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Rockstar Leeds

Topic: Company

 From HandWiki - Reading time: 12 min
Short description: British video game developer
Rockstar Leeds Limited
FormerlyMöbius Entertainment Limited (1997–2004)
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryVideo games
FoundedDecember 1997; 26 years ago (1997-12) in Stanningley, Pudsey, England
Founders
  • Ian J. Bowden
  • Dave Box
  • Gordon Hall
  • Jason McGann
Headquarters
Holbeck, Leeds
,
England
Key people
Alastair Dukes (studio director)
Number of employees
≈70 (2007)
ParentRockstar Games (2004–present)

Rockstar Leeds Limited (formerly Möbius Entertainment Limited) is a British video game developer and a studio of Rockstar Games based in Leeds. Ian J. Bowden, Dave Box, Gordon Hall, and Jason McGann founded the company as Möbius Entertainment in December 1997 after working together at the studio Hookstone. Möbius worked with SCi on two games: Alfred's Adventure, a remake of the Twilight-developed Alfred Chicken, and the cancelled Titanium Angels. From 2001 on, the studio created Game Boy Advance games for several publishers, including multiple for The 3DO Company and Max Payne for Rockstar Games.

By the time the PlayStation Portable was announced, Möbius had developed a game engine that targeted similar technical specifications. This attracted several parties interested in buying the studio, including Rockstar Games. The publisher's parent company, Take-Two Interactive, acquired Möbius in March 2004, and the studio became part of Rockstar Games as Rockstar Leeds. Thereafter, the studio created several PlayStation Portable games, including the original games Grand Theft Auto, Grand Theft Auto, Grand Theft Auto, and Beaterator, as well as ports of Midnight Club 3, The Warriors, and Manhunt 2. Since 2007, several employees (including Bowden, Hall, and McGann) have left Rockstar Leeds to take sabbaticals, establish studios, or join other companies.

History

Early years (1997–2003)

A former Möbius Entertainment logo
The former St Paul's Parish Church (pictured in 2016) housed Rockstar Leeds's offices until 2005.

Rockstar Leeds was founded as Möbius Entertainment by Ian J. Bowden, Dave Box, Gordon Hall, and Jason McGann.[1][2] McGann had previously worked for the Harrogate-based studio Enigma Variations when, in 1989, the programmer Mark Mason was fired. This led four employees, including McGann and Peter Tattersall, to leave the company in early 1990.[3][4] Alongside Mason, they set up Twilight, also based in Harrogate. Box was among the company's hires during its early expansion.[5] Under Twilight, McGann conceived the game Alfred Chicken, originally based on Rainbow Islands and later influenced by Super Mario World. A demo was presented to Ocean Software, which had released some of Twilight's previous games, and the company was interested in publishing Alfred Chicken if its titular protagonist was replaced by Woodstock from the Peanuts franchise. Backed by the development team, McGann refused this offer as he wished to keep the character he had created. The studio instead worked with agent John Cook on a deal with publisher Mindscape that allowed Twilight to retain the game's intellectual property. The game was released for the Game Boy in 1993.[3]

McGann and Tattersall, the artist for Alfred Chicken, left Twilight shortly after finishing the game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1994 and founded Hookstone.[3][5] What remained of Twilight agreed to transfer the game's rights to the new company.[3] Early on, Hookstone hired Hall (who had known McGann since 1990) as a programmer and Bowden as a junior artist.[6][7] Hall described himself as "a programmer with an eye on the business side" and quickly noticed that the company "didn't have long left to live".[8] Bowden, Box, Hall, and McGann consequently established Möbius in December 1997.[2] The company moved into the converted building of the former St Paul's Parish Church (built in 1853) in the Stanningley district of Pudsey, a town close to Leeds.[9][10] Möbius was without salary for about sixteen months until it signed its first publishing contract. During this time, the founders found that they worked best as a small team and regarded handheld games as the best fit for such a team size.[8] Its first project was a remake of Alfred Chicken for the Game Boy Color, titled Alfred's Adventure.[3] The game was released by SCi in Europe in June 2000.[11] After its release, Möbius switched agents from Cook to Emma Killilea, who pitched Alfred Chicken to Sony. At the time, that company was looking for family-friendly games for its PlayStation console, which was nearing the end of its lifecycle, and greenlit an Alfred Chicken remake for the platform. That game was released in 2002.[3]

For SCi, Möbius also developed Titanium Angels.[12] The studio had been working on a game engine, Revelation, for several years and commenced the game's production when the publisher signed it onto the project in 1999.[13] SCi announced Titanium Angels in January 2000 and, in September of that year, projected it to be released for the PlayStation 2 in late 2001.[12][14] When Möbius was questioned on the game's status in October 2003, it said that the game had been cancelled "some time ago".[15] With publisher The 3DO Company, Möbius developed the Game Boy Advance conversions of High Heat Major League Baseball 2002 and High Heat Major League Baseball 2003,[16][17] as well as the game Army Men: Turf Wars.[18] Other early Game Boy Advance project by Möbius include Bionicle,[19] Drome Racers,[20] and A Sound of Thunder, an tie-in for the film of the same name. The latter was announced at E3 2002 and scheduled to be released later that year, before the film.[21] The game was finished in 2002 but remained unreleased for some time as publisher BAM! Entertainment was waiting for the completion of the game's console versions.[22] Finally, Möbius developed the Game Boy Advance adaptation of Max Payne for Rockstar Games.[23]

Acquisition and PlayStation Portable projects (2002–2009)

Around 2002, Möbius created an internal team to develop a game engine for a prospective high-performance handheld console, such as what would be a "GameCube in your hand" by Nintendo. The studio had annual turnovers of GB£1 million by 2003.[8] It joined the Game Republic studio network in the same year and, in December, acquired and absorbed Yorkshire-based handheld game developer Spellbound to bring the headcount up to thirty.[24][25] When Sony announced the PlayStation Portable, it had technical specifications similar to those envisioned by Möbius for its game engine. The studio could quickly ready its technology for the device, which attracted three publishers that sought to acquire the studio and two that offered partnerships in which Möbius would have stayed independent. One of the publishers wanted the studio to create eight PlayStation Portable games annually, which Hall believed "means less love from the publisher and a bloody hard slog to get those games done". Rockstar Games was among those interested in buying Möbius and was the only one that did not intend for the studio of thirty-seven employees to grow quickly if acquired. Therefore, Möbius chose to be purchased by that company.[8] Take-Two Interactive, the parent company of Rockstar Games, acquired Möbius in March 2004 for US$4.549 million in cash.[26] The deal was announced on 8 April 2004 and the studio became part of Rockstar Games as Rockstar Leeds. Take-Two intended for the studio to develop PlayStation Portable games and further Game Boy Advance titles.[27][28] Necroscope, a PlayStation 2 and Xbox game based on Brian Lumley's eponymous horror novel series, was cancelled in the process.[29]

Under its new ownership, Rockstar Leeds was offered to develop games in the Grand Theft Auto series, which was a surprise as the prior games had been handled by Rockstar North.[8] The studio accepted and, in January 2005, was announced as working on two PlayStation Portable games: A port of Midnight Club 3 and an original Grand Theft Auto title based on Liberty City, the setting of 2001's Grand Theft Auto III.[30] The former was developed under the oversight of the game's original developer, Rockstar San Diego, and released in June 2005.[31] The studio cooperated with Rockstar North on the latter, which was announced as Grand Theft Auto in May 2005. It was released in October of that year to positive reviews.[32] A successor, Grand Theft Auto, was released in October 2006.[33] By November 2005, Rockstar Leeds had relocated from Pudsey to the City West business park in Leeds.[34]

Rockstar Leeds further created the PlayStation Portable versions of The Warriors and Manhunt 2, as well as the Wii port of Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis, all released in 2007.[35][36][37] The studio developed Grand Theft Auto, the debut title of the Grand Theft Auto series on the Nintendo DS.[38] Released in March 2009, the game received critical acclaim and became the highest-rated Nintendo DS game on Metacritic.[39][40] However, it was commercially unsuccessful, selling only 88,000 of the expected 200,000 copies in its first month.[41] Rockstar Leeds's Beaterator, a Timbaland-themed remake of a 2005 web game of the same name, was released in September 2009.[42][43]

Development collaborations and departures (2007–present)

McGann left Rockstar Leeds in 2007 to take a sabbatical after nineteen years in the video game industry.[3] By August of that year, the company had grown to 70 people.[8] At this time, Hall stated the studio's intent to create original intellectual properties for next-generation platforms and step away from handheld development.[44] Rockstar Leeds subsequently assisted Rockstar San Diego in the development of Red Dead Redemption. Hall and several Rockstar Leeds staffers spent one year in the United States to work on the game on-site.[6] In November 2011, the studio ported L.A. Noire to Windows.[45]

Lee Hutchinson and Matt Shepcar announced in February 2010 that they had left Rockstar Leeds to establish Double Eleven.[46][47] Senior designer Simon Iwaniszak resigned from Rockstar Leeds to briefly join Double Eleven and later found Red Kite Games in early 2012.[48] Hall took a sabbatical in 2011 to research player psychology and microtransactions strategy and joined Activision's mobile-focused The Blast Furnace studio as chief creative officer in August 2012.[6][49] After exiting the video game industry in 2015, he pursued various hobbies until he died in March 2021 aged 51.[6][50] In August 2014, Bowden left Rockstar Leeds to become the art director at the German social-network game developer GameDuell.[51][52]

In July 2014, Rockstar Games contracted the property consultancy WSB to find 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) of office space in Leeds.[53] Rockstar Leeds had moved to 1 Victoria Place in the city's Holbeck area by November 2016.[1][54] The studio co-developed 2013's Grand Theft Auto V and worked alongside all other Rockstar Games studios on Red Dead Redemption 2, which was released in October 2018.[55][56]

Accolades

Rockstar Leeds won "Best Handheld Games Studio" and was a finalist for "Best In-House Team" at the 2009 Develop Industry Excellence Awards.[57][58]

Games developed

As Möbius Entertainment

Year Title Platform(s) Publisher(s) Notes
2000 Alfred's Adventure Game Boy Color SCi
2001 High Heat Major League Baseball 2002 Game Boy Advance The 3DO Company
2002 High Heat Major League Baseball 2003
Alfred Chicken PlayStation Sony Computer Entertainment
Army Men: Turf Wars Game Boy Advance The 3DO Company
2003 Drome Racers THQ
Bionicle
Barbie Horse Adventures: Blue Ribbon Race Vivendi Universal Games Co-developed with Blitz Games
Barbie Horse Adventures: Wild Horse Rescue
Pop Idol Codemasters
Max Payne Rockstar Games
2004 A Sound of Thunder BAM! Entertainment

As Rockstar Leeds

Year Title Platform(s) Publisher(s) Notes
2005 Midnight Club 3 PlayStation Portable Rockstar Games Port development
Grand Theft Auto Android, Fire OS, iOS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable Co-developed with Rockstar North
2006 Grand Theft Auto PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable
2007 The Warriors PlayStation Portable Port development
Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis Wii Port development
Manhunt 2 PlayStation Portable Port development
2009 Grand Theft Auto Android, Fire OS, iOS, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable Co-developed with Rockstar North
Beaterator iOS, PlayStation Portable
2010 Red Dead Redemption Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 Supportive development for Rockstar San Diego
2011 L.A. Noire Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One Supportive development for Team Bondi; also ported to Windows
2012 Max Payne 3 macOS, PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360 Developed as part of Rockstar Studios
2013 Grand Theft Auto V PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Supportive development for Rockstar North
2018 Red Dead Redemption 2 PlayStation 4, Stadia, Windows, Xbox One Developed as part of Rockstar Games

Cancelled

  • Titanium Angels
  • Necroscope

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wilson, Charlie (20 June 2021). "How Rockstar Leeds went from a small company to creating Grand Theft Auto". https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/news/leeds-news/how-rockstar-leeds-went-small-20853325. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Harris, Craig (8 April 2004). "Mobius Goes Rockstar". http://www.ign.com/articles/2004/04/08/mobius-goes-rockstar. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Gipp, Stuart (29 December 2020). "The Making of: Alfred Chicken". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (215): 70–73. 
  4. ↑ Hewison, Richard (16 February 2023). "Studio Profile: Enigma Variations". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (243): 44–49. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hewison, Richard (16 March 2023). "Studio Profile: Twilight". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing) (244): 46–51. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Sefton, Jamie (12 March 2021). "A tribute to our friend and Yorkshire games legend Gordon Hall". https://gamerepublic.net/news/gordonhall/. 
  7. ↑ Bowden, Ian J. (March 2015). "From Core to Casual: Hard Lessons Applied Casually". Making Games: 50–53. https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/editor.production.pressmatrix.com/emags/210753/pdfs/original/49eaf002-2070-46ff-ae51-79711396bf7a.pdf. Retrieved 13 August 2022. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 French, Michael (13 August 2007). "Rockstar Leads". http://www.developmag.com/interviews/55/Rockstar-Leads. 
  9. ↑ "About Us". Möbius Entertainment. http://www.mobiusent.com/about/us.htm. 
  10. ↑ Stevenson, Mark (8 December 2018). "Mark's History: The Stanningley church, Rockstar and Grand Theft Auto San Andreas". https://westleedsdispatch.com/marks-history-the-stanningley-church-rockstar-and-grand-theft-auto-san-andreas/. 
  11. ↑ Harris, Craig (22 May 2000). "Alfred's Adventure". http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/05/23/alfreds-adventure. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Perry, Douglass C. (28 January 2000). "Thunderbirds,Titanium Angels: Go!". http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/01/29/thunderbirdstitanium-angels-go. 
  13. ↑ Beast (26 July 2000). "Chit-Chat :)". http://tt.telefragged.com/interview.shtml. 
  14. ↑ Zdyrko, Dave (11 September 2000). "Titanium Angels". http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/09/12/titanium-angels. 
  15. ↑ Heaslip, Stephen (3 October 2003). "Titanium Angels Won't Fly". https://www.bluesnews.com/s/44541/titanium-angels-won-t-fly. 
  16. ↑ Harris, Craig (27 September 2001). "High Heat Baseball 2002". http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/09/27/high-heat-baseball-2002. 
  17. ↑ Harris, Craig (21 March 2002). "High Heat Baseball 2003". http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/03/21/high-heat-baseball-2003. 
  18. ↑ Harris, Craig (6 May 2002). "Army Men: Turf War". http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/06/army-men-turf-war. 
  19. ↑ Harris, Craig (26 June 2003). "Lego Bionicle". http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/06/26/lego-bionicle. 
  20. ↑ Harris, Craig (30 July 2003). "Drome Racers". http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/07/31/drome-racers-3. 
  21. ↑ Nix, Marc (22 May 2002). "E3 2002: A Sound of Thunder". http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/22/e3-2002-a-sound-of-thunder. 
  22. ↑ Harris, Craig (25 March 2003). "25 GBA Games to Watch". http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/25/25-gba-games-to-watch. 
  23. ↑ Harris, Craig (7 November 2003). "Max Payne". http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/11/07/max-payne-3. 
  24. ↑ Jenkins, David (5 December 2003). "Mobius Entertainment Acquires Spellbound". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/93676/Mobius_Entertainment_Acquires_Spellbound.php. 
  25. ↑ Fahey, Rob (5 December 2003). "Mobius is Spellbound by new acquisition". http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/mobius-is-spellbound-by-new-acquisition. 
  26. ↑ "Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. – Form 10-K". Take-Two Interactive. 22 December 2004. p. 18. https://taketwointeractivesoftwareinc.gcs-web.com/node/17716/html. 
  27. ↑ Calvert, Justin (8 April 2004). "Mobius renamed Rockstar Leeds". https://www.gamespot.com/articles/mobius-renamed-rockstar-leeds/1100-6093162/. 
  28. ↑ Fahey, Rob (15 April 2004). "Take Two adds Mobius to the Rockstar family". http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/take-two-adds-mobius-to-the-rockstar-family. 
  29. ↑ Sillifant, Ross (2016). "Dan Hunter interview". http://www.ataricompendium.com/archives/interviews/dan_hunter/interview_dan_hunter.html. 
  30. ↑ Bramwell, Tom (10 January 2005). "PSP versions of GTA and Midnight Club 3 confirmed". http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news100105gtapsp. 
  31. ↑ Torres, Ricardo (27 May 2005). "Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition Hands-On". https://www.gamespot.com/articles/midnight-club-3-dub-edition-hands-on/1100-6126663/. 
  32. ↑ Hong, Quang (2 November 2005). "Critical Reception: Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/98003/Critical_Reception_Rockstar_Games_Grand_Theft_Auto_Liberty_City_Stories.php. 
  33. ↑ Loughrey, Paul (25 July 2006). "Rockstar readies latest GTA instalment". http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/rockstar-readies-latest-gta-instalment. 
  34. ↑ "287 (ef) – Change in situation or address of a Registered Office – Rockstar Leeds Limited". Companies House. 11 November 2005. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/03549522/filing-history/Njc1NDY4NjhhZGlxemtjeA/document?format=pdf&download=0. 
  35. ↑ Seff, Micah (15 February 2007). "The Warriors Rumbles With Retailers". http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/02/15/the-warriors-rumbles-with-retailers. 
  36. ↑ IGN PlayStation Team (21 September 2007). "The PSP Games of Fall 2007". http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/21/the-psp-games-of-fall-2007?page=2. 
  37. ↑ "Rockstar Games presents Table Tennis for the Wii™ Now Available at North American Retailers" (Press release). Rockstar Games. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017 – via GamesIndustry.biz.
  38. ↑ "Grand Theft Auto Chinatown Wars Q&A". 5 March 2009. https://www.gamespot.com/articles/grand-theft-auto-chinatown-wars-qanda/1100-6205684/. 
  39. ↑ Cowan, Danny (18 March 2009). "Critical Reception: Rockstar's Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/113722/Critical_Reception_Rockstars_Grand_Theft_Auto_Chinatown_Wars.php. 
  40. ↑ Serrels, Mark (11 September 2013). "We Forgot One Of The Greatest Grand Theft Autos Ever Made". https://kotaku.com/we-forgot-one-of-the-greatest-grand-theft-autos-ever-ma-1290413198. 
  41. ↑ McFerran, Damien (17 April 2009). "Retail Success Eludes GTA: Chinatown Wars". http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2009/04/retail_success_eludes_gta_chinatown_wars. 
  42. ↑ Yoon, Andrew (13 August 2009). "Beaterator is actually coming out – and soon". https://www.engadget.com/2009/08/13/beaterator-is-actually-coming-out-and-soon/. 
  43. ↑ O'Connor, Alice (13 August 2009). "Rockstar's Beaterator Release Date, Trailer in the Building". http://www.shacknews.com/article/59972/rockstars-beaterator-release-date-trailer. 
  44. ↑ Grant, Christopher (12 August 2007). "Rockstar Leeds tired of ports, working on new IP". https://www.engadget.com/2007/08/12/rockstar-leeds-tired-of-ports-working-on-new-ip/. 
  45. ↑ Phillips, Tom (19 October 2011). "Why LA Noire PC edition is late". http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-10-19-why-la-noire-pc-edition-is-late. 
  46. ↑ Gibson, Ellie (16 February 2010). "Ex-Rockstar devs set up new studio". http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/ex-rockstar-devs-set-up-new-studio. 
  47. ↑ Martin, Matt (16 February 2010). "Rockstar iPhone developers open new digital studio". http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/rockstar-iphone-developers-open-new-digital-studio. 
  48. ↑ Yin-Poole, Wesley (1 June 2012). "Former GTA, Red Dead and LA Noire designer founds indie dev Red Kite Games". http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-06-01-former-gta-red-dead-and-la-noire-designer-founds-indie-dev-red-kite-games. 
  49. ↑ Sarkar, Samit (9 August 2012). "Activision's mobile studio renamed The Blast Furnace, adds former Rockstar Leeds president". https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/8/9/3231655/activision-mobile-leeds-the-blast-furnace-gordon-hall. 
  50. ↑ Batchelor, James (11 March 2021). "Rockstar Leeds founder Gordon Hall dies". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-11-rockstar-leeds-founder-gordon-hall-dies. 
  51. ↑ Rose, Mike (19 August 2014). "Rockstar art director Ian J. Bowden moves to mobile games". https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/223690/Rockstar_art_director_Ian_J_Bowden_moves_to_mobile_games.php. 
  52. ↑ Brightman, James (19 August 2014). "Rockstar Leeds co-founder joins GameDuell". http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-08-19-rockstar-leeds-co-founder-joins-gameduell. 
  53. ↑ "Rockstar instructs agent on Leeds hunt". 9 July 2014. https://www.insidermedia.com/news/yorkshire/118735-. 
  54. ↑ Kilgannon, Laurence (23 November 2016). "MPS expands at 1 Victoria Place". https://www.insidermedia.com/news/yorkshire/mps-expands-at-1-victoria-place. 
  55. ↑ Clayton, Natalie (22 June 2018). "LinkedIn leaks hint at Red Dead Redemption 2 on PC". https://www.pcgamesinsider.biz/news/67299/linkedin-leaks-hint-at-red-dead-redemption-2-on-pc/. 
  56. ↑ Crecente, Brian (24 October 2018). "The Story Behind the Story of 'Red Dead Redemption 2'". https://variety.com/2018/gaming/features/red-dead-redemption-2-narrative-interview-1202992401/. 
  57. ↑ "Develop Industry Excellence Awards 2009". 5 June 2009. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/develop-industry-excellence-awards-2009-rockstar-leeds--rockstar-north-and-media-molecule-among-this-year-s-finalists. 
  58. ↑ "Develop Winners 2009". 15 July 2009. http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/develop-winners-2009-media-molecule-and-littlebigplanet-take-home-five-of-the-gongs. 



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