Climate categories in viticulture

The climate characteristics of a wine region will have significant influence on the viticulture in the area. Pictured are terraced vineyards in Northern Portugal's Douro Valley.

In viticulture, the climates of wine regions are categorised based on the overall characteristics of the area's climate during the growing season.^[1] While variations in macroclimate are acknowledged, the climates of most wine regions are categorised (somewhat loosely based on the Köppen climate classification) as being part of a Mediterranean (for example Tuscany^{[2][nb 1]}), maritime (ex: Bordeaux^[3]) or continental climate (ex: Columbia Valley^[4]). The majority of the world's premium wine production takes place in one of these three climate categories in locations between the 30th parallel and 50th parallel in both the northern and southern hemisphere.^[5] While viticulture does exist in some tropical climates, most notably Brazil , the amount of quality wine production in those areas is so small that the climate effect has not been as extensively studied as other categories.^[6]

Influence of climate on viticulture

Large bodies of water, such as Lake Geneva in Switzerland, can have a moderating effect on the climate of a region.

Beyond establishing whether or not viticulture can even be sustained in an area, the climatic influences of a particular area goes a long way in influencing the type of grape varieties grown in a region and the type of viticultural practices that will be used.^[7] The presence of adequate sun, heat and water are all vital to the healthy growth and development of grapevines during the growing season. Additionally, continuing research has shed more light on the influence of dormancy that occurs after harvest when the grapevine essentially shuts down and reserves its energy for the beginning of the next year's growing cycle.

In general, grapevines thrive in temperate climates which grant the vines long, warm periods during the crucial flowering, fruit set and ripening periods.^[8] The physiological processes of a lot of grapevines begin when temperatures reach around 10 °C (50 °F). Below this temperature, the vines are usually in a period of dormancy. Drastically below this temperature, such as the freezing point of 0 °C (32 °F) the vines can be damaged by frost. When the average daily temperature is between 17 and 20 °C (63 and 68 °F) the vine will begin flowering. When temperatures rise up to 27 °C (80 °F) many of the vine's physiological processes are in full stride as grape clusters begin to ripen on the vine. One of the characteristics that differentiates the various climate categories from one another is the occurrence and length of time that these optimal temperatures appear during the growing season.^[9]

In addition to temperature, the amount of rainfall (and the need for supplemental irrigation) is another defining characteristics. On average, a grapevine needs around 710 mm (28 in) of water for sustenance during the growing season, not all of which may be provided by natural rain fall. In Mediterranean and many continental climates, the climate during the growing season may be quite dry and require additional irrigation. In contrast, maritime climates often suffer the opposite extreme of having too much rainfall during the growing season which poses its own viticultural hazards.^[9]

Other climate factors such as wind, humidity, atmospheric pressure, sunlight as well as diurnal temperature variations—which can define different climate categories—can also have pronounced influences on the viticulture of an area.^[8][9]

Mediterranean climates

Wine regions with Mediterranean climates.

Most California wine regions have a Mediterranean climate.

Penfolds winery, Magill Estate in South Australia.

Central Chilean wine regions experience a Mediterranean climate.

Stellenbosch wines from South Africa are from grapes grown in a Mediterranean climate.

Wine regions with Mediterranean climates are characterised by their long growing seasons of moderate to warm temperatures. Throughout the year there is little seasonal change, with temperatures in the winter generally warmer than those of maritime and continental climates. During the grapevine growing season, there is very little rainfall (with most precipitation occurring in the winter months) which increases the risk of the viticultural hazard of drought and may present the need for supplemental irrigation.^[6]

The Mediterranean climate is most readily associated with the areas around the Mediterranean basin, where viticulture and winemaking first flourished on a large scale due to the influence of the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans of the ancient world.^[6]

Wine regions with Mediterranean climates

• Tuscany and most other Central-Southern Italian wine regions
• Liguria
• Marsala, Sicily
• Sardinia
• Most Greek wine regions
• Cyprus wine regions
• Israeli wine regions
• Jordanian wine regions
• Lebanese wine regions
• Palestinian wine regions
• Most Albanian wine regions
• Most Montenegrin wine regions
• Corsica
• Languedoc and Roussillon
• Provence
• Southern Rhone Valley
• Malta
• Andalusia including Jerez de la Frontera
• Balearic Islands
• Canary Islands (bordering tropical)
• Catalonia
• Jumilla, Spain
• Vinos de Madrid
• Most Portuguese wine regions
• Primorska Slovenian wine region (Cfa)
• Coastal Croatian wine regions (Cfa)
• Some Azerbaijani wine regions
• Napa Valley and other coastal California wine regions
• Southern Oregon AVA
• Baja California wine regions
• Western Australian and South Australian wine regions
• Chilean Central Valley
• Western coastal South African wine regions
• Western and southern coastal Turkish wine regions:
  • Aegean Region
  • Marmara Region (bordering maritime)
  • Mediterranean Region
• Thracian Lowlands, Southern Bulgarian wine region (Cfa)
• Upper Struma Valley, Southwestern Bulgarian wine region (Cfa)
• Azores (bordering maritime)
• Madeira
• Algerian wine regions
• Egyptian wine regions (irrigated by the Nile system)
• Moroccan wine regions
• Tunisian wine regions

Continental climates

The Saxony wine region of eastern Germany has a much-more continental climate than the Rhine Valley where most German wines are produced.

Hungary is removed from Atlantic and Mediterranean influences by distance and mountains, causing its wine regions to have a continental climate.

The Columbia Valley in Washington (state) and Oregon has a continental climate characterized by hot summers and moderately cold winters.

Although the climate is tempered somewhat by a Great Lake, it is continental in the Lake Michigan Shore AVA of SW Michigan.

The Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA in the Midwestern United States has a continental climate.

Xinjiang is NW China located near the centre of Asia, so its vineyards have a very continental climate.

Wine regions with continental climates are characterised by the very marked seasonal changes that occur throughout the growing season, with hot temperatures during the summer season and winters cold enough for periodic ice and snow. This is generally described as having a high degree of continentality. Regions with this type of climate are often found inland on continents without a significant body of water (such as an inland sea) that can moderate their temperatures. Often during the growing season continental climates will have wide diurnal temperature variations, with very warm temperatures during the day that drop drastically at night. During the winter and early spring months, frost and hail can be viticultural hazards. Depending on the particular macroclimate of the region, irrigation may be needed to supplement seasonal rainfall. These many climatic influences contribute to the wide vintage variation that is often typical of continental climates such as Burgundy.^[6]

There are more wine regions with continental climates in the northern hemisphere than there are in the southern hemisphere. This is due, in part, to small land mass size of southern hemisphere continents relative to the large oceans nearby. This difference means that the oceans exert a more direct influence on the climate of the southern hemisphere wine regions (making them maritime or possibly Mediterranean) than they would on the larger northern hemisphere continents. There are also several wine regions (such as Spain) that have areas that exhibit a continental Mediterranean climate due to their altitude or distance from the sea. These regions will have more distinct seasonal change than Mediterranean climates, but still retain some characteristics like a long growing season that is very dry during the summer.^[6]

Wine regions with continental climates

• Burgundy (maritime by US standards)
• Côte-Rôtie and other Northern Rhone wine regions (maritime by US standards)
• Jura wine region (maritime by US standards)
• Most of the Loire Valley (maritime by US standards)
• Rioja (Cfa/Cfb)
• Italian Piedmont and most other Northern Italian wine regions (Cfa/Cfb)
• Douro (Mediterranean by US standards)
• Saale-Unstrut, Germany
• Saxony
• Armenian wine regions
• Most Austrian wine regions
• Most Bulgarian wine regions
• Inland Croatia
• Most Czech wine regions
• Most Hungarian wine regions
• Kazakh wine regions
• Most Macedonian wine regions
• Most Moldovan wine regions
• Polish wine regions
• Most Romanian wine regions
• Most Russian wine regions
• Most Serbian wine regions
• Most Slovak wine regions
• Podravje and Posavje, Slovenia
• Inland Turkish wine regions including Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia
• Most Ukrainian wine regions
• Sabile, Latvia
• Most Canadian wine regions (including Okanagan Valley, British Columbia and except western BC)
• Mendoza, Argentina (subtropical)
• Central Delaware Valley AVA (PA/NJ)
• Columbia Valley (includes Walla Walla Valley (Csa) and Yakima Valley)
• Cumberland Valley AVA (PA/MD)
• Finger Lakes, NY
• Grand Valley, Colorado
• Hudson River Region
• Lake Erie AVA (NY/PA/OH)
• Lake Michigan Shore AVA, Michigan
• Lancaster Valley AVA, Pennsylvania
• Lehigh Valley AVA, Pennsylvania
• Missouri Rhineland
• Niagara Escarpment AVA, NY
• Most of Ohio River Valley AVA (IN/KY/OH/WV)
• Most of Ozark Mountain AVA (AR/MO/OK)
• Snake River Valley AVA (Idaho/Oregon)
• Mainland Southeastern New England AVA (CT/MA/RI)
• Texas Davis Mountains AVA
• Texas High Plains
• Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA (IL/IA/MN/WI)
• Western Connecticut Highlands AVA
• Hokkaido wine regions
• Nagano Prefecture, Japan
• Tendō, Yamagata
• Beijing wine region
• Ningxia, China
• Xinjiang wine regions
• Yantai, China
• East of Cascade Range, Washington (state) , United States

Maritime climates

The large Gironde estuary that feeds into the Atlantic Ocean promotes a maritime climate in Bordeaux.

Wine regions of New Zealand adjacent to major cities. New Zealand's climate is maritime, providing ample weather for wine growing areas.

The Outer Lands wine regions of the Northeastern United States have a maritime climate.

Puget Sound is a major inlet promoting a maritime climate in its American Viticultural Area.

Port Phillip is an inland sea promoting a maritime climate in its surrounding wine regions including the Melbourne metropolitan area.

The Garden Route wine regions of South Africa have a very mild subtropical maritime climate.

Wine regions with maritime climates are characterised by their close proximity to large bodies of water (such as oceans, estuaries and inland seas) that moderate their temperatures. Maritime climates share many characteristics with both Mediterranean and continental climates and are often described as a "middle ground" between the two extremes.^[10] Like Mediterranean climates, maritime climates have a long growing season, with water currents moderating the region's temperatures. However, while Mediterranean climates are usually very dry during the growing season, maritime climates are often subject to the viticultural hazards of excessive rain and humidity which may promote various grape diseases, such as mold and mildew. Like continental climates, maritime climates will have distinct seasonal changes, but they are usually not as drastic, with warm, rather than hot, summers and cool, rather than cold, winters.^[6] Maritime climates also exist in some wine-growing areas of highlands of subtropical and tropical latitudes, including the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States, eastern Australian highlands, and central highlands of Mexico.

Wine regions with maritime climates

• Bordeaux
• Champagne
• Irouléguy AOC, Lower Navarre
• Madiran wine region, Gascony
• Muscadet
• Alsace and Lorraine (continental by French standards)
• Most German wine regions (continental by French standards)
• Liechtenstein wine regions (continental by French standards)
• Moselle Valley including Luxembourg (continental by French standards)
• Most Swiss wine regions (continental by French standards)
• Bizkaiko Txakolina, Basque Country
• Rías Baixas (Csb)
• New Zealand wine regions
• Southern Chile including Bío Bío Valley, Itata Valley, and Malleco Valley (Csb)
• Block Island, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket (part of Southeastern New England AVA and bordering continental)
• Long Island (primarily east end and including the North Fork and The Hamptons)
• North Fork of Roanoke, Virginia
• Puget Sound (Csb)
• Rocky Knob AVA, Virginia
• Upper Hiwassee Highlands, Georgia
• Volcano Winery, Hawaii
• Willamette Valley (Csb)
• Alpine Valleys, Victoria
• Australian Pyrenees
• Bowral, New South Wales
• Most of Canberra District wine region
• Cowra highlands, New South Wales
• Fleurieu zone including Kangaroo Island and Langhorne Creek, South Australia (Csb)
• Gippsland, Victoria
• Grampians, Victoria
• Granite Belt, Queensland/NSW
• Heathcote wine region, Victoria
• Henty, Victoria
• Mudgee highlands, New South Wales
• Orange, New South Wales
• Port Phillip, Victoria (includes Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley)
• Tasmania
• Tumbarumba wine region, NSW (semi-arid)
• Fraser Valley, British Columbia
• Gulf Islands, BC
• Vancouver Island wine regions including Cowichan Valley, BC
• Médanos, Buenos Aires Province
• Río Negro Province, Argentina (semi-arid)
• Tarija wine region, Bolivia
• Caxias do Sul, Brazil
• São Joaquim, Brazil
• Eastern Cape wine-growing areas including St Francis Bay, South Africa
• KwaZulu-Natal highlands
• Mossel Bay, Western Cape, South Africa
• Belgian wine regions
• Most Danish wine regions
• Dutch wine regions
• England and Wales
• Southern Ireland
• Some Georgian wine regions
• Some Abkhazian wine regions
• Some Crimean wine regions including Massandra
• Some Krasnodar Krai wine regions
• Some Black Sea Region Turkish wine regions
• Da Lat, Vietnam
• Chã das Caldeiras, Cape Verde
• Areas of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Querétaro, and Zacatecas, central highlands of Mexico
• Thimphu wine region, Bhutan
• West of Cascade Range, Washington (state) , United States (Csb)

See also

• Climate classification

Notes

References

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