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Fortescue Metals Group

Topic: Company

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 14 min
Short description: Iron ore mining company in Western Australia

Fortescue Metals Group
TypePublic
ASX: FMG
ISIN[https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Toollabs:isin/&language=en&isin=AU000000FMG4 AU000000FMG4]
IndustryMetals and mining
Founded2003
HeadquartersPerth, Western Australia
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Fiona Hick (CEO)
Andrew Forrest (Executive Chairman) (majority shareholder)
ProductsIron ore, steel, gold, copper, lithium
RevenueIncrease A$17.62 billion (2020)[1]
Increase A$11.50 billion (2020)[1]
Increase A$6.50 billion (2020)[1]
Total assetsIncrease A$48.05 billion (2020)[1]
Total equityIncrease A$26.41 billion (2020)[1]
Number of employees
11,000+ (2020)[1]
Subsidiaries• FMG Resources Pty Ltd
• Ncz Investments Pty Ltd
• Pilbara Gas Pipeline Pty Ltd
• The Nullagine Joint Venture
• FMG Resources (August 2006) Pty Ltd
• Chichester Metals Pty Limited
• FMG Magnetite Pty Ltd
• Pilbara Marine Pty Ltd
• FMG Pilbara Pty Ltd
• Karribi Developments Pty Ltd
• FMG Solomon Pty Ltd
• FMG Iron Bridge Limited
• Fmg Pacific Limited
• Fortescue Future Industries
Websitewww.fmgl.com.au
FMG iron ore train, 2008
FMG iron ore train on Turner River, 2008

Fortescue Metals Group Limited (often referred to as Fortescue Metals Group, FMG, or simply Fortescue) is an Australian iron ore company. As of 2017, Fortescue is the fourth-largest iron ore producer in the world.[2] The company has holdings of more than 87,000 km2 in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, making it the largest tenement holder in the state,[3] larger than both BHP and Rio Tinto.[4]

Governance

(As of May 2022) Andrew "Twiggy" Forrest is chair and owns a third of the company. Elizabeth Gaines is currently the CEO of Fortescue, but Forrest will assume an 'Executive Chairman' role and in effect act as the CEO on an interim basis from August 2022 when Gaines moves into the role of global brand ambassador for the company's renewable energy arm, Fortescue Future Industries until a replacement is found.[5][6]

Mining projects

The group has two main areas of operation located within the Pilbara region of Western Australia, the Chichester Hub and Solomon Hub. Plans to develop a third, Western Hub were as of 2017 in developmental stage. In 2017 Fortescue started exploration of possible mining tenements in South America and other parts of Australia.[7] FMG engages professional lobbyists to represent their interests to parliaments in multiple jurisdictions. In South Australia, they are represented by Spring Street Advisory Pty Ltd.[8]

Chichester Hub

Located in the heart of the Pilbara, the Chichester Hub is made up of Fortescue's flagship minesite Cloudbreak and the second minesite Christmas Creek. The total Chichester Hub produces 90 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of iron ore plus an additional five mtpa from a joint venture with BC Iron.[9]

Cloudbreak

Fortescue's first minesite Cloudbreak currently[when?] mines 40 million tonnes of iron ore a year.[9] The horizontal nature of the deposits at Cloudbreak called for a new mining approach to those used at other mines which operate on vertical deposits of ore. Overburden removal is done using conventional blast, truck and shovel methods while specially designed surface miners cut and load the ore into trucks for transport to the run of mine stockpiles. Screening, crushing and desand plants at the Cloudbreak ore processing facility prepare and refine the product before the ore is stockpiled ahead of transport to port. The train loadout facility at Cloudbreak is capable of feeding 16,000 tonnes of ore per hour on the 2.7-kilometre-long (1.7 mi) trains ready for the journey along the 256-kilometre (159 mi) heavy-haul railway to the facilities at Herb Elliott Port.[citation needed]

Christmas Creek

Mining began at Christmas Creek, 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the east of Cloudbreak, in May 2009. Subsequent expansion projects have lifted production capacity to 50 million tonnes per annum.[when?][9] The operations at Christmas Creek are undergoing expansion and in late 2010 a fifty-kilometre extension to the existing Port Hedland to Cloudbreak rail line was completed to transport the ore to Cloudbreak. The first ore-processing facility (OPF) was commissioned at Christmas Creek in April 2011 with a second OPF commissioned in 2012. As part of the second expansion, a number of additional infrastructure projects were completed, including a 6.3-kilometre (3.9 mi) overland conveyor, a new airstrip, an expansion of the power plant and increasing capacity at the operations village to 1,600 rooms.[9]

In January 2013, Fortescue awarded Macmahon Holdings a $1.8 billion mining services contract for its Christmas Creek mine expansion. The Christmas Creek expansion increases the capacity of the Chichester operations to 95 million tons a year, and was a key component of the company's 155-million-tonne-a-year expansion plans.[10]

Solomon Hub

Located in the middle of Fortescue's 87,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi) Pilbara tenement area, the Solomon Hub was Fortescue's next major project. It has almost twice the resource and less than half the strip ratio of the Chichester Hub. Fortescue's Exploration team has already[when?] delineated more than 2.86 billion t (2.81 billion long tons; 3.15 billion short tons) of resource at the Solomon Hub and there are identified exploration prospects targeting up to 5 billion t (4.9 billion long tons; 5.5 billion short tons). In May 2013, Fortescue officially opened its 20-million-tonne-per-annum (mtpa) Firetail mine at Solomon.[11] In December 2013, the company announced it had achieved first production from its 40 mtpa Kings Valley mine.[12]

The train load out (TLO) facility at Firetail was commissioned in November 2012 and the first ore was transported on the Fortescue Hamersley Rail Line in December 2012. In December 2012 Fortescue opened the 129-kilometre (80 mi) Solomon Railway that connects Solomon to Fortescue's mainline to its port operations.[13]

A third operation within the Solomon hub, the Queens Valley mine, was approved for construction in 2019 at a projected cost of A$417 million. The mine, located 15 km west of the Kings Valley mine, is scheduled to open in 2022.[14]

Eliwana mine

In May 2018 Fortescue announced a US$1.28 billion development of a new mine in the Pilbara at the Eliwana site. This expansion will include an additional 143 km of railway and a dry ore processing plant capable of processing 30 million tonnes a year. The new mine is expected to have an 18-year lifespan and will be funded from the company's cash flow.[15]

The project is expected create 1,900 construction jobs and 500 permanent full-time positions with production expected to commence in 2020. The Eliwana mine is part of Fortescue's strategy to move to a 60 per cent iron-grade product.[15]

Iron Bridge mine

Scheduled to open 2022, the Iron Bridge mine, located 145 kilometres south of Port Hedland, is projected to produce 22 million tonnes of high-grade 67% magnetite per annum. The project is a joint venture between Fortescue and Formosa Steel, with Baosteel as a minority share holder. The project suffered from cost explosion, with the latest projection of A$4.87 billion being 30 per cent higher than the original estimate.[16][17]

BC Iron

BC Iron is a much smaller mining company with iron ore deposits at Nullagine. In 2009, the two companies entered into a 50-50 joint venture in which BC Iron manages mining, crushing and screening, and trucking while Fortescue is contracted to provide haulage and port services to the joint venture.[18] In December 2012 Fortescue sold a 25% stake to BC Iron Ore for A$190 million and agreed to increase the available capacity to the NJV on Fortescue's rail and port infrastructure from the existing 5 million tonnes per annum (mtpa), to 6 mtpa for the life of the joint venture.[19]

Atlas Iron

In June 2018 Fortescue announced the purchase of 15% of junior iron ore miner Atlas Iron. This brought Fortescue's ownership stakes up to nearly 20%. The acquisition of a controlling interest in Atlas Iron was planned to give Fortescue access to greater port capacity as well as additional higher-grade iron ore tenements. This also potentially allowed a move towards lithium production.[20]

This move was also potentially giving Fortescue access to the North West Infrastructure joint venture. This venture was a collaboration between Atlas Iron, Brockman Mining and FerrAus.[21]

In October 2018, however, Atlas was acquired by Redstone Resources, a fully owned subsidiary of Hancock Prospecting,[22] and delisted from the Australian Securities Exchange on 21 November 2018.[23]

Belinga, Gabon

In February 2023 Fortescue Metals Group inked in an agreement to develop iron ore at Belinga in Gabon with a road and railway to an existing port.

Diversifying production

Gold, copper and lithium

In 2017 Fortescue announced they were looking to diversify their portfolio by exploring for metals and minerals in South America and other parts of Australia. Gold, copper and lithium were highlighted as commodities of interest.[24]

"We continue to undertake early-stage, low-cost exploration on copper gold prospective tenements in South Australia and New South Wales and have assessed high-potential, early-stage exploration tenements in Ecuador, where Fortescue was granted 32 exploration areas."[25]

Infrastructure

Map showing route of the Fortescue railway

The company has built a mine, a 260-kilometre (162 mi) private railway and a new port at Point Anderson (aka Herb Elliot Port)[26] near Port Hedland. The Fortescue rail line has a flyover over the Mount Newman railway, and a crossing of the BHP Billiton railway. The "first ore on ship" on the line occurred in May 2008, three-and-a-half years after construction started.[27]

The railway's 240-wagon iron ore trains are amongst the heaviest trains in the world.[27] The 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (standard-gauge) heavy-haul railway is used by 35,200-tonne (34,644-long-ton; 38,801-short-ton) trains up to 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) long carrying 29,000 tonnes (28,542 long tons; 31,967 short tons) of ore at a 40-tonne (39-long-ton; 44-short-ton) axle load (the weight of the two 4,000-horsepower [3 MW] engines is extra). The railway is available to other miners for a fee. Atlas Exports has signed a commercial agreement to use the line and port.[27]

The railway parallels another iron ore railway, the BHP Billiton railway, for over 100 kilometres (62 mi). Fortescue had sought access to use this line, but BHP declined.[28] The matter remains in litigation.[29]

The FMG railway uses the up-to-date electronically controlled pneumatic brakes for all its rolling stock.

Shipping fleet

Herb Elliot Port, Port Hedland, 2016

(As of June 2018) Fortescue has an operating fleet of seven ore carriers with an eighth currently[when?] in construction. Four of the carriers were built by the Yangzijiang shipyard in Jiangsu, China . The rest of the fleet is being built by Guangzhou Shipyard International.[30]

The current operating fleet is:

  • FMG Nicola
  • FMG Grace
  • FMG Sophia
  • FMG Sydney
  • FMG Matilda
  • FMG David
  • FMG Amanda – Arrived in Port Hedland in June 2018. Named after Amanda Bennell, a long-term Aboriginal employee with Fortescue[30]

Fortescue Future Industries

In 2020, Fortescue Future Industries was created to produce energy in several countries, starting with the 60 MW solar farm at its Chichester Hub.[31]

In October 2021, Fortescue Future Industries and Plug Power Inc. announced a joint venture to build a green hydrogen equipment manufacturing facility in Aldoga, Queensland. The first stage, due for completion in 2022, is expected to double the world's green hydrogen capacity. When the plant is completed, it is expected to be the largest of its type in the world.[32][33]

Also in October 2021, Fortescue Future Industries and Incitec Pivot announced a feasibility study for a new ammonium nitrate production plant in Brisbane. The plant would use PEM electrolysers to generate hydrogen to produce ammonium nitrate, mainly used as fertiliser and as a component in explosives, replacing the conventional manufacturing process which uses natural gas.[34][35]

In November 2021 it was announced that Fortescue Future Industries would build a plant in Río Negro Province, Argentina, that initially in 2024 would produce 600 MW of green hydrogen a year, rising to 15GW by 2030.[36]

In March 2022, Fortescue Future Industries acquired UK-based Williams Advanced Engineering (WAE). As part of this acquisition, Fortescue and WAE will jointly develop the world first, zero emission electric Infinity Train that charges itself using the Earth's gravitational force.[37]

Controversy

Misleading and deceptive conduct court case

In late 2004 and early 2005, Fortescue chairman and then-CEO Andrew Forrest made a series of announcements that Fortescue had entered into "binding agreements" with three significant Chinese state-owned entities to build and finance infrastructure for the company.[38][39] The Australian Securities & Investments Commission took legal action against FMG and Forrest. Although an initial ruling by Justice John Gilmour[40] in 2009 found Forrest hadn't acted in a misleading or deceptive manner,[41] Chief Justice Patrick Keane and judges Arthur Emmett and Raymond Finkelstein of the Federal Court of Australia[42] overturned this decision in 2011, finding that FMG and its Chairman and CEO, Andrew Forrest, had engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct and breached the continuous disclosure provisions in the Corporations Act, 2001,[43] by claiming to have binding contracts with China.[41]

The court found that a Chinese framework agreement does not amount to a binding contract, in the natural meaning of the word.[44] If found to have breached director's duties, Forrest faced the possibility of being banned as a director of an ASIC-listed company.[45] FMG appealed against the decision,[46] and in October 2012, the High Court found in favour of FMG and Forrest, reversing the decision of the full bench of the Federal Court and agreeing with the original 2009 decision by Justice Gilmour.[47] In his judgement, Justice Honour concluded that Fortescue's releases "correctly represented that there was an agreement, and that it was in the view of the parties binding from the time of board approval".[38]

Despite the early announcement, in 2008, the group loaded its first iron ore shipment bound for China. Fortescue have at least ten Chinese steel mill contracts lasting for around ten years. Baosteel was the first company to receive their iron ore.[48]

Opposition to Solomon Hub mining lease

FMG lodged applications for three mining leases in the Solomon Hub area in 2008, and began negotiations with the native title holders through the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation (YAC). Negotiations broke down and the YAC lodged its opposition to the grant of the three licenses to the Native Title Tribunal in 2009, initially failing to win orders preventing the grant of the licenses. The YAC also failed in its initial Federal Court appeal of that decision last year, and the State Government issued the mining licenses to FMG in late November 2010. Both FMG and the YAC are now waiting on the results of a new appeal to the Full Bench of the Federal Court.[49][50] The company estimated the extraction of 2.4 billion tons of ore over the next 40 years, worth $280 billion, offering less than a deal struck by Rio Tinto that would provide $2 billion over 40 years.[51]

On 8 April 2011, Slater & Gordon, representing the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation in its negotiations with FMG, requested FMG compensate the Yindjibarndi community. In March 2011, FMG was accused of supporting a break-off group[52][53] to divide the local Yindjibarndi community during negotiations for access to traditional Yinjibarndi land for the planned $8.5 billion Solomon Hub project. While the law firm admitted FMG has put compensation money up, it said it was insufficient in comparison with the profits that will be made from this mine on the client's traditional land, as well as the royalty (tax) amounts that have been paid to non-Aboriginal people.[54]

In 2021 negotiations over an Indigenous Land Use Agreement failed, and (As of May 2022) the Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation is (As of May 2022) leading a native title compensation claim in the Federal Court, asserting that FMG have been mining on Yindjibarndi land without an agreement. According to the National Native Title Tribunal, the Federal Court needs to make a determination on whether the community is eligible for "compensation for the loss, impairment, diminution or extinguishment of native title rights and interests in the area".[5]

Aboriginal engagement

In August 2013, CEO Nev Power announced the company had achieved its target of awarding $1 billion in contracts to Aboriginal business by the end of 2013.[55][56][57] Fortescue had made the commitment in 2011 to award $1 billion in contracts to businesses at least 25% owned by Aboriginal Australians through its Billion Opportunities program.[58]

In reaching its target six months early, the company had signed 102 contracts and subcontracts with 50 businesses[56] including $500 million worth of contracts with six Aboriginal joint ventures and Morris Corporation representing the largest-ever package of contracts awarded to Aboriginal businesses.[59] Of the contracts awarded, Fortescue said more than 80% were awarded to Aboriginal businesses that were at least half indigenous owned.[56] Fortescue chairman Andrew Forrest told The Guardian : "The depth of what the Indigenous people have achieved and the change in direction they're taking is really historic."[58]

See also

  • Pilbara railways
  • Williams Grand Prix Engineering

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "30 June 2019 Full Year Results". Fortescue. 2019-08-26. https://www.fmgl.com.au/docs/default-source/announcements/fy19-results.pdf?sfvrsn=c1ee9fe6_6. 
  2. ↑ Largest Iron Ore Producers in the World in 2017. 10 April 2018. https://miningconnection.com/coal_prep/news/article/largest_iron_ore_producers_in_the_world_in_2017/. Retrieved 16 July 2018. 
  3. ↑ "Annual General Meeting 2010". Fortescue. 2011-07-24. http://www.fmgl.com.au/IRM/Company/ShowPage.aspx?CPID=2195&EID=88866351&PageName=Fortescue. 
  4. ↑ "Fortescue rejects Rio's Pilbara land swipe". Finance. 22 March 2011. https://finance.nine.com.au/business-news/fortescue-rejects-rios-pilbara-land-swipe/bc5b550c-687c-4e55-b797-33c389b6b2cd. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lannin, Sue (25 May 2022). "Fortescue Metals could face paying traditional owners millions of dollars in native title compensation claim". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-25/mining-native-title-fortescue-indigenous-land-rights/101096758. 
  6. ↑ van Leeuwen, Hans (17 May 2022). "Forrest takes back the top job at Fortescue in shake-up" (in en). Australian Financial Review. https://www.afr.com/companies/energy/forrest-takes-back-the-top-job-at-fortescue-in-shake-up-20220518-p5am8c. 
  7. ↑ Serapio, Jr., Manolo (2017-09-27). "Australia's Fortescue considers diversifying into gold, copper, energy" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-steel-fortescue-idUSKCN1C20BX. 
  8. ↑ "Lobbyist Portal". https://www.lobbyists.sa.gov.au/#/lobbyist/76. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Chichester Hub". http://www.fmgl.com.au/our_business/Chichester_Hub. 
  10. ↑ "Macmahon wins major Christmas Creek contract". Mining Weekly. 2013-01-22. https://www.miningweekly.com/article/macmahon-wins-major-christmas-creek-contract-2013-01-22. 
  11. ↑ "Fortescue celebrates opening of Firetail Mine". http://fmgl.com.au/UserDir/AsxAnnouncement/130507%20%20Fortescue%20Celebrates%20Opening%20of%20Firetail%20Mine711.pdf. 
  12. ↑ Smith, Thomas. "FMG pushes 175 - MiningNews.net". http://www.miningnews.net/storyview.asp?storyid=801820533. 
  13. ↑ "Solomon Hub". http://www.fmgl.com.au/Our_Business/Solomon_Hub. 
  14. ↑ Newell, Daniel (22 May 2019). "FMG green lights $US287m Solomon extension with Queens Valley development". The West Australian. https://thewest.com.au/business/mining/fmg-green-lights-us287m-solomon-extension-with-queens-valley-development-ng-b881207051z. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Gray, Darren (2018-05-28). "Fortescue Metals to develop $1.7b iron ore project in WA" (in en). https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/fortescue-metals-to-develop-1-7b-iron-ore-project-in-wa-20180528-p4zhwa.html. 
  16. ↑ Ballard, Henry (11 January 2022). "Fortescue considers taking backseat at Iron Bridge". Australian Mining. https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/fortescue-considers-taking-backseat-at-iron-bridge/. 
  17. ↑ "Cost of Fortescue's Iron Bridge project shoots up once again". Mining.Com. 27 May 2021. https://www.mining.com/cost-of-fortescues-iron-bridge-project-shoots-up-once-again/. 
  18. ↑ Australian Financial Review 25 July 2012, p26
  19. ↑ "Fortescue announces sale of 25% interest in Nullagine Iron Ore Joint Venture". Fortescue. 2012-12-10. http://www.fmgl.com.au/UserDir/AsxAnnouncement/ASX%20Release%20-%20Sale%20of%2025%20per%20cent%20interest%20in%20NJV681.pdf. 
  20. ↑ Gray, Darren (2018-06-07). "Fortescue makes a move on junior miner Atlas Iron" (in en). https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/fortescue-makes-a-move-on-junior-miner-atlas-iron-20180607-p4zk56.html. 
  21. ↑ Gray, Darren (2018-06-08). "Why 'Twiggy' Forrest wants to stop a corporate marriage" (in en). https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/battle-over-atlas-iron-takes-new-turn-20180608-p4zkex.html. 
  22. ↑ Hosie, Ewen (18 October 2018). "Hancock secures compulsory takeover of Atlas Iron in Rinehart win". Australian Mining. https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/hancock-subsidiary-secures-90-per-cent-of-atlas-iron-in-rinehart-win/. 
  23. ↑ "Atlas Iron : Removal from Official List". 21 November 2018. https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ATLAS-IRON-LIMITED-6497701/news/Atlas-Iron-Removal-from-Official-List-27641667/. 
  24. ↑ Serapio, Manolo Jr.. "Australia's Fortescue considers diversifying into gold, copper, energy" (in en-US). U.S.. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-steel-fortescue/australias-fortescue-considers-diversifying-into-gold-copper-energy-idUSKCN1C20BX. 
  25. ↑ "Our Operations" (in en). Fortescue. n.d.. https://www.fmgl.com.au/about-fortescue/our-operations. 
  26. ↑ "Port and Rail". Fortescue. 2018-04-19. http://www.fmgl.com.au/about-fortescue/our-operations/port-and-rail. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 John Kirk (July 2008). "Fortescue opens the world's heaviest haul railway". Railway Gazette International: p. 427. http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/fortescue-opens-the-worlds-heaviest-haul-railway.html. 
  28. ↑ Nick Kingsley (1 March 2007). "Fortescue goes its own way". Railway Gazette International. http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/fortescue-goes-its-own-way.html. 
  29. ↑ "Fortescue wins High Court decision in long running Pilbara rail access dispute - The Lawyer - Legal News and Jobs - Advancing the business of law". 11 June 2013. http://www.thelawyer.com/issues/online-february-2013/fortescue-wins-high-court-decision-in-long-running-pilbara-rail-access-dispute/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Fortescue's seventh ore carrier arrives in Port Hedland" (in en). http://www.fmgl.com.au/in-the-news/media-releases/2018/06/25/fortescue-s-seventh-ore-carrier-arrives-in-port-hedland. 
  31. ↑ Parkinson, Giles (11 November 2020). "Fortescue leads "stampede" into green energy with stunning plans for 235 gigawatts of wind and solar" (in en-AU). https://reneweconomy.com.au/fortescue-leads-stampede-into-green-energy-with-stunning-plans-for-235-gigawatts-of-wind-and-solar-27936/. 
  32. ↑ Parkinson, Giles (10 October 2021). "New $1 billion-plus project in Queensland to double world's green hydrogen production capacity". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-10/qld-palaszczuk-andrew-forrest-hydrogen-gladstone/100527670. 
  33. ↑ "Plug Power to Partner with Fortescue Future Industries to Manufacture Electrolyzer Technology in Australia". Yahoo Finance (Plug Power, Inc.). 14 October 2021. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/plug-power-partner-fortescue-future-130000242.html. 
  34. ↑ Colasimone, Dan (11 October 2021). "Queensland announces plans to use hydrogen to produce green ammonia on industrial scale in Brisbane". ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-11/queensland-hydrogen-twiggy-forrest-ammonia-feasiblity/100528732. 
  35. ↑ Parkinson, Giles (11 October 2021). "Fortescue plans Australia's first major green ammonia plant near Brisbane". Renew Economy (Mullumbimby, NSW). https://reneweconomy.com.au/fortescue-plans-australias-first-major-green-ammonia-plant-near-brisbane/. 
  36. ↑ Collins, Leigh (2021-11-04). "Iron-ore billionaire Andrew Forrest unveils 15GW green hydrogen project in Argentina" (in en). https://www.rechargenews.com/energy-transition/iron-ore-billionaire-andrew-forrest-unveils-15gw-green-hydrogen-project-in-argentina/2-1-1093693. 
  37. ↑ "Mining Firm Building World's Most Efficient Electric Train That Charges Itself Using Gravity". IndianWeb2.com. 4 March 2022. https://www.indianweb2.com/2022/03/mining-firm-building-worlds-most.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "FORTESCUE METALS GROUP AND ANDREW FORREST SUCCEED IN HIGH COURT APPEAL AGAINST ASIC". Corrs. 2012-10-03. http://www.corrs.com.au/publications/corrs-in-brief/fortescue-metals-group-and-andrew-forrest-succeed-in-high-court-appeal-against-asic/. 
  39. ↑ Yeates, Clancy (2012-10-03). "High Court ends long row on Fortescue". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/business/high-court-ends-long-row-on-fortescue-20121002-26xe4.html. 
  40. ↑ Sexton, Elizabeth (29 September 2011). "'Twiggy' Forrest allowed to fight false statements decision". Brisbane Times. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/business/twiggy-forrest-allowed-to-fight-false-statements-decision-20110929-1kyh0.html. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Hewett, Jennifer (24 December 2009). "Ruling leaves Andrew Forrest out of the woods". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/ruling-leaves-forrest-out-of-the-woods/story-e6frg9df-1225813308964. 
  42. ↑ Burrell, Andrew (29 September 2011). "Andrew Forrest wins leave to appeal Federal Court ruling". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/andrew-forrest-wins-leave-to-appeal/story-e6frg9df-1226151417868. 
  43. ↑ "Fortescue Metals appeal: implications for corporate disclosure and directors' duties". Blake Dawson. 8 March 2011. http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g%3Dc3462ced-4169-4e80-95f6-74fbc94b6e7e. 
  44. ↑ "ASIC v Fortescue Metals Group Ltd and Forrest". Carter Newell. http://www.carternewell.com/publications/corporate/asx-disclosure.aspx. 
  45. ↑ Hargovan, Assoc Prof Anil (2 June 2011). "Fortescue chief Andrew 'Twiggy' Forrest exits; court case looms". University of New South Wales. http://theconversation.edu.au/fortescue-chief-andrew-twiggy-forrest-exits-court-case-looms-1608. 
  46. ↑ Kitney, Damon (30 March 2011). "It was a tough job, says D'Aloisio". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/it-was-a-tough-job-says-daloisio/story-e6frg8zx-1226030332717. 
  47. ↑ "Forrest wins High Court appeal". ABC News. 2 October 2012. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-02/forrest-asic-high-court-decision/4290772. 
  48. ↑ "Fortescue loads iron ore shipment". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 May 2008. http://news.smh.com.au/business/fortescue-loads-iron-ore-shipment-20080515-2ej4.html. 
  49. ↑ Evans, Nick (8 April 2011). "FMG is still waiting on a Federal Court decision over native claims at its Solomon project". https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa/fmg-is-still-waiting-on-a-federal-court-decision-over-native-claims-at-its-solomon-project-ng-8a5eacd4e286998be5c8de40a6fff4a9. 
  50. ↑ "The West Australian". http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/9150581/fmg-accused-of-native-title-coup-attempt/. 
  51. ↑ Lloyd Jones (18 April 2011). "FMG's Andrew Forrest faces human rights complaint". PerthNow. http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/fmgs-andrew-forrest-faces-human-rights-complaint/story-e6frg14u-1226117402496. 
  52. ↑ Cowie, Tom (11 April 2011). "FMG native title meeting a 'shambles'". ABC News. http://www.crikey.com.au/2011/04/06/the-video-of-twiggy-forrest-that-everyones-talking-about/. 
  53. ↑ Mayman, Jan. "Fairfax Syndication Photo Print Sales and Content Licensing". http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac;jsessionid=C2D7F5121FEA933D7055946D0D7A0EF5?sy=afr&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=1month&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=brs&cls=1422&clsPage=1&docID=AGE110406IA50I2JE2HH. 
  54. ↑ "Slater & Gordon backs Yindjibarndi Aboriginal Corporation". Slater & Gordon Lawyers. 2011-04-08. http://www.slatergordon.com.au/media/news-media-releases/slater-gordon-backs-Yindjibarndi-Aboriginal-Corporation-in-fight-against-FMG. 
  55. ↑ "$1b in work for Aboriginal businesses". SBS News. 2013-08-06. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1b-in-work-for-aboriginal-businesses/yvrdrr1l8. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Latimer, Cole (6 August 2013). "Fortescue awards $1bn in contracts to Indigenous companies - Australian Mining". Mining Australia. http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/news/fortescue-awards-$1bn-in-contracts-to-indigenous-c. 
  57. ↑ "Fortescue meets Aboriginal contract target". http://www.businessspectator.com.au/news/2013/8/6/resources-and-energy/fortescue-meets-aboriginal-contract-target. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Davidson, Helen (6 August 2013). "Twiggy Forrest 'smashes' target of $1bn in contracts to Indigenous companies". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/06/twiggy-forrest-1bn-indigenous-companies. 
  59. ↑ "Fortescue Metals Group Limited : Fortescue awards largest ever parcel of contracts to Traditional Owners - 4-Traders". 4 Traders. 2013-08-06. http://www.4-traders.com/FORTESCUE-METALS-GROUP-LI-6496550/news/Fortescue-Metals-Group-Limited-Fortescue-awards-largest-ever-parcel-of-contracts-to-Traditional-Ow-17167234/. 

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