. 10 August 2010. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-gdfsuez-intlpower-idUKTRE6790KW20100810. 
  23. ↑ "GDF SUEZ Is Stepping on the Gas in Fast Growing Markets". http://seekingalpha.com/article/540931-gdf-suez-is-stepping-on-the-gas-in-fast-growing-markets. 
  24. ↑ Lundgren, Kari (10 August 2010). "GDF Buys International Power, Pays Special Dividend". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-10/gdf-set-to-pay-92-pence-a-share-dividend-to-control-international-power.html. 
  25. ↑ "Secretary General Ahmad Masa'deh expects the MEDGRID project to positively impact climate change". ufmsecretariat.org. 9 December 2010. http://www.ufmsecretariat.org/en/secretary-general-ahmad-masa%E2%80%99deh-speaks-at-medgrid-project-signature/. 
  26. ↑ "Huge medgrid joins giant solar desertec plan". greenprophet.com. 24 November 2011. http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/11/huge-medgrid-joins-giant-solar-desertec-plan/. 
  27. ↑ "Desertec and Medgrid: Competitive or compatible?". social.csptoday.com. 11 March 2011. http://social.csptoday.com/emerging-markets/desertec-and-medgrid-competitive-or-compatible. 
  28. ↑ "Survey paper 2: A European Supergrid: Present State and Future Challenges Authors: S. Cole, K. Karoui, T.K. Vrana, O.B. Fosso, J.B. Curis, A.M. Denis, C.C. Liu". pscc-central.org. 22 August 2011. http://www.pscc-central.org/uploads/tx_ethpublications/sp2.pdf. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Scott, Mark (16 April 2012). "GDF SUEZ to Buy Remaining Stake in British Utility for $10 Billion". New York Times. https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/04/16/gdf-suez-to-buy-remaining-stake-in-british-utility-for-10-billion/. 
  30. ↑ Turner, Matt (30 March 2012). "Independent advisers win out on GDF Suez deal". http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2012-03-30/ondra-rothschild-gdf-suez-international-power. 
  31. ↑ "French gas giant GDF Suez changes name to Engie". Reuters.com. 24 April 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/gdfsuez-name-idUSL5N0XL1XS20150424. 
  32. ↑ "Keepmoat offloads regeneration arm for £330m | Construction Enquirer". http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2017/03/02/keepmoat-offloads-regeneration-arm-for-330m/. 
  33. ↑ Overland, Indra (2016). "Ranking Oil, Gas and Mining Companies on Indigenous Rights in the Arctic". Arran. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313474088. 
  34. ↑ "Engie gets the gas but without the gearing". Reuters. 8 April 2019. https://www.breakingviews.com/considered-view/engie-gets-the-gas-but-without-the-gearing/. 
  35. ↑ "ENGIE's Board of Directors announces change in the Group's executive management". 6 February 2020. https://www.engie.com/en/announces-change-in-the-group-executive-management. 
  36. ↑ Overland, Indra; Bourmistrov, Anatoli; Dale, Brigt; Irlbacher‐Fox, Stephanie; Juraev, Javlon; Podgaiskii, Eduard; Stammler, Florian; Tsani, Stella et al. (17 May 2021). "The Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index : A method to rank heterogenous extractive industry companies for governance purposes". Business Strategy and the Environment 30 (4): 1623–1643. doi:10.1002/bse.2698. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2698. Retrieved 17 October 2022. 
  37. ↑ "Engie reorganises into four business units, creates Equans". Renewables Now. 1 July 2021. https://renewablesnow.com/news/engie-reorganises-into-four-business-units-creates-equans-746322/. 
  38. ↑ "Bouygues Group to acquire Equans from Engie in €7.1bn deal". Financier Worldwide. 9 November 2021. https://www.financierworldwide.com/fw-news/2021/11/9/bouygues-group-to-acquire-equans-from-engie-in-71bn-deal. 
  39. ↑ FinSMEs (2023-08-24). "Engie Acquires Broad Reach Power" (in en-US). https://www.finsmes.com/2023/08/engie-acquires-broad-reach-power.html. 
  40. ↑ "ENGIE Digital". https://digital.engie.com/. 
  41. ↑ "Isabelle Kocher: "We draw our inspiration from the major players in the digital world"". ENGIE. 3 November 2016. https://www.engie.com/en/group/opinions/usine-nouvelle-isabelle-kocher/. 
  42. ↑ "In the Energy Revolution, a Giant Changes Course". Stanford Business. 24 July 2017. https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/energy-revolution-giant-changes-course. 
  43. ↑ "France's Engie Warns of Cheap Oil at Expense of Renewables". financialtribune.com. 9 January 2017. https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/57140/frances-engie-warns-of-cheap-oil-at-expense-of-renewables. 
  44. ↑ "Engie poursuit sa mue vers les renouvelables" (in fr). L'opinion. 28 February 2019. https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/economie/engie-poursuit-mue-vers-renouvelables-179410. 
  45. ↑ "Engie accentue son recentrage sur les services et les énergies vertes" (in fr). les Echos. 28 February 2019. https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/energie-environnement/engie-veut-accelerer-apres-une-annee-2018-decevante-994703. 
  46. ↑ "Isabelle Kocher: "Engie a un très gros potentiel de création de valeur"" (in fr). L'opinion. 3 March 2019. https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/economie/isabelle-kocher-engie-a-tres-gros-potentiel-creation-valeur-179516. 
  47. ↑ "French energy company Engie to pull out of 20 countries". Financial Times. 28 February 2019. https://www.ft.com/content/a0706b48-3b1a-11e9-b72b-2c7f526ca5d0. 
  48. ↑ "GDF SUEZ shares fall in stock market debut as merger hype wanes". Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. 22 July 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/22/business/EU-France-GDF-Suez.php. 
  49. ↑ "EdF is by far the largest electricity generator in France.." "Commission opens in-depth investigation into the joint control of EnBW by EDF and OEW" (Press release). European Commission. 3 October 2000. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Energy France". GDF Suez. http://www.gdfsuez.com/en/group/operational-organization/energy-france/energy-france/. 
  51. ↑ "Suez buys 50.1 pct of Cie du Vent for 321 mln eur; to raise stake to 56.8". Forbes. AFX News. 16 November 2007. https://www.forbes.com/afxnewslimited/feeds/afx/2007/11/16/afx4347715.html. 
  52. ↑ "GDF buys Nass and Wind unit; to create renewable energy division". Forbes. AFX News. 6 March 2008. https://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2008/03/06/afx4738674.html. 
  53. ↑ "Gaz de France buys 95 percent of French wind power company Erelia". Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. 9 October 2007. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/10/09/business/EU-FIN-France-GDF-Wind-Power.php. 
  54. ↑ "France proposes 'patriotic' merger for utilities". International Herald Tribune. 26 February 2006. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/02/26/business/suez.php?page=1. 
  55. ↑ Mitchell, Adam (16 July 2008). "Suez CEO: GDF-Suez "Clearly" In Private Sector". Dow Jones Newswires (easybourse.com). http://www.easybourse.com/bourse-actualite/suez/update-suez-ceo-gdf-suez-clearly-in-private-sector-FR0000120529-488501. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  56. ↑ Ragir, Alexander; Freebairn, William (20 May 2008). "America Movil, Aracruz, OHL Brasil, Vale: Latin Equity Preview". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601084&sid=anhV4RroxMRo&refer=stocks. 
  57. ↑ Hampton, Stuart. "Glow Energy Public Company Limited". Hoover's. http://www.hoovers.com/glow-energy/--ID__139529--/freeuk-co-factsheet.xhtml. 
  58. ↑ "Electricity production". GDF Suez. http://www.gdfsuez.com/en/activities/our-businesses/electricity-production/electricity-production/. 
  59. ↑ "2 Japanese companies aim to fund 30% of Turkish nuclear project". Nikkei Asian Review. Nikkei. 8 June 2015. http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Deals/2-Japanese-companies-aim-to-fund-30-of-Turkish-nuclear-project. 
  60. ↑ "Engie signs deal with Morocco's Nareva to expand in Africa". https://af.reuters.com/article/senegalNews/idAFL8N19G6LZ. 
  61. ↑ "Azzour North One power, water plant construction completed". kuwaittimes.net. 2016-11-29. http://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/azzour-north-one-power-water-plant-construction-completed/. 
  62. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's Fadhili power plant reaches financial close". Global Trade Review. 2017-01-02. https://www.gtreview.com/news/mena/saudi-arabias-fadhili-power-plant-reaches-financial-close/. 
  63. ↑ "Why the ENGIE Group will embark on no new coal-fired power plant projects". Engie. 14 October 2015. http://www.engie.com/en/group/opinions/energy-transition-climate/embark-on-no-new-coal-fired-power-plant-projects/. 
  64. ↑ "Major step in ENGIE's transformation to reach its ambition to be leader of the world energy transition". Engie. 25 February 2016. http://www.engie.com/en/journalists/press-releases/major-step-transformation/. 
  65. ↑ "Rugeley power station will close in June, ENGIE confirms". Engie. 23 May 2016. http://www.businessgreen.com/bg/news/2458972/rugeley-power-station-will-close-in-june-engie-confirms. 
  66. ↑ "UPDATE 1-Engie mulls closing Australia's Hazelwood coal-fired power plant". Reuters. 2016-05-25. https://www.reuters.com/article/engie-coal-australia-idUSL5N18M5PF. 
  67. ↑ "Enea buys Polaniec power plant from France's Engie for $255 mln". reuters.com. 2016-12-24. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFWN1EI09V. 
  68. ↑ "Engie seeks to power Asia with gas, renewables". reuters.com. 2016-10-27. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-utilities-engie-idUSKCN12R0E7. 
  69. ↑ "French Utility Engie Looking to Expand in China". The Wall Street Journal. 2017-06-28. https://blogs.wsj.com/cfo/2017/06/28/french-utility-engie-looking-to-expand-in-china/. 
  70. ↑ "Engie, EDP to create 50-50 offshore wind joint venture". Reuters. 2019-05-21. https://www.reuters.com/article/windfarm-engie-edp/engie-edp-to-create-50-50-offshore-wind-joint-venture-idUSL5N22W2EN. 
  71. ↑ Vorrath, Sophie (30 July 2019). "Engie's 119MW Willogoleche wind farm formally opens in South Australia". Renew Economy. https://reneweconomy.com.au/engies-119mw-willogoleche-wind-farm-formally-opens-in-south-australia-15161/. 
  72. ↑ "Belgium and Engie agree on nuclear reactor extensions". 29 June 2023. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/belgium-engie-agree-nuclear-reactor-extensions-2023-06-29/. 
  73. ↑ "France's Engie says to weather LNG oversupply with long-term deals". reuters.com. 2017-06-29. https://www.reuters.com/article/asia-lng-engie-idUSL3N1JO2MV. 
  74. ↑ "Engie pulls out of UK shale gas with assets sale to Ineos". reuters.com. 2017-03-09. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-shale-engie-ineos-idUSKBN16G1IZ. 
  75. ↑ "Engie to book entire $1 bln credit loss from halted Nord Stream 2 pipeline" (in en). 21 April 2022. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/engie-book-entire-1-bln-credit-loss-halted-nord-stream-2-pipeline-2022-04-21/. 
  76. ↑ "About Us - Ohio State Energy Partners". https://ohiostateenergypartners.com/about-us/. 
  77. ↑ "Engie wins contract for student accommodation scheme in UK". GlobalData. 1 August 2019. https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/engie-wins-contract-for-student-accommodation-scheme-in-uk. 
  78. ↑ "Les participations publiques" (in fr). Agence des participations de l'État. 30 April 2015. http://www.economie.gouv.fr/agence-participations-etat/Les-participations-publiques. 
  79. ↑ "ENGIE reinforces its organization to deliver its strategy: "zero-carbon transition as a service"". Engie press release. 10 April 2019. https://www.engie.com/en/journalists/press-releases/organization-deliver-zero-carbon-as-a-service-strategy/. 
  80. ↑ "A new organizational structure for Engie". Engie press release. 1 January 2016. http://www.engie.com/en/group/governance/operational-organization/. 
  81. ↑ "Gaz Naturel GRDF : le réseau de distribution de gaz naturel". https://www.grdf.fr/. 
  82. ↑ "ENGIE Cofely au cœur de la transition énergétique". https://www.engie-cofely.fr/. 
  83. ↑ "La Lettre de l'Expansion - Articles". http://www.lalettredelexpansion.com/11-Article-payant.htm?article=25276. 
  84. ↑ "GDF Suez tente de remettre son IT à flot - La Lettre A". 2 April 2015. https://www.lalettrea.fr/strategies-d-entreprise/2015/04/02/gdf-suez-tente-de-remettre-son-it-a-flot,108068105-ARL. 
  85. ↑ "ENGIE INFORMATION ET TECHNOLOGIES (SAINT OUEN) Chiffre d'affaires, résultat, bilans sur SOCIETE.COM - 340793959" (in fr). https://www.societe.com/societe/engie-information-et-technologies-340793959.html. 
  86. ↑ 86.00 86.01 86.02 86.03 86.04 86.05 86.06 86.07 86.08 86.09 86.10 86.11 86.12 86.13 86.14 86.15 86.16 86.17 86.18 86.19 86.20 86.21 86.22 86.23 "2020 Integrated Report | ENGIE" (in en). https://www.engie.com/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2020-04/RI-Engie2020-ENG-vdef_0.pdf. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 87.5 87.6 "Key Figues ENGIE 2019". https://www.engie.com/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-11/engie-chiffrescle2019-en-026.pdf. 
  88. ↑ Keohane, David (2 October 2020). "Catherine MacGregor appointed new Engie CEO". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/0923ce05-cd2b-4fe8-b39c-cd73b6810181. 
  89. ↑ "Bankole Cardoso". https://ng.linkedin.com/in/bankole-cardoso-1b42ab29?challengeId=AQHwjbuHXIJA1wAAAYDtmgwZWqD2p5n5TBrE1YsQw_Ugxrai7USvDpIAqtX4_IHdAES9YxV1uF4evz1DZYakg-R8P7Jw2xSqww&submissionId=ab9f6dbb-8389-f116-2dc5-d8c239790278. Retrieved 17 October 2022. 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Company:Engie&oldid=3477926"
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Company:Engie
23 views | Status: cached on August 11 2024 08:52:02
↧ Download this article as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF