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Eni

Topic: Company

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 23 min
Short description: Multinational oil and gas company based in Italy
Eni S.p.A.
TypeSocietà per azioni
BIT: ENI
NYSE: E
FTSE MIB Component
ISINIT0003132476
IndustryOil and gas
Founded10 February 1953; 71 years ago (1953-02-10)
Headquarters
Rome, Lazio
,
Italy
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Lucia Calvosa (Chairwoman)
Claudio Descalzi (CEO)
ProductsPetroleum, natural gas, petroleum products
RevenueIncrease €76.575 billion (2021)[1]
Increase €12.341 billion (2021)[1]
Increase €5.8 billion (2021)[1]
Total assetsIncrease €137.76 billion (2021)[1]
Total equityIncrease €44.52 billion (2021)[1]
Number of employees
Increase 32,689 (2021)[1]
SubsidiariesEni Gas & Power, Saipem, Eni Rewind, EniProgetti, Versalis
Websitewww.eni.com

Eni S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [ˈɛːni]) is an Italian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Rome. Considered one of the seven "supermajor" oil companies in the world,[2] it has operations in 69 countries[3] with a market capitalization of US$54.08 billion, as of 11 April 2022.[4] The Italian government owns a 30.33% golden share in the company, 4.37% held through the Ministry of Economy and Finance and 25.96% through the Cassa Depositi e Prestiti.[5] The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.[6]

The name "ENI" was initially the acronym of "Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi" (National Hydrocarbons Board). Through the years after its foundation however, it operated in many fields including contracting, nuclear power, energy, mining, chemicals and plastics, refining/extraction and distribution machinery, hospitality industry and even the textile industry and news.

In 2021, Eni ranked 216 on the Fortune Global 500 list by revenue.[7] In the 2021 Forbes Global 2000, Eni was ranked as the 461st largest public company in the world.[8]

History

1950s–1960s

Palazzo ENI, Rome, built 1959–1962.[9] Photo by Paolo Monti, 1967

Eni was founded in 1953 from an existing company, Agip, which was created in 1926 with the aim to explore for oilfields, acquire and commercialize oil and derivatives.[10][11] In March 1953, Enrico Mattei was nominated Eni's chairman.[12][13]

Eni was originally an acronym for the company's full title Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (National Hydrocarbons Board).[14] After 1995, the meaning ceased to be relevant but the name was maintained.[15] In 1952, the logo of the then nascent Eni was selected. The logo is a six-legged dog, an imaginary animal symbolizing the sum of a car's four wheels and the two legs of its driver.[16][17]

Starting in 1954, Eni acquired extensive exploration rights in North Africa, signing an agreement with the Egyptian government led by Nasser while providing an active and equal role for the crude producing countries through the establishment of joint ventures.[14][18] In 1957, Eni pushed for a similar agreement, known as the "Mattei formula",[19][20] to be signed with Persian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the National Iranian Oil Company.[21][22][23] In 1960, during the Cold War period, Eni signed an agreement with the Soviet Union for the importation of Russian crude at low prices.[24][25]

On 27 October 1962, Enrico Mattei's airplane mysteriously exploded near Bascapè, on his way to Milan from Catania.[26][27] His death was initially considered an accident, but later it was confirmed to be a murder with the aim to protect and hide important economical and political interests in Italy and especially abroad, as it is clearly stated in the records of the trial on the assassination of the journalist Mauro De Mauro, who was investigating on the death of Enrico Mattei.[28]

During the following years, Eni signed joint venture contracts with foreign companies to supply crude from Egypt to Iran and from Libya to Tunisia.[29] In 1963, Eni acquired a majority stake in Italgas.[30]

1970s–1980s

In October 1973, after the Yom Kippur War and the OPEC embargo[31][32] against the United States and the Netherlands by OPEC members and Arab countries, a serious oil crisis occurred,[33] causing Eni to consolidate its position in the international market by signing an agreement with Sonatrach,[34] the Algerian state oil entity for natural gas supply.[35]

In 1974, Eni signed an agreement with the Libyan government, followed by additional agreements with Egypt, Nigeria and Tunisia.[36][37][38][39]

During the mid-1970s, Eni planned a major infrastructure for transporting natural gas over long distances, by building a pipeline network of thousands of miles throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.[40][41][42]

After the inauguration of the Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline connecting Algeria to Sicily through Tunisia,[43] Eni signs a new agreement with Libya for the exploitation of Boùri,[44] the biggest oilfield in the centre of the Mediterranean,[45] and develops its international role within the oil industry.[46]

1990s–2000s

In 1992, Eni became a joint stock company by Law Decree,[47][48][49][50][51] and was listed to the Italian and New York Stock Exchange in 1995.[52][53][54]

From 1995 to 1998, Eni put four share offers fully successfully, as 70% of its capital assets were sold to private shareholders.[55][56][57]

As the price of oil collapsed in 1998 as other major companies Eni got to turn into a race through merges, international acquisitions, new explorations and the foundation of real super-companies.[58][59][60]

2000s–2010s

Since 2000, Eni has been developing the Kashagan[61] oilfield a major offshore discovery, along the Caspian Sea.[62][63]

In 2005, the Blue Stream pipeline projected to supply gas from southern Russia to Turkey was inaugurated as a joint venture between Eni and Gazprom.[64][65][66]

In 2007, Eni signed an agreement to conduct South Stream a feasibility study with Gazprom to import Russian gas into Europe across the Black Sea.[67][68][69]

Activist asset manager Knight Vinke, who owns 1% of the outstanding shares of the company, begun pressuring Eni's management to operate a spin-off of Eni's gas activities. In its opinion this would solve the undervaluation of the company and release up to 50 billion euros ($70bn) of hidden value.[70]

In 2010, Eni achieves key production milestone in Iraqi Zubair oil field.[71][72][73]

After getting a licence in 2006 for the exploration of an offshore area in the north of Mozambique, known as Area 4,[74][75][76] Eni announced several major natural gas discoveries between 2011 and 2012 such as Mamba South,[77][78][79][80][81][82] Mamba North,[83][84] Mamba North East,[85][86][87][88] Coral 1.[89][90][91][92]

2010 to present

Eni petrol station in Lentiai

In February 2014, ENI discovered oil at its DRC offshore block.[93]

Since 2012, Eni has been selling off refining and marketing assets it owned in eastern Europe to increase profitability. By 2013 Eni already reduced its refining capacity by 13 percent. In May 2014 Eni agreed to sell their 32.5% share in Česká rafinerská a.s. (CRC), a refining company in Czech Republic, to MOL Group of Hungary.[94]

In June 2014, the company signed an agreement with Sasol to acquire a 40% interest in a permit to explore 82,000-km2 offshore of South Africa's east coast.[95]

In 2014, Eni launched a new plan to convert its conventional refineries into biorefineries: the first plant was in Porto Marghera,[96] in 2019 the second one opened in Gela.[97]

In January 2015, Eni in collaboration with Vitol Energy signed a $7 billion contract with the government of Ghana. This agreement was reached to produce oil and gas at Cape Three Points in the Western Region of Ghana, in an attempt to enable Ghana to meet its power and energy needs.

In August 2015, Eni announced the discovery of a huge gasfield off the coast of Egypt.[98]

In 2016, Eni launched Progetto Italia,[99] which aims to redeveloping its industrial areas and to create new renewable sources production plants: in 2018 the first photovoltaic plant was inaugurated in Assemini,[100] the second opened in Porto Torres,[101] both in Sardinia.

In July 2017, the oil giant accepted responsibility for an oil spill affecting the Fylde coast of Blackpool in the United Kingdom.[102]

In January 2018, Eni launched its new HPC4 supercomputer, one of the most powerful computing systems which allows a more effective and fast exploration of oil and gas reservoirs.[99] Since February 2020 Eni replaced the HPC4 supercomputer with the new model HPC5, which has three times the computing ability compared to the previous one.[103]

In March 2018, Eni reached an agreement with MIT to fund fusion research projects run out of the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC)’s newly created Laboratory for Innovation in Fusion Technologies (LIFT). The expected investment in these research projects will amount to about $2 million over the following years.[104]

In March 2021, Eni exited the Pakistani market and sold its assets to Prime International Oil & Gas Company.[105][106] The deal include the assets sold, interests in eight development and production leases and four exploration licences.[105][106] Prime International Oil & Gas Company, a newly established joint venture (JV) between Eni Pakistan local employees and Hub Power Company.[105][106]

In 2018 Eni became the first shareholder of the American company Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), a spin-out of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston.[107] CFS aims to build a fusion reactor based on tokamak technology, much more compact and cheaper compared to other existing projects such as the international ITER.[108] On September 5, 2021, CFS successfully built and tested a 1: 1 scale prototype of a magnet based on HTS (High Temperature Superconductors) superconductors. The experiment demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to create a fusion chamber where the confinement of the plasma is ensured by this type of super magnets. This kind of fusion chamber will allow the reactor to reach very high temperatures, above 100 million degrees, necessary to make the controlled fusion of deuterium and tritium possible and thus to produce sustainable energy.[109]

On 17 May 2022 Eni announced the procedures for the creation of an account with Gazprombank in dual currency (euro and rubles),[110][111] in order to be able to proceed with the payment of Russian gas supplies, following the unilateral amendment of the contracts ordered by the Russia .[112] The decision was taken in agreement with the Italian government and does not violate the existing sanctions. The European Commissioner for Economy Paolo Gentiloni and the competent Russian federal authorities have confirmed that payments will continue to be made in euros and that the conversion operations will be carried out by Russian clearing agents without the involvement of the Russian Central Bank.[113][114]

Financial data

Financial data in € billions[115]
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017[116] 2018[117] 2019[118] 2020[119] 2021[120]
Revenue 116.107 110.948 68.945 56.693 66.919 75.822 69.881 43.987 76.575
Net Income 4.972 0.850 −7.127 −1.044 3.374 4.126 148 −8.635 5.821
Assets 138.088 146.207 134.792 124.545 114.928 118.373 123.440 109.648 137.765
Employees 30,970 29,403 29,053 33,536 32,934 31,701 32,053 31,495 32,689

Operations

Eni Oil Bouri DP4 in Bouri Field is the biggest platform in the Mediterranean Sea.

Exploration and production

As exploration and reserve replacement being major drivers for the company,[121] Eni boosts for production additions in its core oil field areas (North and Sub-Saharan Africa,[122][123][124] Venezuela,[125][126] Barents Sea,[127][128] Yamal Peninsula,[129][130] Kazakhstan,[131][132] Iraq[133] and the Far East).[134][135] Eni has about 130 exploration and production subsidiaries,[136] such as Eni Norge.[137] In March 2022 Eni stopped buying Russian oil because of International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War.[138]

In 2012, Eni reported liquids and gas production for the full year of 1,701 thousand barrel of oil equivalent per day (kboe/d), this being calculated assuming a natural gas conversion factor to barrel equivalent, updated to 5,492 cubic feet of gas equal 1 barrel of oil from 1 July 2012.[121][139]

During 2012, 60 new exploratory wells were drilled, as 56 were drilled in 2011 and 47 in 2010. The overall commercial success rate was 40% (40.8% net to Eni) as compared to 42% in 2011 (38.6% net to Eni) and 41% in 2010 (39% net to Eni). In 2012, 351 development wells were drilled as well, as 407 in 2011 and 399 in 2010.[140][141][142]

In 2019 Eni reported hydrocarbon production for the full year of 1,871 kboe/d.[143]

In 2021 Eni reported hydrocarbon production for the full year of 1,68 kboe/d.[1]

Gas and power

Natural gas

In 2012, sales of natural gas were 95.32 bcm, down 1.44 bcm compared to 2011.[144][145][146]

In 2019 Eni reported sales of natural gas worldwide of 73.07 bcm.[143]

In 2021 Eni reported sales of natural gas worldwide of 70.45 bcm.[1]

Eni's power generation sites are located in Ferrera Erbognone, Ravenna, Livorno, Taranto, Mantua, Brindisi, Ferrara and Bolgiano.[147][148] In 2012, Eni's power generation was 25.67 TWh.[149][150] Overall Eni supplies 2,600 customers including large companies, power generation companies, wholesalers and distributors of natural gas for automotive use. Residential users are 7.45 million and include households, professionals, small and medium size enterprises, and public bodies located all over Italy and 2.09 million customers in European Countries. International sales include Iberian Peninsula, Germany, Austria, Benelux, Hungary, UK/Northern Europe, Turkey, France markets.[151][152][153][154][155]

Power generation

Eni's electricity generation sites in Italy, as of July 2018, are the following:[156]

Natural gas power plants
  • Bolgiano – 95 MW
  • Brindisi – 1715 MW
  • Ferrara – 586 MW
  • Ferrera Erbognone – 1785 MW
  • Mantua – 1387 MW
  • Ravenna – 618 MW

Refining and marketing

Eni is the leader operator in refining and marketing of petroleum products in Italy.[157][158] Eni is engaged in retail and wholesales activities in Central-Eastern European countries also (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Hungary).[159][160][161][162] Eni's market share in refining and marketing in 2019 was 23.7% in Italy, 12.3% in Austria, 7.7% in Switzerland, 3.2% in Germany and 0.6% in France. Eni also owned a 20% share of Ruwais refinery in Abu Dhabi.[163] Retail sales operations are conducted under the Eni and Agip brands. The re-branding of Eni's service stations in Italy and in the rest of Europe to Eni brand is underway.[157][164][165]

Engineering and construction

Eni operates in engineering, construction and drilling both offshore and onshore for the oil&gas industry through the subsidiary Saipem.[166]

In April 2012, Eni in collaboration with ZEiTECS announced the world's first offshore rigless/wireline retrievable ESP system for Eni Congo.[167]

Subsidiaries

Eni's principal subsidiaries include:[168]

  • Eni Gas & Power[169] (100% owned) – a natural gas and power company based in Belgium formed by merger of Distrigas and Nuon Belgium
  • Versalis (100% owned) – Versalis is a chemical company that manages the production and marketing of petrochemical products such as olefines, aromatics and intermediates (base chemicals), styrenes, elastomers and polyethylene, plus in recent years a focus on green chemistry, being also able to count on a range of proprietary technologies, advanced plant facilities and a broad-based distribution network.[170]
  • Saipem (30.54% owned) – Saipem is an oil and gas industry contractor. Saipem has contracted for engineering, oilfield services and construction both offshore and onshore through several pipelines, including Blue Stream, Greenstream, Nord Stream and South Stream. It is a subsidiary listed on the Italian Stock Exchange.
  • Eni UK – carries out operations in the British section of the North Sea, in the Irish Sea and off the coast of the Shetland Islands. Has been present in UK since 1964. In 2006 Eni UK's average net production of hydrocarbons was more than 141,000 boe/d.[171]
  • Eni India – is expected to start drilling at a deepwater block 2, near Andaman and Nicobar Islands in Q2 of 2011 as it has received 2-year extension for the completion of drilling program. The program was delayed due to various environmental issues and scarcity of oil rigs. ENI India had won this block in 2005 and partners with ONGC and GAIL India.[172]
  • EniPower – generation and sale of electricity and steam technology
  • EniProgetti – engineering services
  • Eni Rewind – integrated service for environmental rehabilitation
  • Eni Plenitude – sale of natural gas and electricity to individuals and businesses
  • Eni Next LLC – Corporate Venture Capital of Eni Group

Legal problems

The Central Energy Italian Gas Holding scandal in 2005 involved Eni and Gazprom.[173]

In 2009, the European Commission filed formal antitrust charges against Eni. The commission believes that Eni has conspired to keep competitors from using its gas pipelines.[174]

In 2009 again, according to the WikiLeaks cables, US ambassador Lanier told Washington that bribery allegations were made in Uganda by Eni which at the time was in competition for oil assets in the country against Tullow Oil. The bribes were taken by the newly appointed Ugandan prime minister, Amama Mbabazi.[175]

After corruption charges against the subsidiary Saipem, Eni's CFO Alessandro Bernini had to resign and the new CFO Massimo Mondazzi took over in December 2012.[176]

Eni and Royal Dutch Shell stood trial in Italy over allegations of corruption in the 2011 purchase of a big offshore oil field in Nigeria known as OPL 245. Eni and Shell reportedly paid $1.3 billion in bribes.[177] On March 17, 2021, the Italian court of Milan fully acquitted Eni, its Chief Executive Officer Claudio Descalzi and Royal Dutch Shell in the corruption trial for the Nigerian oil field OPL245.[178][179]

Sustainability

Eni is responsible for 0.59% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions from 1988 to 2015.[180]

Since 2007, Eni has been included into the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index.[181][182][183][184] In 2012, Eni was confirmed on the FTSE4Good Index for the sixth consecutive year.[185][186][187] Also in 2012, Eni was included in the Carbon Performance Leadership Index[188][189] and was the only FTSE MIB company to gain the triple E for Standard Ethics.[190] That same year, Eni decreased CO2 emission that resulted from flaring by 10% as compared to 2011.[191][192]

In 2013, Eni has been confirmed in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices and in the half-yearly review in March 2014.[193][194] In the same year, Eni continued its commitment to integrated reporting, preparing the Annual Report 2013 in accordance with the principles and contents of the integrated reporting (IR) framework issued by the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC).[relevant? – discuss][195][196]

Among the UN Sustainable Development Solution Network (SDSN), in 2013 Eni led the Energy For All in Sub-Saharan Africa initiative through international collaborations aimed at devising solutions to fight against energy poverty, in particular in Sub-Saharan Africa.[197][198] Eni's commitment continued in ensuring access of local communities to energy, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.[199]

In the first half of 2014 Eni achieved the start-up of the Porto Torres green chemistry plant and the Venice biorefinery.[200][201]

Eni has been ranked as the 11th best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights in the Arctic.[202][additional citation(s) needed]

In 2019, Eni SpA was among the Top 10 companies by sustainability score in the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) rank.[203][additional citation(s) needed]

In 2021, ENI was ranked as the 7th most environmentally responsible company among 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI).[204]

Corporate structure

Board of directors

The board of directors is comprised as follows as of May 2020:[205]

  • Lucia Calvosa, Chairwoman
  • Claudio Descalzi, CEO
  • Ada Lucia De Cesaris, director
  • Filippo Giansante, director
  • Pietro Angelo Mario Antonio Guindani, director
  • Karina Audrey Litvack, director
  • Emanuele Piccinno, director
  • Nathalie Tocci, director
  • Raphael Louis L. Vermeir, director

See also

  • List of petroleum companies

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Eni Annual Report 2021". 2021. https://www.eni.com/assets/documents/eng/reports/2021/Annual-Report-2021.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "The spotlight sharpens: Eni and corruption in Republic of Congo's oil sector". https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/spotlight-sharpens/. 
  3. ↑ "Global Presence". https://www.eni.com/en-IT/global-presence.html. 
  4. ↑ "Eni SpA Market Cap 2006-2022 | E". https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/E/eni-spa/market-cap. 
  5. ↑ "List of shareholders | Eni". https://www.eni.com/en-IT/about-us/governance/shareholders.html. 
  6. ↑ "Frankfurt Stock Exchange". Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151119171222/http://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/indices/euro+stoxx+50+EU0009658145/constituents. 
  7. ↑ "ENI | 2020 Global 500". https://fortune.com/company/eni/global500/. 
  8. ↑ "Forbes Global 2000". https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/#316e56795ac0. 
  9. ↑ La costruzione dell'architettura: temi e opere del dopoguerra italiano. Gangemi Editore. 2016. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-88-492-9096-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=KrxTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190. 
  10. ↑ "ENI SPA (ENI:BrsaItaliana): Stock Quote & Company Profile". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=ENI:IM. 
  11. ↑ "J.P. Morgan's adr.com | The premier site for the global investor". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120530003858/https://www.adr.com/DRDetails/Overview?cusip=26874R108. 
  12. ↑ "Introducing Enrico Mattei – enihistory". eni.com. http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/enrico-mattei/introducing-enrico-mattei.html. 
  13. ↑ "FEEM – Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei – About us – Enrico Mattei". feem.it. http://www.feem.it/getpage.aspx?id=85&sez=About%20us&padre=24&sub=26. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Eni". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188388/Eni. 
  15. ↑ "What does Eni stand for?". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/faq/company-information/miscellaneous/faq-miscellaneous-stand-for.shtml. 
  16. ↑ "History of the trademark". Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130619153043/http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/1_la_storia_del_marchio.shtml. 
  17. ↑ "What is the significance of the "six-legged dog" in the Eni symbol?". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/faq/company-information/history-trademark/faq-significance-six-legged-dog-symbol.shtml. 
  18. ↑ "1954 – MOVING AROUND THE WORLD. ALL YOU NEED IS A FORMULA.". http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1954.html. 
  19. ↑ "Enrico Mattei". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1420391/Enrico-Mattei. 
  20. ↑ "1957 – THE MATTEI FORMULA, ANOTHER WINNING MOVE.". enihistory. http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1957.html. 
  21. ↑ "Eni in Egypt". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230839/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/attachments/documentazione/pubblicazioni/paesi/Eni_in_Egypt_2.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "OIL AGREEMENTS IN IRAN". iranicaonline.org. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/oil-agreements-in-iran. 
  23. ↑ "ENI". wordpress.com. http://italypr.wordpress.com/2013/05/14/eni/. 
  24. ↑ "CEO Paolo Scaroni discusses Eni-Russia relations: past, present and future". thinkRUSSIA. http://www.thinkrussia.com/business-economy/ceo-paolo-scaroni-discusses-eni-russia-relations-past-present-and-future. 
  25. ↑ "A History of US Petroleum Wars by We Fight for Oil". epubbud.com. http://www.epubbud.com/read.php?g=C54UGV9Y&p=11. 
  26. ↑ "1962 – A LIGHT GOES OFF OVER THE SKY OF Bascapè. – enihistory". eni.com. http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1962.html. 
  27. ↑ "The Mystery of Enrico Mattei". HistoricWings.com: A Magazine for Aviators, Pilots and Adventurers. http://fly.historicwings.com/2012/10/the-mystery-of-enrico-mattei/. 
  28. ↑ "La sentenza su De Mauro 'Ucciso per lo scoop su Mattei'". La Repubblica (Palermo). http://palermo.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/08/07/news/la_sentenza_su_de_mauro_ucciso_per_lo_scoop_su_mattei-40542417/. 
  29. ↑ "Oil Company Histories". virginia.edu. http://www.virginia.edu/igpr/APAG/apagoilhistory.html. 
  30. ↑ "Learn about Italgas". http://www.italgas.it/en/about-us/history/. 
  31. ↑ "Oil Embargo, 1973–1974 – 1969–1976 – Milestones – Office of the Historian". state.gov. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/OPEC. 
  32. ↑ "OPEC states declare oil embargo". HISTORY.com. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/opec-states-declare-oil-embargo. 
  33. ↑ "1973–74 Oil Crisis". berkeley.edu. http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/debt/oilcrisis.html. 
  34. ↑ "Research Library". bakerinstitute.org. http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/algerian-gas-to-europe-the-transmed-pipeline-and-early-spanish-gas-import-projects. 
  35. ↑ "The 70s/80s". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/company/history/the-steps/the-70s-80s/the-70s-80s.shtml. 
  36. ↑ "National Oil Corporation-Eni gas company". http://en.noclibya.com.ly/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=0. 
  37. ↑ "The Race for Energy: from 1972 to 1998". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231141/http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/storia/tempimoderni/72-98/il_marchio_1972_98.shtml. 
  38. ↑ "Pipelines or pipe dreams? Lessons from the history of Arab transit pipelines". macam.ac.il. http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/oil/Pipelines%20or%20pipe%20dreams.htm. 
  39. ↑ "Eni in Libya". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001721/http://www.eni.com/it_IT/attachments/documentazione/pubblicazioni/paesi/APR-Folder-Eni-EP-in-Libia.pdf. 
  40. ↑ press@nato-pa.int. "NATO PA – 166 GSM 03 – ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN". nato-pa.int. http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=453. 
  41. ↑ "Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline". Pipelines International. http://pipelinesinternational.com/news/trans-mediterranean_pipeline/009342/. 
  42. ↑ "Pipelines in the Middle East and North Africa". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233914/http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/enm-analysis/ENM-ANALYSISDetail.html?cmaid=30043&mmacmaid=30038. 
  43. ↑ "Trans-Mediterranean Natural Gas Pipeline – Hydrocarbons Technology". hydrocarbons-technology.com. http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/trans-med-pipeline/. 
  44. ↑ "ENI (Agip) Bouri". FMC Technologies. http://www.fmctechnologies.com/SubseaSystems/GlobalProjects/Africa/Libya/ENIBouri.aspx. 
  45. ↑ "Libya gas export project sets records". offshore-mag.com. http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-65/issue-2/pipeline-transportation/libya-gas-export-project-sets-records.html. 
  46. ↑ "1978 – HOUSTON, WE HAVE A CONTRACT. – enihistory". eni.com. http://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1978.html. 
  47. ↑ "Share Capital Evolution". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/investor-relation/eni-stock-markets/share-capital-evolution/Share-Capital-Evolution.shtml. 
  48. ↑ "E stock quote - ENI S.p.A. stock price". NASDAQ. http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/e. 
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  188. ↑ "12 September 2012 – Eni enters Cdp's Carbon Performance Leadership Index (CPLI)". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustainability/news/2012-10-12-eni-enters-cop-index.shtml. 
  189. ↑ CDP climate performance scores
  190. ↑ "STOCK EXCHANGE: STANDARD ETHICS, ENI IS THE ONLY COMPANY IN THE FTSE MIB WITH A TRIPLE E". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustainability/news/2013-news/2013-news-standard-ethics.shtml. 
  191. ↑ "Climate Change". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustainability/environment/climate-change/climate-change.shtml. 
  192. ↑ "Fact Book 2012". Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140817011607/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/attachments/publications/reports/reports-2012/fact-book-2012-eng.pdf. 
  193. ↑ "Eni – Sustainability Indices". Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140817005511/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/investor-relation/eni-stock-markets/sustainability-indexes/sustainability-indexes.shtml. 
  194. ↑ "The sustainability in Eni". eni.com. 28 January 2019. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustainability/sustainability.shtml. 
  195. ↑ "Eni S.p.A. Annual Report 2013 – Welcome". eni.com. http://report.eni.com/annual-report-2013/en/servicepages/welcome.html. 
  196. ↑ "Business Model". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustainability/sustainability-eni/business-model/business-model.shtml. 
  197. ↑ "Partnerships for Sustainable Energy". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustainability/rio20/sustainable-energy/sustainable-energy.shtml. 
  198. ↑ "Eni for 2013". eni.com. http://report.eni.com/eni-for-2013/en/servicepages/welcome.html. 
  199. ↑ "Sustainable Development Solutions Network". unsdsn.org. http://unsdsn.org. 
  200. ↑ "Green Refinery Project". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustainability/environment/biodiversity-and-ecosystems/green-refinery-project/green-refinery-project.shtml. 
  201. ↑ "Matrìca: Porto Torres inaugurates new green chemistry complex". eni.com. http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustainability/news/2014-news/2014-06-16-porto-torres.shtml. 
  202. ↑ Overland, Indra (2016). "Ranking Oil, Gas and Mining Companies on Indigenous Rights in the Arctic". Arran. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313474088. 
  203. ↑ "WBCSD 2019 Report". https://docs.wbcsd.org/2019/10/WBCSD_Reporting_Matters_2019.pdf. 
  204. ↑ Overland, I., Bourmistrov, A., Dale, B., Irlbacher‐Fox, S., Juraev, J., Podgaiskii, E., Stammler, F., Tsani, S., Vakulchuk, R. and Wilson, E.C. 2021. The Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index: A method to rank heterogenous extractive industry companies for governance purposes. Business Strategy and the Environment. 30, 1623–1643. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2698
  205. ↑ "Eni Shareholders approve 2019 Financial Statements and appoints the Company Officers at Annual Meeting". https://www.eni.com/en-IT/media/press-release/2020/05/eni-shareholders-approve-2019-financial-statements.html. 

Sources

Bibliography

  • (in English) Marcello Boldrini, Mattei, Rome, Colombo, 1969
  • (in Italian) Marcello Colitti, Energia e sviluppo in Italia, Bari, De Donato, 1979
  • (in English) Paul H. Frankel, Oil and Power Policy, New York – Washington, Praeger, 1966
  • (in English) Pier Paolo Pasolini, Petrolio, various
  • (in Italian) Nico Perrone, Enrico Mattei, Bologna, Il mulino, 2001 ISBN:88-15-07913-0

External links




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