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Monzo

Topic: Company

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 11 min
Short description: British neobank


Monzo Bank Limited
Monzo
FormerlyFocus FS Limited (2015–2016)[1]
IndustryFinancial services
Founded18 February 2015; 9 years ago (2015-02-18)
HeadquartersLondon, England, UK
Key people
ProductsBanking
RevenueIncrease £355.6M[2] (2023)
Decrease -£116.3M[2] (2023)
Owner
  • Passion Capital Fs (Gp) Llp (2016–2021)
  • Monzo Bank Holding Group Limited (2021–present)[3]
Number of employees
Increase 2,432[2] (2023)
Websitemonzo.com

Monzo Bank Limited,[1][4] trading as Monzo (/ˈmɒnzoʊ/), is a British online bank based in London, England.[5] Monzo was one of the earliest of a number of new app-based challenger banks in the UK.[6]

Originally operating through a mobile app and a prepaid debit card, in April 2017 its United Kingdom banking licence restrictions were lifted, enabling it to offer a full current account.[7] As of June 2023, Monzo had over 7.4 million customers.[2] Their most recent financial results issued in June 2023, showed an annual net loss of £116.3 million (a decrease from the £119 million lost in the previous year) on revenue of £355.6 million.[2]

History

2015–2017: Early growth

Monzo Bank was founded as Mondo in 2015 by Tom Blomfield,[8][9][10][11] Jonas Huckestein, Jason Bates, Paul Rippon and Gary Dolman.[12] The team originally met whilst working at Starling Bank. In February 2016, Monzo set the record for "quickest crowd-funding campaign in history" when it raised £1 million in 96 seconds via the Crowdcube investment platform.[13][14][15]

On 13 June 2016, a company blog post announced that the "Mondo" trademark had been legally challenged by an undisclosed company with a similar name.[16][17] As a result, a naming suggestion contest was organised and the new name, "Monzo", was registered at Companies House under the legal name "Monzo Bank Ltd" in August 2016.[18]

On 16 May 2017, Monzo announced that over £250 million had been spent through its prepaid card, between 200,000 customers.[19]

2017–present: Scaling up

In April 2017, Monzo was granted its full banking licence by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority, having previously operated under a restricted banking licence.[20] The full licence allowed Monzo to provide its customers with current accounts, who up until that point were only able to be offered pre-paid debit cards.[21]

Monzo's full current account was launched in October 2017, with its pre-paid card users being asked to move to its new current account.[21] By April 2018, it was reported to have 500,000 current account customers.[21]

In October 2018, Monzo reached one million customers, and was also named the best tech startup to work for by LinkedIn UK.[22][23] Later that month, Monzo became a pound “unicorn,” with an £85 million fundraising round valuing the company at £1 billion.

In August 2019, the company announced that it had inadvertently logged 480,000 customer personal identification numbers, making them accessible to Monzo's internal team of engineers. The issue arose because PINs were transmitted in the query string of a HTTPS request.[24][25] That month the company also launched its loan products for customers.[26]

In March 2020, Monzo announced the creation of two business bank accounts for sole traders and small-to-medium sized businesses.[27] This was followed by Monzo's first loan products for its personal current account customers in April 2020.[28]

In May 2020, Blomfield announced that he was moving from CEO to president of the company and TS Anil would become the company's CEO.[29] He left the company in January 2021, citing personal pressures heightened by the coronavirus pandemic among other reasons.[30]

In March 2023, the company announced that it had become profitable for the first time.[31]

U.S. expansion

Monzo announced on 13 June 2019 that it would begin offering services in the United States . The company said that it would distribute about 2,000 debit cards to prospective members who attended events it held in major U.S. cities like Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York City.[32]

In February 2021, Monzo announced Carol Nelson as the new US CEO, taking over from TS Anil who became Monzo's global CEO after temporarily holding both titles.[33]

After it was told by US regulators it was unlikely to be approved for a banking licence, Monzo announced that it had withdrawn its banking licence application in October 2021.[34] Shortly after, Carol Nelson stepped down as US CEO.[35]

Monzo US exited beta and was fully launched on 1 February 2022.[36] Without a US banking license, Monzo operates in the US market through a partnership with Ohio-based Sutton Bank.[37]

Fundraising

In February 2016, Monzo set the record for "quickest crowd-funding campaign in history" when it raised £1 million in 96 seconds via the Crowdcube investment platform.[13][14][15]

In October 2016, Monzo announced an 'interim' funding round valuing the company at £50M and raised £4.8M in the process, led by Passion Capital.[38] This round was followed by a second £2.5 million Crowdcube crowd-funding campaign with the total pledged quickly hitting the target amount.[39]

In February 2017, Monzo raised £19.5 million from Thrive Capital, Passion Capital, and Orange Digital Ventures, which it intended to supplement with a crowdfunding campaign for an additional £2.5 million.[40]

On 6 November 2017, Monzo raised £71 million from several investors in a round led by Goodwater Capital. At the close of the round, Monzo was valued at £280 million.[41]

On 30 October 2018, Monzo became a pound “unicorn,” with an £85 million fundraising round valuing the company at £1 billion.

On 5 December 2018, Monzo held another £20 million Crowdcube crowdfunding campaign, reaching nearly £18 million in funding in less than three hours, and reaching the £20 million goal in just over two days.[42]

On 24 June 2019, Monzo raised £113 million in a Series F funding round led by Y Combinator's Continuity fund. This round gave Monzo a valuation of £2 billion.[43][44]

In June 2020, Monzo closed a £60 million 'down round', which saw its valuation fall by 40% to £1.24 billion.[45] In December 2020, Monzo closed another £60 million funding, including from investors such as for Novator, Kaiser and TED Global.[46]

In December 2021, Monzo closed a $600m funding round at a valuation of $4.5bn, led by the Abu Dhabi Growth Fund.[45]

Products and services

Monzo offers a range of current accounts, savings accounts and lending products for personal and business customers.

On 25 June 2018, Monzo announced their team up with Wise to provide international money transfers from within their Monzo app.[47]

On 28 January 2019, Monzo announced a partnership with Flux to add itemised receipts and loyalty points.[48] In addition to this, the API to create receipts was published by Monzo.[49]

In September 2021, Monzo launched Flex, a buy-now-pay-later product.[50] Later in the year, they announced a virtual credit card that can be used to make Flex transactions directly.[51]

Monzo Plus and Monzo Premium

In July 2020, Monzo launched its new premium subscription service, Monzo Plus.[52] Within the first month, the premium account had gained over 50,000 active users.[53]

Issued cards

The original design for the hot coral-coloured current account cards

Monzo initially issued (with partner company Wirecard[54]) a variety of alpha, beta and investor cards to its customers who wanted to be early adopters.[55] These were prepaid Mastercards which the user could top-up via bank transfer or via an existing debit card.[56] The balance on the card could then be spent via contactless, chip and pin, magnetic stripe or online. From early on, Monzo has issued cards in a neon "hot coral" colour - initially intended as a temporary measure during prototyping[57] - but later, a deliberate decision arising from the success of the "eye-catching" design.[58]

In December 2017, Monzo issued new Debit Mastercard cards to all its existing and new customers as the bank began rolling out current accounts. Customers signing up for the current account are issued a Debit Mastercard.[59]

Developer tools

Banks in the UK currently offer customers limited or no programmatic access to their financial data.[60] Whilst the UK Government is looking into legislation to require existing banks to comply with and adopt standards for secure and open APIs,[61] Monzo has already released a prototype API based on the OAuth standard within a year of the company's founding.

The company has also hosted four hackathons[62] and previously maintained a "Monzo Developers" Slack channel for developer discussion and support. The API allows developers to view transactions and accounts, receive notifications for events via webhooks and create their own items to appear in the app.[63] The responses are encoded using JSON which allows for data access in any programming language with JSON support.[63][64]


Fraud detection

During June 2018, Monzo gained significant public interest after fraud analysts with the bank spotted signs of and publicly announced a Ticketmaster data breach in April 2018, before Ticketmaster had spotted the breach themselves, and two months before Ticketmaster admitted the breach had occurred.[65][66]

In 2019 the BBC's Watchdog programme investigated Monzo after receiving complaints from Monzo customers who had their accounts frozen or closed.[67] Affected customers complained about the length of time they were unable to access their money.[68] In a response to this investigation, the company said that account closures take place if the bank "suspect[s] there's financial crime".[69]

Politically exposed persons

Jeremy Hunt revealed that he was rejected for a bank account with Monzo in 2022.[70] Staff at the bank have been accused of branding the Conservative Party 'evil'.[71][72]

In July 2023, Gina Miller's True and Fair Party was informed that their bank account with Monzo would be closed.[73] Monzo said that they didn't accept political parties as customers, and that True and Fair's account was not categorised as such in its application.[74]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "MONZO BANK LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK" (in en). 2015-02-18. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/09446231. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Annual Report 2023 | Monzo" (in en). https://monzo.com/docs/monzo-annual-report-2023.pdf. 
  3. ↑ "MONZO BANK LIMITED persons with significant control - Find and update company information - GOV.UK" (in en). 2016-04-06. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/09446231/persons-with-significant-control. 
  4. ↑ "Customer Privacy Notice" (in en). 2023-11-08. https://monzo.com/legal/privacy-notice. 
  5. ↑ "The UK's new breed of digital challenger banks". Techworld. http://www.techworld.com/startups/ranked-uks-new-breed-of-digital-only-challenger-banks-3635411/. 
  6. ↑ Kobie, Nicole (2019-10-30). "A new-wave of challenger banks is taking on Monzo and Starling" (in en-GB). Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/challenger-banks-atom-tide-bunq-monese. Retrieved 2020-11-08. 
  7. ↑ "Welcome to Monzo Bank!". Monzo. 5 April 2017. https://monzo.com/blog/2017/04/05/banking-licence/. 
  8. ↑ Burn-Callander, Rebecca. "Banking industry primed for a pocket-sized revolution". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/03/26/banking-industry-primed-for-a-pocket-sized-revolution/. 
  9. ↑ Baker, Stephanie (18 August 2015). "A Bank for People Who Hate Banks". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-18/mondo-s-ceo-wants-to-build-a-bank-for-people-who-hate-banks. 
  10. ↑ Carey, Scott. "The UK's new breed of digital challenger banks: Atom, Mondo, Starling and Tandem - Ranked". http://www.techworld.com/startups/ranked-uks-new-breed-of-digital-only-challenger-banks-3635411/. 
  11. ↑ Treanor, Jill (29 June 2015). "Digital banking: Mondo hopes to become the Google or Facebook of the sector". https://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/jun/29/digital-banking-mondo-hopes-to-become-the-google-or-facebook-of-the-sector. 
  12. ↑ "GoCardless Founder Tom Blomfield's New Startup Is A "Full Stack" Mobile-First Bank". TechCrunch. 24 May 2015. https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/24/mondo/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Dawson, Freddie. "App Bank Mondo Crowdfunds £1M In 96 Seconds". https://www.forbes.com/sites/freddiedawson/2016/03/04/app-bank-mondo-crowdfunds-1m-in-96-seconds/#4dce0073f4c6. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Williams-Grut, Oscar. "App-only bank Mondo is valued at £30 million in an oversubscribed £6 million fundraise". http://uk.businessinsider.com/mondo-bank-valued-at-30-million-in-6-million-fundraise-2016-2. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Turvill, William. "Mobile challenger bank Mondo reaches £1m crowdfunding target in 96 seconds, adding to £7m venture capital investment". City AM. http://www.cityam.com/235956/mobile-challenger-bank-mondo-reaches-1m-crowdfunding-target-in-96-seconds-adding-to-7m-venture-capital-investment. 
  16. ↑ "Goodbye Mondo, Hello M...". Monzo. 13 June 2016. https://monzo.com/blog/2016/06/13/new-mondo-changing-our-name/. 
  17. ↑ "Startup bank Mondo is letting customers change its name". Business Insider. http://uk.businessinsider.com/mondo-name-change-trademark-users-chose-banky-mcbankface-2016-6. 
  18. ↑ "Mondo is now Monzo!". Monzo. 25 August 2016. https://monzo.com/blog/2016/08/25/monzo/. 
  19. ↑ "200,000 Customers and £250,000,000 Spent!". Monzo. 16 May 2017. https://monzo.com/blog/2017/05/16/200k-250m/. 
  20. ↑ "London startup Monzo has been granted its full banking license" (in en-GB). 2017-04-05. https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/london-startup-monzo-granted-full-173017113.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Monzo sees 94% of active users upgrade to current accounts" (in en). 2018-04-04. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/31905/monzo-sees-94-of-active-users-upgrade-to-current-accounts. 
  22. ↑ "London gets another fintech unicorn as Monzo reaches £1 billion" (in en). 30 October 2018. https://www.standard.co.uk/tech/monzo-challenger-bank-unicorn-tom-blomfield-a3976146.html. 
  23. ↑ "LinkedIn announces top 25 start-ups to work for in the UK" (in en-GB). Evening Standard. https://www.standard.co.uk/tech/top-25-uk-startups-linkedin-monzo-a3949731.html. 
  24. ↑ Stokel-Walker, Chris (6 August 2019). "Monzo's PIN security breach, explained". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/monzo-pin-security-breach-explained. Retrieved 9 August 2019. 
  25. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin. "Monzo admits to storing payment card PINs in internal logs" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/monzo-admits-to-storing-payment-card-pins-in-internal-logs/. 
  26. ↑ Tesfaye, Mekebeb. "Monzo has officially launched loans for its 2.6 million customers". https://www.businessinsider.com/monzo-introduces-loans-to-threaten-incumbent-peers-2019-8. 
  27. ↑ "Monzo's next big move is taking on broken business banking" (in en-GB). Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/monzo-business-account. Retrieved 2023-06-01. 
  28. ↑ Megaw, Nicholas (2019-08-15). "Monzo starts offering loans to current account customers". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/f3b5f8a8-bf3c-11e9-b350-db00d509634e?utm_source=Triggermail&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Post%20Blast%20(bii-fintech):%20Monzo%20rolls%20out%20loans%20%7C%20Curve%20launches%20crowdfunding%20campaign%20%7C%20Tide%20debuts%20TV%20ad&utm_term=BII%20List%20Fintech%20ALL. 
  29. ↑ O'Hear, Steve (2020-05-20). "Monzo co-founder Tom Blomfield moves from UK CEO role to president" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/20/monzo-co-founder-tom-blomfield-moves-from-uk-ceo-role-to-president/. 
  30. ↑ "Tom Blomfield departs Monzo" (in en). 21 January 2021. https://www.altfi.com/article/7481_tom-blomfield-departs-monzo. 
  31. ↑ Browne, Ryan (2023-05-31). "British digital bank Monzo hits monthly profitability for the first time after spike in lending" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/31/british-digital-bank-monzo-hits-profitability-for-first-time.html. 
  32. ↑ Fuscaldo, Donna. "U.K. Digital-Only Bank Monzo Comes To The U.S." (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/donnafuscaldo/2019/06/13/uk-digital-only-bank-monzo-comes-to-the-u-s/. 
  33. ↑ Daniel, Ellen (2021-02-12). "Challenger bank Monzo appoints Carol Nelson as US CEO" (in en-US). https://www.verdict.co.uk/monzo-us-ceo/. 
  34. ↑ Megaw, Nicholas; Morris, Stephen (2021-10-04). "Monzo withdraws US banking licence application". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/8ea6d977-c2fc-47a8-9d93-1ec02eb4f9a9. 
  35. ↑ O'Brien, Amy (February 9, 2023). "'The time is now': Monzo searches for US CEO to double down on expansion". https://sifted.eu/articles/monzo-hiring-us-ceo-expansion-news. 
  36. ↑ "Monzo Moves from Beta to Public Launch in the US!" (in en-US). February 2022. https://monzo.com/blog/2022/02/01/monzo-us-blog-monzo-moves-from-beta-to-public-launch-in-the-us. 
  37. ↑ Muhn (@julieschicktanz), Julie (2022-02-02). "Monzo Officially Launches in the U.S." (in en-US). https://finovate.com/monzo-officially-launches-in-the-u-s/. 
  38. ↑ "Monzo Raises 4.8M in Interim Funding Round led by Passion Capital". Crowdfund Insider. https://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2016/10/91459-crowdcube-alum-monzo-secures-4-8m-interim-funding-round-led-passion-capital/. 
  39. ↑ "App-only bank Monzo's crowdfunding is almost three times oversubscribed after less than 24 hours". Business Insider. http://uk.businessinsider.com/monzo-crowdfunding-oversubscribed-crowdcube-24-hours-2017-3. 
  40. ↑ "Confirmed: UK challenger bank Monzo raises £19.5M with another £2.5M in crowdfunding planned" (in en-US). 23 February 2017. http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/02/22/confirmed-uk-challenger-bank-monzo-raises-19-5m-with-another-2-5m-in-crowdfunding-planned/. 
  41. ↑ "Challenger bank Monzo raises another £71M from Goodwater Capital, Stripe and Michael Moritz" (in en-US). 7 November 2017. http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/11/06/monzo-moolah/. 
  42. ↑ "The story of Monzo" (in en-gb). https://www.crowdcube.com/explore/raising/success-stories/monzo. 
  43. ↑ "Monzo, the UK challenger bank, raises £113M Series F led by YC's Continuity fund at a £2B post-money valuation" (in en-US). 24 June 2019. http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/06/24/monzo-series-f/. 
  44. ↑ Cook, James (25 June 2019). "Monzo's valuation hits £2bn as the digital bank raises £113m in fresh funding" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/06/24/monzos-valuation-hits-2bn-digital-bank-raises-113m-fresh-funding/. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 O'Hear, Steve (2020-06-16). "Monzo confirms £60M down round, with a new pre-money valuation of £1.24B" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/16/monzo-confirms-60m-down-round/. 
  46. ↑ "Monzo quietly adds £60m to its last funding round" (in en). 2 December 2020. https://www.altfi.com/article/7330_monzo-quietly-adds-60m-to-its-last-funding-round. 
  47. ↑ Send money abroad with Monzo and TransferWise!, 25 June 2018, https://monzo.com/blog/2018/06/25/monzo-international-transfers/ 
  48. ↑ O'Hear, Steve (28 January 2019). "Monzo teams up with Flux to add itemised receipts and loyalty points". https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/28/monzo-teams-up-with-flux-to-add-itemised-receipts-and-loyalty-points/?guccounter=1. 
  49. ↑ A simple Monzo third party API client for demonstrating the new Receipts API. : monzo/reference-receipts-app, Monzo, 3 February 2019, https://github.com/monzo/reference-receipts-app, retrieved 3 February 2019 
  50. ↑ "Introducing Monzo Flex – a better way to pay later" (in en-GB). 15 September 2021. https://monzo.com/blog/2021/09/16/monzo-flex. 
  51. ↑ "Using Monzo Flex - a better way to pay later" (in en-GB). 23 November 2021. https://monzo.com/blog/2021/11/23/monzo-flex-ways-to-pay-later. 
  52. ↑ "Monzo's relaunches its Plus premium offering with Open Banking integrations" (in en). 16 July 2020. https://www.altfi.com/article/6820_monzos-relaunches-its-plus-premium-offering-with-open-banking-integrations. 
  53. ↑ "Monzo Plus garners 50,000 users one month after launch" (in en). 18 August 2020. https://www.altfi.com/article/6945_monzo-plus-garners-50000-users-one-month-after-launch. 
  54. ↑ "Mondo selects Wirecard as their prepaid card issuer". Wirecard. https://www.wirecard.com/newsroom/press-releases/newsdetail/mondo-selects-wirecard-as-their-prepaid-card-issuer/. 
  55. ↑ "What it's like to use a Mondo card and account". Business Insider. http://uk.businessinsider.com/56000-people-are-waiting-to-use-this-british-banking-startups-credit-card-heres-what-its-like-to-use-it-2015-12/. 
  56. ↑ "Monzo Terms & Conditions". https://monzo.com/terms/. 
  57. ↑ "Monzo Card Design". Wired UK (Wired). https://www.wired.co.uk/article/monzo-card-design. 
  58. ↑ "Breakthrough brands: Monzo, a modern approach to brilliant banking". Fabrik. http://fabrikbrands.com/breakthrough-brands-monzo-bank-branding/. 
  59. ↑ Peyton, Antony. "Monzo gently rolls out current accounts". Banking Technology. http://www.bankingtech.com/911451/monzo-gently-rolls-out-current-account/. 
  60. ↑ "Data Sharing and Open Data for Banks". Fingleton Associates. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/382273/141202_API_Report_FINAL.PDF. 
  61. ↑ "Government could legislate to ensure open data in banking and other regulated industries by 2017". Pinesent Masons. http://www.out-law.com/en/articles/2015/december/government-could-legislate-to-ensure-open-data-in-banking-and-other-regulated-industries-by-2017/. 
  62. ↑ "Mondohack IV". Monzo. May 2023. https://monzo.com/blog/2016/04/21/mondohack-iv/. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Monzo API Reference". Monzo. https://monzo.com/docs/. 
  64. ↑ Bray, T. (March 2014), The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format, IETF, doi:10.17487/RFC7159, RFC 7159, https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159, retrieved 13 September 2016 
  65. ↑ Priday, Richard. "The Ticketmaster hack is a perfect storm of bad IT and bad comms". https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ticketmaster-data-breach-monzo-inbenta. 
  66. ↑ standupmaths (25 July 2018), How to detect bank fraud with maths, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpl3BGYtY7g, retrieved 15 August 2018 
  67. ↑ "BBC One - Watchdog - Monzo" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2qS0HM6nBkcPMx0W8t7fqVJ/monzo. 
  68. ↑ Magana, Gregory (24 October 2019). "Monzo caught flack for freezing customer accounts without explanation, leaving some without access to their money for weeks". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/monzo-account-freeze-leaves-customers-frustrated-2019-10?r=US&IR=T. 
  69. ↑ "Our response to the BBC Watchdog report: Why we sometimes have to block or close accounts" (in en-GB). 18 October 2019. https://monzo.com/blog/2019/10/18/watchdog-response. 
  70. ↑ "Jeremy Hunt reveals he was refused Monzo bank account". https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jul/09/jeremy-hunt-reveals-he-was-refused-monzo-account. 
  71. ↑ "Staff at bank which refused Jeremy Hunt an account called Conservatives ‘evil’". https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/08/01/bank-monzo-jeremy-hunt-refused-account-tories-evil/. (Subscription content?)
  72. ↑ "Monzo bank denied Jeremy Hunt an account as staff called Tories ‘evil’". https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/monzo-bank-jeremy-hunt-account-tories-evil-3hvrwjgnq. (Subscription content?)
  73. ↑ "Gina Miller voices fear for democracy over closure of her party’s bank account". https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jul/28/gina-miller-true-and-fair-party-monzo-bank-account. 
  74. ↑ "Gina Miller voices fear for democracy over closure of her party’s bank account". https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2023/jul/28/high-court-ulez-london-boroughs-conservatives-labour-rishi-sunak-keir-starmer-uk-politics-latest?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with:block-64c3b08f8f086b325af60cc7#block-64c3b08f8f086b325af60cc7. 



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