Central European Highlands

The Central European Highlands consist of the high mountains of the Alpine Mountains and the Carpathian Mountains systems and also mountainous ranges of medium elevation (between about 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft) a.s.l.), e.g. those belonging to the Bohemian Massif, still prevailingly of mountainous character.

Both types of mountains act as "water towers". Their high elevation brings about high precipitation and low evaporation, and the resulting surplus of water balance feeds large European rivers and other important water sources. Beside the mountains, large areas of Central Europe are occupied by highlands or peneplains of lower altitude (400–800 m (1,300–2,600 ft)) in which the surplus of annual water balance is less noticeable.

It includes the uplands of Central Europe and southwestern Europe. Blocks of elevated highlands are found as dissected plateaus and faulted valleys. These are the Meseta plateau of the Iberian Peninsula, the Central massif of France, the highlands of Brittany and south west Ireland, the Rhine highlands, the Vosges, the Black Forest of the Rhine and so on.

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• Pusch, Martin; Behrendt, Horst; Gancarczyk, Aleksandra; Kronvang, Brian; Sandin, Leonard; Stendera, Sonja; Wolter, Christian; Andersen, Hans E. et al. (2009). "Rivers of the Central European Highlands and Plains". Rivers of Europe. pp. 525–576. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-369449-2.00014-x. ISBN 978-0-12-369449-2. 
• Pusch, Martin; Behrendt, Horst; Gancarczyk, Aleksandra; Kronvang, Brian; Sandin, Leonard; Stendera, Sonja; Wolter, Christian; Andersen, Hans E. et al. (2009). "Rivers of the Central European Highlands and Plains". Rivers of Europe. pp. 525–576. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-369449-2.00014-X. ISBN 978-0-12-369449-2. 
• Doležal, F.; Kvítek, T.; Soukup, M.; Kulhavý, Z.; Tippl, M. (26 September 2003). "Central European highlands and their hydrological role, with special regard to the Bohemian-Moravian highlands". Mountain Hydrology Workshop. Bucharest, Romania. https://studylib.net/doc/7578183/central-european-highlands-and-their-hydrological-role--w. 
• "Central European Uplands 511 - region, boats, mountains, rhine, valleys and german". http://gluedideas.com/content-collection/human-geography/Central-European-Uplands-511_P1.html. 
• Leopold, Matthias; Völkel, Jörg (January 2003). "GPR images of periglacial slope deposits beneath peat bogs in the Central European Highlands, Germany". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 211 (1): 181–189. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.211.01.15. 
• Michniewicz, Aleksandra (18 June 2019). "Tors in Central European Mountains – are they indicators of past environments?". Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 16 (1): 67–87. doi:10.2478/bgeo-2019-0005. 
• Gude, M.; Dietrich, S.; Mäusbacher, R.; Hauck, C.; Molenda, R.; Ruzicka, V.; Zacharda, M.. "Probable occurrence of sporadic permafrost in non-alpine scree slopes in central Europe". in Phillips, Marcia; Springman, Sarah M.; Arenson, Lukas U.. Permafrost. pp. 331–336. ISBN 978-90-5809-582-4. https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/ICOP/55700698/Pdf/Chapter_060.pdf. 
• Samec, Pavel; Kučera, Aleš; Tuček, Pavel (31 December 2014). "Fluctuations in the properties of forest soils in the Central European highlands (Czech Republic)". Soil and Water Research 9 (4): 201–213. doi:10.17221/68/2013-swr. 
• Lehrian, Stephanie; Pauls, Steffen U.; Haase, Peter (February 2009). "Contrasting patterns of population structure in the montane caddisflies Hydropsyche tenuis and Drusus discolor in the Central European highlands". Freshwater Biology 54 (2): 283–295. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02107.x. 
• Badura, Janusz; Jary, Zdzisław; Smalley, Ian (May 2013). "Sources of loess material for deposits in Poland and parts of Central Europe: The lost Big River". Quaternary International 296: 15–22. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.06.019. 
• Novak, M.; Emmanuel, S.; Vile, M.A.; Erel, Y.; Veron, A.J.; Wieder, R.K. (2003). "The provenance of lead in Central European peat bogs". International Symposium on Environmental Geochemistry. https://eurekamag.com/research/020/422/020422563.php. 
• Samec, Pavel; Kučera, Aleš; Tuček, Pavel (31 December 2014). "Fluctuations in the properties of forest soils in the Central European highlands (Czech Republic)". Soil and Water Research 9 (4): 201–213. doi:10.17221/68/2013-SWR. ProQuest 2507342499. 
• "Germany" (in en). 2021-06-12. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/9b046ff2d7f6413d867df7fc034f953a. 
• Robin, Vincent; Bork, Hans-Rudolf; Nadeau, Marie-Josée; Nelle, Oliver (January 2014). "Fire and forest history of central European low mountain forest sites based on soil charcoal analysis: The case of the eastern Harz". The Holocene 24 (1): 35–47. doi:10.1177/0959683613515727. 
• Henfrey, A. (1852). The Vegetation of Europe: Its Conditions and Causes. Outlines of the natural history of Europe. 1. J. van Voorst. pp. 208–234. https://books.google.com/books?id=glc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA208. 

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